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📂 ALPR Audit Logs: The Aggregated Dataset
Every licence-plate-reader audit number we could find that came from a records request, a statutory report, an auditor, a court filing or Flock's own portals, in one place: 799 findings from 475 sources read at the source, an index of 151 agencies whose audit logs are public, 6,688 searching agencies with their search counts, and a snapshot of 17 transparency portals. CSV and JSON, free, with a source and a quote on every row.
What this is: five tables, all downloadable, built from licence-plate-reader audit records that reached the public. Table 1 is 799 audit findings from 475 sources in 40 states, each read at the source and carrying a quote. Table 2 is every agency whose Flock audit logs have been released: 151 agencies across 29 states, 3,231 files and 610 million raw rows, from the Have I Been Flocked catalogue. Table 3 is the 6,688 agencies that appear as searchers in those logs. Table 4 is the searches whose stated reason names immigration. Table 5 is what 17 Flock transparency portals said on 2 November 2026. Nothing here is estimated.
Downloads: findings.csv · findings.json · released-agencies.csv · released-agencies.json · searching-agencies.csv · searching-agencies.json · flagged-reasons.csv · flagged-reasons.json · portal-snapshot.csv · portal-snapshot.json. ODbL; credit Max Intel and, for tables 2 to 4, Have I Been Flocked. The analysis is in what the audit logs show.
Key numbers
- Scale. Maryland’s fusion centre retained 830,097,779 plate reads in 2023 from 698 units; Oakland’s 290 cameras read 638,747,333 plates in 2025; LAPD’s cameras read 210,568,103 in two months of 2025; Westchester County logged 264,303,687 reads in 2024; Nashville’s 2023 pilot scanned 71 million plates for 1,316 verified hits and 63 arrests. All direct from the agency or a court filing.
- The whole released corpus, de-duplicated. The FlockWatch corpus (31 Oct 2026) holds 153,953,051 unique searches by 6,696 agencies from 887,928,694 released rows; 84.9% of searches carry no case number, and one vehicle was searched by 243 departments.
- 3,231 audit files from 151 agencies have been released and catalogued, 609,726,372 raw rows before de-duplication; Have I Been Flocked de-duplicates them to 291 million unique searches Have I Been Flocked sources catalogue (read 2 Nov 2026).
- 6,688 agencies appear as searchers in those logs. The top ten account for 17% of the 309 million attributed searches; Houston PD alone has 14,040,618.
- Outside searches dominate everywhere. For the 27 agencies that released both log types, outside searches outnumber their own by a median of 556 to 1. Dunwoody GA: 23.4 million outside rows against 54,148 of its own in 2025. Coconino County AZ: three million outside against 3,501 of its own in seven months. Texas DPS: 48% of 615,000 June 2026 searches came from outside Texas. Lexington KY: 7 million searches in seven months of 2026, 96% from out of state or federal agencies, 63,610 by Lexington itself. Weber County UT: 5.1 million searches on ten cameras, 97% out of state. Monongalia County WV: 3,049,590 searches by 3,918 organisations in nine months, against a portal advertising 85. McDonough County IL: 10,710 outside searches for every search by the sheriff. Adams County WA: the sheriff’s own searches are 0.08% of searches on his cameras. Erie CO: Houston PD alone is 58.5% of searches on the town’s network.
- Immigration searches, counted wherever anyone read the reason field: Dayton 7,150 outside accesses since mid-2023 (6,104 in 2025 alone); Columbus 15,577 possibly immigration-related of 19.7 million; Syracuse 2,097; Denver 1,400+; Santa Cruz about 4,000 by 32 California agencies; Cleveland Heights 1,783; Shelton WA 943; Alvin ISD TX 620 in one month on eight school cameras; Routt County CO nearly 1,300 by 50+ agencies; Twin Falls ID at least 631; Treasure Coast FL 216 in a quarter against zero a year earlier; six NC networks 2,698.
- Hit rates, where the agency counted: Oakland 1,099,837 alerts on 638.7 million reads (0.17%); LAPD 50,180 hits on 210.6 million reads, 74 arrests; Norfolk fewer than 2% of detections alert; San Jose about 0.25%; Austin 13,122 hits and 286 stops on 75 million scans; Iowa 13 hits per 1,000 detections.
- The reason field. Dunwoody: 1.3% of own searches carried a case number in January 2025, 26.9% by November. Thornton CO: about 8% in 2025. Joplin MO: 85% one-word reasons. Norfolk: “cj”, “stolen” and “inv” accounted for nearly 75,000 of 230,000 searches. Fall River: under 3% with a case number over five years. Brunswick County NC: 90.1% of 83,232 own searches with no case number. Monongalia: 81.38% of searches with no case-specific content, 362,452 labelled “Traffic Infraction”. Santa Clara County SO: no reason and no case number on any of 23,860 searches. Ukiah 2.8%, Napa County 3.5%, Jefferson County MO 3.0%, Jonesboro GA 4.9%, Cheektowaga 7.3% of own searches with a case number; Springfield MA and Mundelein IL near 100%.
- Self-audits that find nothing. Lexington PD’s own quarterly memos report 10,000–15,000 searches a month, every one with a reason, and no misuse; its independent sample fell from 1% of entries to a flat 60 a quarter; Flock’s Audit Assistance raised 185 alerts in its first quarter there and all were cleared as active investigations.
- Misuse, as counted by the people counting: the Institute for Justice catalogues more than 240 abuse incidents and at least 33 innocent motorists stopped, detained or jailed; the Washington Post counted at least 50 officers charged or accused, 46 of them using Flock; Georgia alone has more than 40 people accused since November 2025; CNN counts at least 85 US cases since 2021; USA Today’s review of 75 million searches flagged 240 users for persistent single-plate searching, and Indianapolis charged five officers in September 2026.
Table 1: audit findings, read at the source
One row per published number, 799 rows from 475 sources. “Scope” says what kind of record it was; the source column links to where we read it, and the download carries the sentence the number came from. By type: Press or public analysis of released records 299; Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked) 199; Agency audit report or statement 101; State statutory report or audit 82; Advocacy or academic analysis 45; Litigation record 33; Auditor, IG or grand jury report 16; Vendor statement 15; Government document or disclosure 9. By state: CA 135, IL 65, US 55, GA 49, TX 44, VA 37, NC 33, MN 32, KY 29, WA 28, MD 23, NY 23. “Second-hand” marks a number read in a press or secondary report rather than the primary document.
| Jurisdiction | Period | Metric | Value | Note | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All released logs (catalogue) US Have I Been Flocked sources catalogue | 2021–Oct 2026 | Audit files catalogued | 3,339 | 617.5 million raw records before de-duplication; 2,293 files from HIBF's own requests, 981 from MuckRock; 1,438,248 rows from Flock transparency portals | Have I Been Flocked API (read 2 Nov 2026) |
| All released logs (de-duplicated) US Have I Been Flocked public totals | 2021–Oct 2026 | Unique searches | 291,163,650 | 4,717,973 distinct plates; totals move with each import | Have I Been Flocked home page (read 2 Nov 2026) |
| All released logs (FlockWatch corpus) US Deduplicated corpus of released ALPR search records | 2019-12 to 2026-10 | Share of searches with no case number / distinct reason strings / identifiable vehicles in earlier builds / max departments searching one vehicle | 84.9% / 2,164,768 / 4,776,681 / 243 | Plates tokenized from 2026-09-15 | rhowardstone/flockwatch-data, corpus-2026-10-31 release |
| All released logs (FlockWatch corpus) US Deduplicated corpus of released ALPR search records (GitHub release) | 2019-12-19 to 2026-10-08 | Deduplicated search records / agencies / released rows before dedup | 153,953,051 / 6,696 / 887,928,694 | Release page metadata elsewhere says 99.4M; body text says 153,953,051 | rhowardstone/flockwatch-data, corpus-2026-10-31 release |
| Digital Recognition Network (DRN) - vendor statement US Vendor press release (repossession industry collection) | 2017 (to 2017-11) | Live LPR hotlist assignments / affiliate scans per month / live LPR recoveries per month / asset value recovered | over 315,000; about 150 million per month; average 15,000 per month in 2017; over $8 billion (Oct 2017) | Vendor statement; headline says 300,000 while body says 315,000 | DRN press release, 'DRN Vehicle Recovery Hotlist Hits All-Time High of 300,000 LPR Assignments' (Nov 20, 2017) |
| Digital Recognition Network (DRN) - vendor statement US Vendor press release (repossession industry collection) | 2018-08 | Live vehicle pick-ups facilitated in one month / affiliate revenue share | 20,122 (Aug 2018); ~$6 million paid to affiliates in 2018, largest monthly payout $534,524 | Vendor statement; 2017 had nearly 90% more live LPR pick-ups than 2016 | DRN press release, 'Digital Recognition Network Marks Key Milestone: More Than 20,000 Live LPR Recoveries in One Month' (Oct 26, 2018) |
| Drug Enforcement Administration National License Plate Reader Program US DEA FOIA documents released to ACLU (slideshow and emails) | 2008 to 2014 (documents undated/redacted) | Readers deployed / monitoring stations (2010) / records in database / non-hit retention | at least 100 readers in 8 states; 41 stations in TX, NM, CA (2010); over 343 million records; 6 months | Jan 2015 update: contract documents list 53 fixed cameras, 24 barrel cameras and 47 LPR trailers across 45 sites in TX, NM, AZ, CA; date of 343M figure unconfirmable due to redactions | ACLU, 'FOIA Documents Reveal Massive DEA Program to Record Americans' Whereabouts With License Plate Readers' (Jan 26, 2015; updated Jan 28) |
| Drug Enforcement Administration National License Plate Reader Program US DEA NLPRP Privacy Impact Assessment | 2019-04 | Retention of LPR reads in NLPRP / alert window | 90 days; 30 days | Wildcard searches require SES-level supervisor approval; non-federal users vetted through EPIC; no counts of cameras, records or users disclosed | DEA, National License Plate Reader Program PIA (approved Apr 19, 2019) |
| Drug Enforcement Administration National License Plate Reader Program US DEA NLPRP/DEASIL Privacy Impact Assessment revision | 2024-12 | Law-enforcement agencies and hubs with NLPRP MOUs / default deletion | over 250; 90 days | User accounts restricted after 30 days of inactivity; PIA states number of cameras 'remains limited' without a figure | DEA, NLPRP DEASIL PIA Revision (approved Dec 20, 2024) |
| EFF national sample US Reason-field analysis | 2023–May 2026 | Searches with reason 'TBD' | 6,300+ | By more than 30 agencies; Priceville AL PD alone 1,954; joke reasons such as LOL and LMAO documented | EFF, The High Crime of LMAO (Sep 2026) |
| EFF national sample US Audit logs from records requests to many agencies | Dec 2024–Oct 2025 | Searches logged | 12,000,000+ | Logged by more than 3,900 agencies; hundreds of searches tied to protests; 80+ agencies used anti-Roma terms as reasons | EFF 2025 in review (Dec 2025) |
| Eight university police departments (national) US Peer-reviewed study of partial Flock records (Policing and Society) | 2025-2026 | Immigration-related searches found in partial records of eight college PDs | 11,935 | Primary (tandfonline DOI 10.1080/10439463.2026.2702635) not fetchable; number read in The Conversation/Fortune summary | The Conversation (Fradella) via Fortune, Oct 3, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Flock Safety (vendor claim) US Vendor review of customer audit logs for protest-related searches | 2025-2026 | Agencies whose searches explicitly referenced protest activity | 19 of ~3,900 customers (~0.48%) | Flock blog claim as cited by Footnote4a | Footnote4a: Flock Would Rather Jail Cops Than Turn Off the Cameras (second-hand) |
| Flock Safety (vendor response to Senate) US Letter from Flock Chief Legal Officer Dan Haley to Sen. Hawley | 2026-09-08 | Customers voluntarily adopting Audit Assistance / LE customers with retention >30 days / partial-plate searches completed within a week / reported inaccuracies per million alerts / consolidated misuse count maintained | more than one-third / ~3% / over 90% / ~9 / none | Records produced Bates FLOCK-SEN-JH00000001-366; July 2026 accuracy tests >99% capture, >96% OCR | Flock Safety letter to Chairman Hawley, Sep 8, 2026 (hawley.senate.gov) |
| Flock Safety - vendor statement US Vendor press release | 2026-07 | Flock customers / first publicly confirmed Audit Assistance-driven misuse case | more than 12,000 customers; 1 (Albany GA, five officers) | Vendor statement; Albany officer count already in dataset; customer total and 'first confirmed' claim are new | Flock Safety via GlobeNewswire, 'Flock's Audit Assistance Surfaces License Plate Reader Misuse in Albany, Georgia' (Jul 8, 2026) |
| Flock Safety - vendor statement (audit behaviour) US Vendor blog post announcing guardrails | 2026-08 | Share of customers that voluntarily adopted Audit Assistance (16 weeks after launch) / agencies with Transparency Portal / human-reported errors per million alerts / new default retention | more than one-third; more than 1,500; fewer than 9; 7 days (from 30) | Vendor statement; also claims over 90% of partial-plate searches are completed within a week; case-code requirement introduced Jul 2025; Audit Assistance mandatory for all LE customers by end of 2026 per GovTech | Flock Safety blog, 'Flock Guardrails Address LPR Privacy Concerns and Police Transparency' (Aug 13, 2026) |
| Flock Safety federal pilots (vendor statement) US Vendor statement listing concluded federal pilot programs with dates | 2021-07 to 2025-08 | Federal pilots and their dates | 7 pilots, 6 agencies: FBI Jul 21 2021-Jul 14 2023; NPS (TN) Sep 17 2021-Dec 4 2024; ATF Louisville Aug 23 2022-May 19 2025; ATF Nashville Feb 2023-Jun 23 2025; NCIS Jan 2-Apr 5 2025; HSI Mar 3-May 1 2025; CBP May 9-Aug 24 2025 | Vendor statement. Flock says federal agencies were removed from statewide/national lookup networks in Aug 2025 and limited to one-to-one sharing; single federal-sharing toggle added Jan 2026 | Flock Safety blog, 'Does Flock Share Data With ICE? Here's Flock's Answer' (published Jan 6, 2026) |
| ICE Homeland Security Investigations (Flock national network) US Flock disclosure to Sen. Wyden (letter shared with 404 Media) | pilot period 2025 | HSI searches in Flock system | ~200 | HSI, Secret Service, Navy NCIS had access; CBP previously reported 80,000+ cameras | 404 Media, 'ICE, Secret Service, Navy All Had Access to Flock's Nationwide Network of Cameras' (second-hand) |
| Motorola Solutions Vigilant (LEARN) - vendor statement US Vendor press release | 2015-10 | Agency-to-agency LPR data-sharing relationships in LEARN / agencies / users / vehicles of interest on shared hotlists | 217,751; over 1,000 agencies; 30,000 users; over 17 million | Vendor statement | Vigilant Solutions press release, 'Vigilant Solutions Enables Over 217,000 Law Enforcement Data Sharing Relationships' (Oct 23, 2015) |
| Motorola Solutions Vigilant (LEARN) - vendor statement US Vendor sole-source justification letter to City of Elmira NY | 2021-09 | LPR scans in LEARN / monthly growth | over 33 billion; over 175 million per month | Vendor statement. An undated 2021 version of the same letter template (DocumentCloud 21564359) states 'over 30 billion LPR scans ... over 450 million monthly scans' | Motorola Solutions, Vigilant Sole Source Letter to City of Elmira (Sep 18, 2021) |
| Motorola Solutions Vigilant / DRN commercial database - vendor statement US Vendor press release (MVTRAC data agreement) | 2015-05 | Historical commercial LPR scans / new scans added monthly | well over 3 billion; over 100 million per month | Vendor statement | Vigilant Solutions press release, 'Vigilant Solutions Bolsters Commercial LPR Database through Agreement with MVTRAC' (May 20, 2015) |
| Motorola Solutions Vigilant commercial database - vendor statement US Vendor product description quoted in press (Irvine Company malls data-sharing story) | 2018-07 | Vehicle detections in Vigilant commercial LPR database / agencies sharing real-time data | over 5 billion; over 1,000 agencies | Vendor statement; Irvine Company said Vigilant ran LPR at its three Orange County regional shopping centers | TechCrunch, 'California malls are sharing license plate tracking data with an ICE-linked database' (Jul 10, 2018) (second-hand) |
| Multi-agency (121 agencies) US Released audit logs - FreeForm searches | 2025 | FreeForm searches in 2025 | 6,736 | Footnote4a: Flock's FreeForm Free-For-All | |
| Multi-agency (124 agencies) US Released audit logs - FreeForm (natural-language) searches with moderation outcome | through 2026-03 | FreeForm search log entries analysed | 3,217 | 3,184 allowed, 19 blocked, 14 warned; only 85 (2.6%) had a plate field | Footnote4a: Flock's FreeForm Free-For-All |
| MVTRAC (private repossession ALPR network) - vendor statement US Vendor claims quoted in press | 2026-09 | New LPR data points collected per month / recovery affiliates | more than 500 million per month; more than 600 affiliates | Vendor statement as quoted by CarScoops; MVTRAC mainly serves lenders and repossession firms | CarScoops, 'Flock Cameras Are Under Fire, But The Private Networks You Can't See May Be Worse' (Sep 10, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Nationwide (EFF-collated Flock lookups) US 404 Media analysis of Flock lookup cache collated by EFF; protest-related searches | 2024-11 to 2025-11 | agencies running protest-related searches (No Kings etc.) | as many as 50 agencies; 'hundreds' of searches | paywalled beyond intro | 404 Media, 'Cops Used Flock to Monitor No Kings Protests Around the Country' (second-hand) |
| Rekor Systems (Rekor Public Safety Network) - vendor statement US Vendor press release | 2019-08 | Plate reads captured per month across Rekor network / states / Westchester County PD cameras and reads | approximately 150 million per month; over 30 states; Westchester 84 cameras capturing 25 million reads per month | Vendor statement; Westchester reported 'hundreds' of hotlist hits per month | Rekor Systems, 'Rekor Systems Launches Public Safety Network' (Aug 24, 2019) |
| Released logs, immigration-flagged (HIBF) US Searches whose reason text names immigration, most recent 10,000 in released logs | 25 Feb–6 Oct 2026 | Searches | 10,000+ (capped) | Top searchers Jefferson Parish LA SO 2,021, Florida Highway Patrol 1,643, Florida Fish and Wildlife 588, Midland TX PD 433; reasons now use Flock's dropdown 'Immigration (civil/administrative)' and 'Immigration (criminal)' | Have I Been Flocked immigration report API (read 2 Nov 2026) |
| U.S. Border Patrol (nationwide) US AP investigation of records incl. Flock access/audit data | 2025 (at one point in time) | Flock cameras Border Patrol had access to | 1600+ across 22 states | AP; Flock paused Border Patrol/HSI pilots | Associated Press via Reform Austin, 'Border Patrol's surveillance system tracking millions of U.S. drivers' (second-hand) |
| U.S. Customs and Border Protection (border LPR) US CBP FOIA response to ACLU (Jan 2014) | 2009-05 to 2013-05 | License plates logged by CBP readers | more than 793.5 million | CBP reported collecting nearly 100% of land border traffic; ACLU analysis of DEA/CBP FOIA documents | ACLU, 'FOIA Documents Reveal Massive DEA Program to Record Americans' Whereabouts With License Plate Readers' (Jan 26, 2015) |
| U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Flock pilot) US Flock audit logs released by three police departments; Flock statements | 2025 (pilot May 9 to Aug 24, 2025 per Flock) | Flock ALPR cameras CBP regularly searched | more than 80,000 | At least one department said it did not know it was sharing with CBP; Loveland CO shared directly via 'one-to-one' agreement; Flock then paused all federal pilots | 404 Media, 'CBP Had Access to More than 80,000 Flock AI Cameras Nationwide' (Aug 25, 2025) |
| U.S. Customs and Border Protection (LPR program) US DHS/CBP Privacy Impact Assessment PIA-049 (CBP LPR technology) | 2017-12 | Retention of mobile/covert LPR reads / border-crossing LPR data / hot lists and investigative data | no more than 2 years; 15 years; up to 75 years | Mobile/covert readers operate within 100 miles of the border; DEA receives real-time CBP feed under MOU with monthly statistical reports (plates seen 4+ and 7+ times) | DHS/CBP/PIA-049, CBP License Plate Reader Technology (Dec 11, 2017) |
| U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (commercial LPR data) US DHS/ICE Privacy Impact Assessment PIA-039 (commercial LPR service) | 2015-03 | Vendor-estimated new plates added per month from private sources / ICE field offices with existing subscriptions / query look-back | 70 million per month; 2 field offices; 5 years (ERO/administrative) | Immigration enforcement case files retained 75 years; supervisory audit log review quarterly | DHS/ICE/PIA-039, Acquisition and Use of License Plate Reader Data from a Commercial Service (Mar 19, 2015) |
| U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Vigilant LEARN access) US FOIA-released ICE/Vigilant contract and training records (ACLU of Northern California lawsuit) | 2017-12 to 2020-09 (contract term) | ICE employees with Vigilant database accounts / contract value | more than 9,200 employees; $6.1 million contract | Access via Thomson Reuters contract; database covered 50 largest metro areas (~60% of US population); ICE could search five years of history for civil immigration cases | ACLU, 'Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data From Local Police for Deportations' (Mar 13, 2019) |
| U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Vigilant LEARN access) US ICE internal report listing local agencies that granted ICE ongoing LEARN access | 2018 | Local law-enforcement agencies sharing ALPR data with ICE via Vigilant | 80 agencies in more than a dozen states | Agencies could provide 'hundreds of millions more' scans for ICE to search | ACLU, 'Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data From Local Police for Deportations' (Mar 13, 2019) |
| U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Vigilant LEARN access) US FOIA-released ICE Vigilant search logs (seven months of 2018) | 2018-02 to 2018-08 (seven months) | ICE queries of Vigilant LEARN database per month (estimated from logs) | over 30,000 per month | Redactions prevent confirming whether queries were unique; one 'Stakeout Browsing Mobile' query in March 2018 returned almost 10,000 results | ACLU of Northern California, 'Records Reveal ICE Agents Run Thousands of License Plate Queries a Month' (Jun 5, 2019) |
| U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Vigilant LEARN access) US FOIA-released ICE/Vigilant records | 2018-2019 | Commercial location data points accessible to ICE / additional law-enforcement records available | over 5 billion private-sector data points; 1.5 billion law-enforcement records | Vigilant database described as adding 150-200 million unique plate scans per month; 500 million LE-collected plate locations cited in records | ACLU, 'Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data From Local Police for Deportations' (Mar 13, 2019) |
| United States (30 agencies surveyed) US USA Today public records requests for audit reports | 2026 | Agencies asked for audits / responded / no responsive records / denied / provided (audits began only in 2026) | 30 / 14 / 4 / 5 / 5 | USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| United States (five states) US USA Today tally of personnel actions | summer 2026 (two months to Sep 4) | Police/sheriff employees arrested, fired, put on leave or investigated / GBI arrests since July 6 | at least 19 in five states / 14 | At least six more agencies opened investigations after USA Today inquiries | USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026) (second-hand) |
| United States (multi-agency) US EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - searches using Roma/'gypsy' terms | 2024-06 to 2025-10 | Agencies running searches with Roma-targeting terms | more than 80 (hundreds of searches) | About 400 further searches targeted Traveller communities. Examples: Fairfax County PD VA 150+ searches (Dec 2024-Apr 2025); Irvine PD 8 searches across 1,420 networks/29,364 devices; Lake County SO IL 3 searches across 1,233 networks/14,467 devices; Sacramento PD 6 searches/468 networks/12,885 devices. | EFF - License Plate Surveillance Logs Reveal Racist Policing Against Romani People |
| United States (multi-agency) US EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - noise complaints and background checks | 2025 to 2026 | Agencies that ran ALPR searches for noise complaints | 26 (some across 6,500+ networks) | Background-check examples: Jefferson County SO MO 6 searches/2,853 networks; Little Elm PD TX 10/6,306; Ridgeland PD MS 2/6,000+; Texas City PD 3/728; Zion PD IL 1/585. | EFF - More License Plate Reader Mission Creep |
| United States (national) US IJ database total as of Senate testimony | 2018 to 2026-09 | ALPR abuse incidents catalogued | more than 240 | Testimony p.4. | Institute for Justice (Alasdair Whitney) written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Counterterrorism hearing 'Always Watching' |
| United States (national) US IJ documented ALPR error cases | 2018 to 2026-09 | Innocent motorists stopped, detained or jailed due to ALPR errors | at least 33 | Testimony p.5. Gizmodo (31 Jul 2026) quoted IJ at 'at least 27' earlier. | Institute for Justice (Alasdair Whitney) written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Counterterrorism hearing 'Always Watching' |
| United States (national) US IJ Database of ALPR Abuse (media reports + public records compilation) | 2018-11 to 2026-09 | ALPR abuse incidents catalogued (version read) | 197 | Header read 'incidents shown'. Page is updated continuously; Four categories: Stalking, Error, Non-law-enforcement use, Other misuse. | Institute for Justice - IJ Database of ALPR Abuse (second-hand) |
| United States (national) US IJ Database of ALPR Abuse - entries by type (tally of the 197-entry version) | 2018-11 to 2026-09 | Stalking / Non-law-enforcement use / Error / Other misuse entries | 56 / 89 / 31 / 21 | Page publishes no totals; counts are a tally of the 197 entries shown in the version read. Georgia had the most entries (68); 33 states represented. | Institute for Justice - IJ Database of ALPR Abuse (second-hand) |
| United States (national) US IJ stalking list - earlier version | 2021 to 2026-05 | Officers reportedly using ALPRs to stalk romantic interests | 18 cases (10 states) | Version 'updated May 28, 2026'. WI 3, FL 3, KS 3, CA 2, GA 2, PA/TN/KY/ID/IL 1 each. Nearly all charged and lost jobs. | Institute for Justice - stalking list (May 2026 version) |
| United States (national) US IJ running list of ALPR romantic-stalking cases (version read) | 2021-09 to 2026-07 | Officers reportedly using ALPRs to stalk romantic interests (cases listed) | 51 cases in 19 states | Version 'updated August 3, 2026'. 38 of 51 entries mention fired/resigned/charged/convicted/pleaded. Cases span GA, TX, FL, MA, NC, AZ, MO, LA, SC, OH, KY, WI, IL, KS, IN, ID, CA, TN, PA. | Institute for Justice - Police Have Reportedly Used License Plate Readers to Stalk Romantic Interests Dozens of Times (second-hand) |
| United States (national) US Sen. Wyden / Rep. Krishnamoorthi letter to FTC on Flock security | 2025 | Flock customer accounts with stolen passwords | at least 35 | Also: ~75% of law-enforcement customers opted into National Lookup; 5,000+ police departments and 1,000+ businesses as customers (reported). | Wyden-Krishnamoorthi letter to FTC |
| United States (national) US Flock National Lookup opt-in (Wyden letter, vendor figure) | 2025 | Share of law-enforcement customers opted into National Lookup | about 75% | Vendor figure relayed in congressional letter. | Wyden-Krishnamoorthi letter to FTC (second-hand) |
| United States (national) US Flock network audit obtained by ACLU of Massachusetts (Data for Justice) | spring 2025 (30 days) | Searches of the nationwide Flock database in a 30-day period | over 450,000 | ACLU of Massachusetts Data for Justice - Flock Gives Law Enforcement All Over the Country Access to Your Location | |
| United States (national) US Washington Post review of police/court records on ALPR misuse | to 2026-08 | Officers charged or accused / cases using Flock / cases targeting partners, exes or women officer wanted to meet | at least 50 / 46 / 26 | the 26 partner-target figure and example counts (Hall 192 searches; Steffman ~600 over 13 months; Wisconsin 179) are new. Seven victims interviewed. | Washington Post (via Anchorage Daily News) - How rogue officers turned a nationwide camera network into a tool for stalking (second-hand) |
| United States (national) US Washington Post investigation of police audits | to 2026-08 | Officials accused, charged or convicted of ALPR misuse / cases first detected by outsiders / share of ~7,000 Flock agencies using Audit Assistance | at least 69 / at least 15 / about one-third | PUBLISHED 2026-08-19 (before slice window) but not in covered set; cited by Oct 2026 reports | Washington Post (via Spokesman-Review), 'Police departments weren't looking for officers abusing Flock' (Aug 19, 2026) (second-hand) |
| United States (national) / Georgia US Tally of documented ALPR misuse cases | 2021 to 2026-11 | Misuse cases in US / in Georgia | at least 85 / 21 | CNN tally | CNN (via KQ2), Nov 1, 2026 (second-hand) |
| United States (USA Today corpus) US USA Today analysis of released Flock audit logs | 2023-01 to 2026-07 | Searches analysed / agencies whose searches appear / agencies whose logs obtained / states / officers' usage covered / fully unredacted records / users flagged for frequent persistent searches / agencies contacted about flagged users | 75,000,000+ / 6,300+ / 120+ / 24 / 208,000+ / 14,000,000 / 240 / 67 | About half of the 67 led to confirmed or launched investigations | USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Vigilant-contracting agencies nationwide (EFF/MuckRock 'Data Driven') US Public records from 200 agencies contracting with Vigilant Solutions | 2016 to 2017 | Plate scans / share of scanned plates not under suspicion / minimum sharing partners per agency | more than 2.5 billion; 99.5%; at least 160 (many over 800) | Records obtained via hundreds of public records requests; dataset published with per-agency hot-list hit data | EFF, 'EFF and MuckRock Release Records and Data from 200 Law Enforcement Agencies' Automated License Plate Reader Programs' (Nov 15, 2018) |
| Blount County Commission AL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Dec 2023 to May 2026 | Network searches / organisations / Houston PD share / case-number share | 13,723,155 / 5,457 / 10.4% / 20.2% | Weekly volume grew about seven-fold, from 34,381 to 230,000+; 6,410 immigration-term records; 62,341 test or training records | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Blount County Commission AL (Dec 2023 – May 2026) (2026-08-07) |
| Blount County Commission AL AL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Dec 1, 2023 – May 31, 2026 (30 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 13,723,155 records; 5,457 organisations | Case number: 2,770,107 (20.2%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Blount County Commission AL (Dec 2023 – May 2026) (August 7, 2026) |
| Priceville PD AL EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - 'TBD' reason field | 2023 to 2026-05 | Searches by Priceville PD with reason 'TBD' | 1,954 | Part of the 6,300+ 'TBD' searches by 30+ agencies already in dataset. | EFF - The High Crime of 'LMAO' |
| Fort Smith PD AR Released network audit log | 2024-01 to 2025-12 (24 months) | Network audit records | 7,623,215 | 97.9% contain plates | Have I Been Flocked: December 2025 Data update from Arkansas (The Big One) |
| Little Rock PD AR Internal Flock audit | 2026 (10 days) | Officers relieved of duty / searches of same plate by one officer in 10 days / audit frequency change | 3 / 28 / quarterly to monthly | Secondary report cites 687,332 unique vehicles read in 30 days (portal) | KATV, 'Three Little Rock police officers relieved of duty after Flock camera system misuse' (Oct 13, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Lowell AR PD AR Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 29 – Jul 27, 2026 (4 weeks) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 104 records | Case number: 77 (74.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Lowell AR PD (Jul 2026) (August 8, 2026) |
| Lowell AR PD AR Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 29 – Jul 29, 2026 (1 month) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 387,924 records; 2,957 organisations | Case number: 149,770 (38.6%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Lowell AR PD (Jul 2026) (August 8, 2026) |
| Lowell PD AR Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 29 Jun to 29 Jul 2026 | Own searches vs network searches in one month / organisations / case-number share | 104 vs 387,924 / 2,957 / 38.6% | Texas DPS 14,864 searches led all agencies | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Lowell AR PD (Jul 2026) (2026-08-08) |
| Pea Ridge PD AR Released network audit log | 2024-06 to 2025-12 (19 months) | Network audit records | 9,978,105 | 93.0% contain plates; files provided privately to HIBF | Have I Been Flocked: December 2025 Data update from Arkansas (The Big One) |
| Rogers AR AR Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Nov 12, 2025 – Feb 20, 2026 (with Jan 1–19 gap) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 1,975,743 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Rogers AR (Mar 2026) (March 20, 2026) | |
| Rogers AR PD AR Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 27 – Jul 1, 2026 (approx. 10 weeks) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 2,204,042 records; 3,494 organisations | Case number: 1,015,667 (46.1%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Rogers AR PD (Apr–Jul 2026) (July 29, 2026) |
| Rogers AR PD AR Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 20 – Apr 27, 2026 (overlaps with prior batch through Feb 20) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 1,799,970 records; 3,446 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Rogers AR PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026) | |
| Rogers PD AR Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 20 Jan to 27 Apr 2026 | Own searches as share of network searches / daily network searches before and after 25 Mar 2026 access restriction / organisations per week before and after | 0.16% / 20,000–30,000 to 3,000–4,000 / 2,350 to 550 | 1,799,970 records from 3,446 organisations; 1,433 immigration-term records (Crowley TX PD 301); network shared with 1,031 agencies as of 4 May 2026 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Rogers AR PD (June 2026) (2026-06-18) |
| Rogers PD AR Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 27 Apr to 1 Jul 2026 | Network searches in ten weeks / organisations / case-number share / Houston and Dallas share | 2,204,042 / 3,494 / 46.1% / 13% | All plates redacted; 2,223 empty rows in the export | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Rogers AR PD (Apr–Jul 2026) (2026-07-29) |
| Texarkana AR PD AR Flock transparency-portal search log (prior analysis) | 30 days, 2026-06 | Searches analyzed | 226 | Portal audit log since taken offline. | Texarkana Today, 'Texarkana, Texas police ran 305 license plate reader searches...' (second-hand) |
| Tontitown PD AR Released organisation audit log | 2025-11 to 2025-12 | Organisation audit records | 186 | Have I Been Flocked: December 2025 Data update from Arkansas (The Big One) | |
| Van Buren AR PD AR Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Feb 1, 2025 – Aug 19, 2026 (about 18.5 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 23,363 records | Case number: 7,685 (32.9%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Van Buren AR PD (Feb 2025 – Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Ward PD AR Released organisation audit log | 2024-06 to 2025-12 (19 months) | Organisation audit records | 574 | Have I Been Flocked: December 2025 Data update from Arkansas (The Big One) | |
| Arizona (Tolleson/Avondale network audit) AZ Flock network audit provided by Avondale PD (KOLD analysis) | 2026-07-14 to 2026-08-14 | Network searches / AZ DPS searches / Mesa and Scottsdale searches; reason shares | more than 50,000 / more than 8,500 / more than 5,000 each; property crime ~25%, drugs 17%+, traffic ~10%, wanted person ~10% | KOLD - Inside Arizona's license plate reader audits: who's searching and why (second-hand) | |
| Avondale AZ PD AZ Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2023 – Dec 31, 2025 (36 monthly files) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 23,558 records | Case number: 4,896 (20.8%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (October 3, 2026) |
| Avondale AZ PD AZ Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Oct 1, 2023 – Dec 31, 2025 (37 files; 242 of 823 days not covered) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 4,895,091 records; 5,139 organisations | Case number: redacted on 365,604 records; blank on 4,529,487 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (October 3, 2026) |
| Avondale PD AZ Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 2023 to 2025 | Network records with 'MYOC' or 'get PC' (develop probable cause) reasons / agencies | 1,868 / 119 | Downers Grove IL PD 214, Oconee County GA SO 190, Chesterton IN PD 170 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (2026-10-03) |
| Avondale PD AZ Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Oct 2023 to Dec 2025 | Share of network searches covering 1,000+ networks / median networks per search | 94.7% / 5,777 | Org audit: median 13 networks; 9.6% of own searches reached 1,000+ | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (2026-10-03) |
| Avondale PD AZ Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Oct 2023 to Dec 2025 | Network records matching immigration terms / agencies / one-word 'ICE' only | 2,136 / 137 / 1,060 | Top three: Lowndes County GA SO 426, Florida Highway Patrol 294, Hoover AL PD 257; Border Patrol and HSI inactive accounts ran 209 and 140 searches | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (2026-10-03) |
| Avondale PD AZ Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Oct 2023 to Dec 2025 | Days not covered by released network files | 242 of 823 | Twelve gaps; 14,407 duplicate network rows in one file | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (2026-10-03) |
| Chandler PD AZ Internal and external Flock audit logs released to press | 2026-01 | Outside-agency search entries touching Chandler data (one month) | 40,000 | 'nearly 40,000' entries, >500 pages; internal audit 454 searches for ~70 investigations; 40 cameras; Aug 2026: one officer resigned after anomaly/misuse found, program discontinued | ABC15 Arizona (second-hand) |
| Chandler PD AZ Internal Flock audit log | 2026-01 | Chandler PD searches | 454 | Related to about 70 investigations | ABC15 Arizona (second-hand) |
| Coconino County SO AZ Sheriff's Flock network audit logs reported by press | 2026-01-01 to 2026-07-22 | Outside-agency searches of CCSO cameras | 3,000,000 | 'more than three million'; CCSO own searches 3,501 (~17/day vs >16,000/day outside); ~3,815 agencies; top 10 agencies 957,176 (29.4%). Article undated on page; approx. Aug 2026 | Williams-Grand Canyon News / Arizona Daily Sun (second-hand) |
| Navajo County AZ SO AZ Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Aug 1 – Aug 31, 2026 (1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 317 records | Case number: 317 (100.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Navajo County AZ SO (Jan 2025 – Sep 2026) (October 23, 2026) |
| Navajo County AZ SO AZ Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Jul 31, 2026 (19 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 14,623 records | Case number: 4,495 (30.7%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Navajo County AZ SO (Jan 2025 – Jul 2026) (August 23, 2026) |
| Navajo County AZ SO AZ Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Sep 16, 2026, in seven separate windows (see below) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 8,293,522 records; 5,130 organisations | Case number: 2,015,561 (24.3%), all masked as *** | Have I Been Flocked data update: Navajo County AZ SO (Jan 2025 – Sep 2026) (October 23, 2026) |
| Navajo County SO AZ Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2025 to Jul 2026 | Own searches / case-number share / records with ICE ERO reasons | 14,623 / 30.7% / 7 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Navajo County AZ SO (Jan 2025 – Jul 2026) (2026-08-23) | |
| Prescott AZ PD AZ Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (546 days; Oct 28–31, 2025 not covered) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 36,601 records | Case number: 13,180 (36.0%); redacted on 5 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Prescott AZ PD AZ Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (546 days; Oct 28–31, 2025 not covered), plus five records from the first minute of July 1, 2026 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 11,803,378 records; 4,921 organisations | Case number: redacted on 9,595,301 records; blank on 2,206,703 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Prescott AZ PD AZ Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 1 – Aug 31, 2026 (2 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 2,587 records | Case number: 2,587 (100.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jul – Aug 2026) (October 23, 2026) |
| Prescott AZ PD AZ Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 1 – Aug 31, 2026 (2 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 1,079,415 records; 609 organisations | Case number: redacted on 656,555 records; blank on 422,860 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jul – Aug 2026) (October 23, 2026) |
| Prescott PD AZ Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2025 to Jun 2026 | Own searches with a case number in 2025 / after 10 Nov 2025 | 15.8% / 100% | 36,601 own searches; 11,803,378 network searches; 99.1% of 2026 reasons use the category form | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (2026-10-03) |
| Scottsdale PD AZ Press analysis of Flock network audit records released by Yakima PD (WA) | 2024-12 to 2025-05 | Scottsdale PD searches of Flock network | 12,527 | ~22% of Arizona agency searches in records; AZ DPS 16,481; two agencies = half of AZ searches; records 'likely incomplete' | Arizona Mirror (second-hand) |
| Tolleson PD and Avondale PD AZ Released network audits (public records) | 2026-07-14 to 2026-08-14 | Searches of the two agencies' networks in 30 days | over 50,000 | Arizona DPS >8,500 (top); Mesa and Scottsdale >5,000 each | AZFamily: Inside Arizona's license plate reader audits: who's searching and why |
| Tolleson PD and Avondale PD AZ Released network audits | 2026-07-14 to 2026-08-14 | Stated reason shares: property crime / drug-narcotics / traffic infraction / wanted person | ~25% / >17% / ~10% / ~10% | AZFamily: Inside Arizona's license plate reader audits | |
| Berkeley PD CA Annual Surveillance Technology Report - fixed ALPR alerts | 2024-10-01 to 2025-09-30 | Stolen license plate alerts | 48,398 | Also 643 stolen vehicle alerts, 73 felony vehicle alerts, 253 hotlist alerts; 52 fixed cameras; 0 ALPR complaints | BPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Technology Report, PAB packet Nov 5, 2025 |
| Berkeley PD CA Bay Area ALPR transparency report - Berkeley PD audit logs (CPRA) | 2024-12-13 to 2025-11-06 | Berkeley PD internal searches | 642,527 | Report lists an external-network figure of 899,907,717 for the same period, unexplained and implausible as searches; treat as unverified. | Solis et al., 'ALPR and AI Surveillance Transparency in the Bay Area' (Stanford McCoy Family Center for Ethics in Society practitioner fellowship report) (second-hand) |
| Berkeley PD CA Annual Surveillance Technology Report - Flock ALPR audit, reason-field review | 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 | External-agency searches with 'ICE' in reason field | 1 | Plus 2 unique searches with 'CBP' and 5 with 'DHS' (the latter referring to Desert Hot Springs PD). No federal or out-of-state agencies searched BPD network (0). After access revocations, 0 searches referenced ICE/CBP | BPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Technology Report, PAB packet Nov 5, 2025 |
| Berkeley PD CA Annual Surveillance Technology Report (Ch. 2.99) incl. Flock ALPR audit | 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 (audit scope) | Compliance with permitted search reasons by external agencies | 99.81% | Audit reviewed all access records; 100% BPD personnel compliance; 100% compliance with authorized access by external agencies; 0.19% of searches referenced a federal agency acronym | BPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Technology Report, Attachment 8, Police Accountability Board packet Nov 5, 2025 |
| Berkeley PD CA BPD Flock ALPR audit memo, Jan-Jun 2026 (PAB packet Item 9.b.ii) | 2026-01-01 to 2026-06-30 | Searches referencing 'ICE' or 'CBP' / searches related to federal immigration enforcement / search patterns flagged by Flock Audit Assistance / internal random sample size | 0 / 0 / 35 / 100 | Sharing restricted to nine Bay Area counties + Sacramento; Secure Justice letter (Sep 19, 2026) estimates ~160,000 third-party queries/month vs ~1,000 BPD | Berkeley Police Accountability Board agenda packet, Oct 7, 2026 |
| Berkeley PD CA City Manager update to 2025 Annual Surveillance Technology Report | reporting period (2024-10 to 2025-09) | Arrests in which fixed ALPR system was instrumental | 55 | 'at least 55'; at least 43 stolen vehicles recovered; assisted >100 other investigations | Berkeley City Council Item 27, Jan 20, 2026 |
| Calexico PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 21 Jun to 20 Jul 2026 | Network searches / organisations / case-number share | 394,630 / 290 / 80.4% | All operator names redacted | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Calexico CA PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (2026-08-23) |
| California (81 agencies with transparency portals) CA Transparency-portal public audit logs aggregated | 2025-07 to 2025-08 | Searches from 81 CA portals (daily, approx.) | ~5,000 | Stayed flat while Santa Cruz network logs dropped 4-5x | Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs (second-hand) |
| California (four agencies) CA State Auditor review of Fresno, LAPD, Marin, Sacramento | 2019 | Agencies operating or planning ALPR | 70% | Survey of agencies statewide; three of four reviewed agencies shared images widely; no retention limits considered | California State Auditor, Report 2019-118 (13 Feb 2020) |
| California Highway Patrol CA CHP MVTPA annual report, ALPR section (Veh. Code 2413) | FY2020/21 | ALPR data disclosures / units | 80 disclosures (incl. 1 to Department of Homeland Security); 35 ALPR-equipped patrol vehicles; 60-day retention | Annex G table lists 33 entries, 21 to CHP | CHP 2021 Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act Report |
| California Highway Patrol CA CHP Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act annual report to Legislature, ALPR section under Veh. Code 2413 | FY2021/22 | ALPR data disclosures / units / retention | 13 disclosures (incl. 1 to ATF, 1 to Reno PD NV); 41 ALPR-equipped patrol vehicles; 60-day retention; no privacy policy changes | Annex G lists disclosures by agency | CHP 2022 Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act Report |
| Capitola PD CA Flock audit records (Jan 1, 2024 - Sep 30, 2025) analyzed by Santa Cruz Local and a retired analyst | 2024 to early 2025 | searches by federal and out-of-state agencies / on behalf of ICE | 3M+ searches; at least 190 for ICE | 200+ immigration-related searches by dozens of out-of-state agencies Jan 2024-Feb 2025; e.g. Lowndes County GA SO Dec 19, 2024 searched 5,770 agencies with reason 'ICE' | Santa Cruz Local, 'ICE accessed Capitola license plate data. Police say it was a mistake.' |
| Cathedral City CA PD CA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 18 – Feb 17, 2026 (31 days) and Jul 27 – Aug 26, 2026 (31 days) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 922,758 records; 323 organisations | Case number: redacted on 656,412 records; blank on 265,982; present on 364 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Cathedral City CA PD (Jan–Feb and Jul–Aug 2026) (October 4, 2026) |
| Cathedral City PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan–Feb and Jul–Aug 2026 | Agency's rank among agencies searching its own cameras / three agencies' share | 119th of 323 / 24.9% | All agencies in the logs are in California; Irvine PD 19 searches 'veh seen at protest' on 7 Feb 2026 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Cathedral City CA PD (Jan–Feb and Jul–Aug 2026) (2026-10-04) |
| Desert Hot Springs CA PD CA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Aug 1, 2021 – Sep 23, 2026 (1,880 days; Jul 31 and Aug 31, 2026 not covered) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 13,593,476 records; 389 organisations | Case number: redacted on 4,731,777 records; blank on 8,861,699 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Desert Hot Springs CA PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (October 4, 2026) |
| Desert Hot Springs CA PD CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Mar 1 – Sep 23, 2026 (207 days; Apr 30, May 31, Jun 30, Jul 31, and Aug 31 not covered; Mar 31 covered until 3:30 a.m.) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 12,227 records | Case number: 2,277 (18.6%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Desert Hot Springs CA PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (October 4, 2026) |
| Desert Hot Springs PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 2025 | Protest-related searches on the day of the 'No Kings' protests (Riverside County SO) | 46 | Escondido PD ran 28 searches citing a protest on 2 Feb 2025; San Bernardino County SO 'ICE PROTEST' twice | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Desert Hot Springs CA PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (2026-10-04) |
| Desert Hot Springs PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2024 to Sep 2025 | Houston PD searches on a California network / share / searches with reason 'immigration' | 954,531 / 7.0% / 121 | Houston was the only non-California police agency in the network audit; case numbers appear only from 29 Jul 2026 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Desert Hot Springs CA PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (2026-10-04) |
| Digital Recognition Network (DRN) - litigation record CA California Court of Appeal published opinion, Mata v. Digital Recognition Network (No. D084781) | 2024-05 (as of) | Historical license plate images in DRN's ALPR system | over 9 billion | Opinion affirmed dismissal for lack of standing under Civil Code 1798.90.54; named plaintiff's two vehicles each captured at least 15 times | Mata v. Digital Recognition Network, Inc., 121 Cal.App.5th 1075 (Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist., Jul 20, 2026) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo | 2024-12-10 to 2024-12-31 | Plate reads since go-live | 1,961,174 | 23 of 25 cameras live; no search count given | East Palo Alto PD Flock audit December 2024 |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2025-01 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 1,286 searches / 4,006,782 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 23 of 25 cameras live | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2025-02 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 1,149 searches / 3,814,465 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 24 of 25 cameras live; memo phrases reads as 'for 2025' but values are monthly-scale | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) (second-hand) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2025-03 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 546 searches / 4,533,648 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 24 of 25 cameras live | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2025-04 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 840 searches / 4,938,937 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2025-05 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 850 searches / 5,313,956 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2025-06 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 804 searches / 5,337,366 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2025-08 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 844 searches / 4,562,013 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2025-12 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 739 searches / 3,882,985 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live; sharing partners all CA agencies | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2026-04-01 to 2026-04-30 | Searches by EPA officers | 969 | 5,100,568 plates captured; 25 cameras; all searches found within policy with valid case numbers/reasons; sharing limited to CA agencies | East Palo Alto PD Flock Audit April 2026 (memo May 1, 2026) |
| East Palo Alto PD CA Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428) | 2026-05 | Officer searches in month / plate reads | 768 searches / 3,172,413 reads | All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 live, 5 in permitting | East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu) |
| El Cajon PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 2023 to 2025 | Records with reason and plate redacted / distinct agencies per month through Mar 2025 | 100% of 46,371 / about 3,000–3,500 | Florida Highway Patrol entered 'ICE INVESTIGATION' and 'ICE ASSIST' in the case-number field in July 2025; El Cajon appears to have run searches on HSI's behalf | Have I Been Flocked: ICE and SB34 in El Cajon, CA (Feb 2026) (2026-02-28) |
| El Cajon PD CA Flock records obtained by KPBS | 2025 (to 2025-11) | Outside-agency searches of El Cajon data for immigration purposes / cameras owned / cameras accessible via networks | over 550 / about 80 / more than 50,000 | KPBS obtained records from 10 county agencies; 150+ previously undisclosed private LPRs accessible. | KPBS, 'San Diego County police agencies access many private license plate readers with minimal oversight' (second-hand) |
| El Cerrito CA PD CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 1, 2023 – Mar 1, 2026 (~35 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 27,071 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: El Cerrito CA PD (Mar 2026) (Apr 30, 2026) | |
| El Cerrito CA PD CA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 1, 2023 – Mar 1, 2026 (~35 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 10,384,763 records; 2,739 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: El Cerrito CA PD (Mar 2026) (Apr 30, 2026) | |
| El Cerrito PD CA Agency audit (per press) | 2025-26 | Federal agency accesses of El Cerrito cameras found | 2 | KTVU/Fox: SFPD audit shows Flock cameras accessed... (second-hand) | |
| El Cerrito PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | to Mar 2026 | Network searches referencing immigration or HSI (California agencies only) / by San Francisco PD | 7,677 / 575 | Post-shutdown restriction means California state and local agencies only; CHP leads, NCRIC second | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: El Cerrito CA PD (Mar 2026) (2026-04-30) |
| Fresno PD CA Fresno PD monthly Flock audit (GV Wire) | 2025-09-14 to 2025-10-13 | Searches in audit month / searches sampled for review / plates scanned / active users / cameras | 8,318 / 3 (of 100 selected) / over 21 million / 506 / 70 | Chief claims Flock contributed to 71% of murders solved and 39% of shootings (vendor-adjacent claim). | GV Wire - Fresno Police Make Monthly Flock Searches by the Thousands. Audit Looks at Only 3 (second-hand) |
| Hayward / Palo Alto / Fremont / Sunnyvale CA Bay Area ALPR transparency report - detections and hotlist hits (CPRA responses) | 2025 | Detections / hotlist hits | Hayward 7,113,871 / 260,389; Palo Alto 11,394,619 total (4,300,953 unique) May 13-Jun 10 2025; Fremont 3,454,919 (May 14-Jun 11 2025) / 6,679 hits (Jan-May 2025); Sunnyvale 7,965,615 (Aug 20-Sep 17 2025) / 18,885 hits (Jan 1-Sep 18 2025) | Report pp.7-8; column alignment partly unclear in extracted table. Sunnyvale 16 ALPRs; Fremont 19 BOSS + 9 Flock. | Solis et al., 'ALPR and AI Surveillance Transparency in the Bay Area' (Stanford McCoy Family Center for Ethics in Society practitioner fellowship report) (second-hand) |
| Indio CA PD CA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | May 1 – Jun 30, 2026 (61 days) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 1,112,619 records; 324 organisations | Case number: redacted on 873,852 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Indio CA PD (May–Jun 2026) (October 4, 2026) |
| La Mesa PD CA Flock audit records (7 months) | 2025-07-01 to 2026-02-02 | Searches touching La Mesa cameras / per day / scans / shared network entities | over 3.13 million / 14,412 / more than 3 million / 306 CA entities | La Mesa's own use ~6 searches/day; CHP >8% and Riverside County ~8% of searches. | Times of San Diego, 'La Mesa license plate readers scan city intersections every few seconds, generating millions of hits' (second-hand) |
| Lincoln PD CA Biannual Flock audit memo (Policy 460) | 2025 H2 (audit dated 2026-01-30) | Randomly selected browsing inquiries reviewed / lacking case number | 15 / 2 | All 15 deemed legitimate; corrective action taken | Lincoln PD Biannual Flock Audit (Sgt. Goin to Chief Alves) |
| Long Beach PD (ICE/CBP searches via Vigilant) CA Long Beach PD Vigilant LEARN search records released to EFF | 2016-11 to 2017-08 (nine months) | Plate searches by ICE / by two CBP officers through Long Beach's system | 278 (ICE); 578 (CBP) | ICE access points were HSI offices in Newark, New Orleans and Houston plus the Bulk Cash Smuggling Center; 14 California agencies listed as sharing with ICE | EFF, 'ICE Accesses a Massive Amount of License Plate Data. Will California Take Action?' (Jan 29, 2018) |
| Los Altos PD CA Agency audit practice | 2025-07 onward | First network audit run after a PRA request; nationwide lookup on Aug 2024-Mar 2025 without approval | first network audit 2025-07 | Quarterly network audits added; sharing limited to 4 counties after Nov 2025 | Los Altos PD community message |
| Los Altos PD CA Los Altos Flock sharing (reported, cited in class action coverage) | n/a | Searches by out-of-state agencies of Los Altos data | more than 1 million | SFist 28 Feb 2026 citing class-action complaint (Gibbs Mura). Read in a secondary report. | SFist - Lawsuit says Flock allowed out-of-state agencies access to SFPD database 1.6 million times (second-hand) |
| Los Angeles PD CA LAPD OIG review - oversight and sharing | 2022 to 2025 | Formal ALPR audits by Audit Division / MOA partner agencies / ICE-term inspection results (Jul 2025) / retention | 1 (2022) / 15 California agencies / none found / 5 years stored (2 years searchable) | ITB monthly search-term inspections not documented; MOAs require no compliance audits. | LAPD Office of the Inspector General - Review of the Department's ALPR System and Use in the Field (BPC #26-184) |
| Los Angeles PD CA Police community message on Flock network audit | 2024-03 to 2026-03 | Out-of-state agency searches listing 'immigration' or 'ICE' as reason | 148 | All but 10 had own-state filter; remaining: Miami PD 1, Raleigh PD 2, Milford MA 1, Auburn MA 1, Lowndes County GA SO 5 (CA filter, zero devices); nationwide lookup on without permission Aug 2024-Mar 2025; no out-of-state agencies in past year | Los Altos PD Community Message Regarding Flock Safety ALPR Data |
| Los Angeles PD CA Office of the Inspector General review of ALPR system and field use (BPC #26-184) | 2025-08-01 to 2025-09-30 | License plate reads | 210,568,103 | Two-month OIG review period; 140 mobile Axon/Motorola cameras, 60 fixed | LAPD OIG, Review of the Department's ALPR System and Use in the Field, BPC 26-184 |
| Los Angeles PD CA OIG review of ALPR hot-list alerts | 2025-08-01 to 2025-09-30 | Hot-list hits reported to field officers | 50,180 | 5,911 unique plates; officers verified match accurate for 4,575; 1,182 confirmed correct | LAPD OIG BPC 26-184 |
| Los Angeles PD CA OIG review of ALPR hot-list alerts - false positives | 2025-08-01 to 2025-09-30 | Alerts acknowledged as accurate plate match but vehicle later found not stolen | 161 | Innocent-driver stops risk; 46 stops used high-risk tactics; 9 pursuits from hot-list alerts | LAPD OIG BPC 26-184 |
| Los Angeles PD CA OIG review of ALPR outcomes | 2025-08-01 to 2025-09-30 | Arrests resulting from hot-list alert stops | 74 | From 68 stops; 337 stolen vehicles recovered; 24 stolen plates recovered; data shared with 15 CA agencies under MOA; Audit Division issued only one ALPR audit (2022); ITB July 2025 inspection found no 'immigration'/'ICE' query terms; no regular inspection of partner-agency queries | LAPD OIG BPC 26-184 |
| Marin County SO CA Marin County Sheriff Flock audit (EFF records demand) | 2024-11 | Searches of Marin Sheriff ALPR data in November 2024 | 254,131 | Sharing with out-of-state (AL, IN, KY, FL, TX) and federal agencies in final months of 2024, despite 2021 settlement. | EFF - We Demand More Information on How Marin Cops Illegally Shared Flock ALPR Data |
| Menlo Park PD CA June 2026 audit of NCRIC searches of city ALPR data | 2025-02 to 2026-06 | NCRIC searches examined / noncompliant with policy / immigration-related | 214,147 / about 700 (0.33%) / 0 | 35 cameras; all sharing agreements revoked 2026-07-09; previously 242 CA agencies, now 5; two out-of-state depts (Houston TX, IL town) had been mistakenly granted access in 2025. | The Almanac, 'Menlo Park overhauls license plate reader sharing after discovering more improper searches' (second-hand) |
| Menlo Park PD CA First quarterly ALPR audit / Aug 11 report | 2026-04 to 2026-06 | External-agency searches reviewed (all compliant) / internal officer searches reviewed (no noncompliance) / 2025 outcomes | 122,450 / 377 / 8 stolen vehicles, 6 wanted persons, 3 weapons incidents | The Almanac, 'Menlo Park overhauls license plate reader sharing...' (second-hand) | |
| Monterey Park PD CA Released audit logs (CPRA) analysed by DeFlock MPK | 2025-05 to 2026-07 | Searches run on behalf of outside agencies | 428 | 53 of those agencies now blocked from city data | Colorado Boulevard: DeFlock MPK analysis questions Monterey Park police use of Flock data (second-hand) |
| Monterey Park PD CA Released audit logs (CPRA) analysed by DeFlock MPK | 2025-05 to 2026-07 | Searches lacking a case number | 4,799 (nearly one-third) | City says case numbers required | Colorado Boulevard: DeFlock MPK analysis (second-hand) |
| Monterey Park PD CA Released audit logs (CPRA) analysed by DeFlock MPK | 2025-05 to 2026-07 | Searches tied to traffic enforcement (prohibited by contract) | 188 | 281 searches with no justification; 5 'Nova Investigation' searches | Colorado Boulevard: DeFlock MPK analysis (second-hand) |
| Mountain View PD CA Department-initiated audit of Flock sharing settings | 2024-08 to 2024-11 | Federal entities that accessed one MVPD camera via nationwide lookup | 6 | ATF (KY, Nashville), Langley AFB, GSA OIG, Lake Mead NRA, Ohio AFB; Flock did not retain records for the period | City of Mountain View: City Statement on Flock Safety ALPR System |
| Mountain View PD CA Department-initiated audit | 2024-08 to 2026-01-05 | Cameras exposed to unapproved CA agencies via 'statewide' setting | 29 of 30 | Disabled 2026-01-05 | City of Mountain View statement |
| Mountain View PD CA Flock audit logs reviewed by city after discovering statewide/national lookup | 2024-12 to 2025-12 | searches by unauthorized agencies | ~600000 by 250+ unauthorized agencies | ~75 authorized agencies; El Cajon PD ~7,000 searches; national lookup on one camera Aug 14-Nov 2024; statewide lookup ~17 months until Jan 5, 2026; reasons redacted | Mountain View Voice, 'Amid immigration crackdown, Mountain View discovers unauthorized access to license plate data' |
| Napa County CA SO CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2023 – Aug 10, 2026 (about 43 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 121,955 records | Case number: 4,215 (3.5%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Napa County CA SO (Jan 2023 – Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Napa County SO CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2023 to Aug 2026 | Own searches with a case number / reason 'work' | 3.5% / 25,022 (20.5%) | 121,955 searches; 752 records tell operators to 'develop own PC' | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Napa County CA SO (Jan 2023 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-03) |
| Oakland CA PD CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Aug 8, 2024 – Jun 19, 2025 (11 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 72,878 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Oakland CA PD (Aug 2024 – Jun 2025) (July 20, 2026) | |
| Oakland PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Aug 2024 to Jun 2025 | Own searches / operators / records with a case-number pattern / monthly growth | 72,878 / 222 / 76.0% / 789 to 11,470 | Reasons mostly Penal Code section plus case number | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Oakland CA PD (Aug 2024 – Jun 2025) (2026-07-20) |
| Oakland PD CA ALPR annual report + justification audit | CY2020 | Queries audited / without plate characters / without purpose | 3,996 / 166 / 1 | Scans 2,591,990; hits 4,150; 29 operational cameras | OPD ALPR 2020 Annual Report (Attachment D) |
| Oakland PD CA ALPR annual report | CY2020 | Outside-agency data requests | 12 | Berkeley 2, Daly City 1, Fremont 5, Livermore 2, SFPD 1, San Jose 1; accuracy audit: 2,843 of 2,592,055 captures (0.111%) >7 characters | OPD ALPR 2020 Annual Report |
| Oakland PD CA ALPR annual report to Privacy Advisory Commission (vehicle-mounted 3M/BOSS system) | CY2021 | Scans / hotlist hits | 1,980,132 / 2,503 | 24 operational cameras, 8 inoperable; software could no longer report queries or audits | OPD ALPR 2021 Annual Report (memo to Chief Armstrong) |
| Oakland PD CA ALPR annual report | CY2021 | Outside-agency data requests; FBI access revoked | 0; FBI access revoked 2021-09-28 | FBI had access without following request protocols; audit found no queries by the FBI personnel | OPD ALPR 2021 Annual Report |
| Oakland PD CA ALPR annual report | CY2021 | Stolen vehicles recovered using ALPR | 39 ($227,337) | 2 new ALPR PRRs in 2021; 5 open | OPD ALPR 2021 Annual Report |
| Oakland PD CA Police Flock ALPR annual report to Privacy Advisory Commission (surveillance ordinance) | CY2025 | License plate reads by OPD Flock cameras | 638,747,333 | 290 cameras; 2024 (Jul-Dec) comparison: 188,964,975 | OPD 2025 ALPR Annual Report, Oakland Privacy Advisory Commission June 4, 2026 packet |
| Oakland PD CA Police Flock ALPR annual report to Privacy Advisory Commission | CY2025 | Hotlist alerts (total) | 1,099,837 | vs 247,024 in Jul-Dec 2024. Breakdown: official hotlist 657,345; OPD custom 111,587; other-department custom 330,905. Stolen plate 620,331; felony vehicle 92,326; stolen vehicle 33,235. Stolen vehicle/plate alerts deactivated due to volume | OPD 2025 ALPR Annual Report, PAC June 4, 2026 packet |
| Oakland PD CA Police Flock ALPR annual report - internal audit of search records | CY2025 | Audit sample pass rate for report/incident number in search reason | 98% (488 of 496) | Random audit of 500 records, 4 excluded; crime type included in 496/496 (100%); 25 of 25 sampled users had completed training (~353 trained) | OPD 2025 ALPR Annual Report, PAC June 4, 2026 packet |
| Oakland PD CA Police Flock ALPR annual report - outcomes and records requests | CY2025 | Arrests attributed to ALPR | 162 | vs 98 (2024); 174 vehicles recovered (vs 32), 51 guns (vs 29), 425 success stories (vs 240); 16 Public Records Requests in 2025; OPD 'not aware of any violations' of use policy | OPD 2025 ALPR Annual Report, PAC June 4, 2026 packet |
| Oakland PD / SFPD CA Flock audit logs obtained by SF Standard (OPD data searched with federal-agency keywords) | 2024-09 to 2025-04 | searches of OPD data by other CA departments citing federal agencies | 200+ (SFPD at least 100; OPD staff 2) | seven federal agencies cited (FBI, ICE, ATF, DEA, USMS, Park Police, USPIS); one CHP 'ICE case' search Apr 22 | SF Standard, 'Oakland, San Francisco police shared license plate data with ICE, FBI' (second-hand) |
| Oakley PD CA Agency data-sharing audit (Flock + Vigilant) prompted by Oakland Privacy records request | 2026-07 | Federal agencies found receiving data | 2 (incl. San Diego Sector Border Patrol) | Missed in 2024 audit because agency names ended in 'CA'; 11 other CA agencies listed by Oakland Privacy; Vigilant sharing report on DocumentCloud | Contra Costa News: Oakley police illegally shared license plate reader data |
| Palo Alto PD CA Chief's statement on Nationwide Lookup review | 2023 late to 2024-10 | Searches by ICE/CBP/DHS found; improper-purpose searches found | 0 / 0 | Nationwide Lookup disabled for PAPD by late Oct 2024; PAPD learned Dec 2025; monthly redacted log posting planned | Palo Alto PD Chief Reifschneider statement (Palo Alto Daily Post) |
| Redwood City PD CA Police ALPR audit reported to council | reported 2026-08 | Improper searches of city ALPR data by non-law-enforcement/unauthorized entities | 99 | 'at least 99' by 4 entities: Grand Oaks HOA, Flock Real-Time Crime Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare police, Beverly Hills USD police | Redwood City Pulse (second-hand) |
| Riverside County CA SO CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2022 – Aug 13, 2026 (1,686 days; Feb 1, 2022 and Dec 24–31, 2025 not covered) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 2,440,287 records | Case number: not in the files | Have I Been Flocked data update: Riverside County CA SO (Jan 2022 – Aug 2026) (October 4, 2026) |
| Riverside County CA SO CA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2022 – Aug 14, 2026 (1,687 days; Dec 24–31, 2025 not covered) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 19,919,381 records; 4,622 organisations | Case number: not in the files | Have I Been Flocked data update: Riverside County CA SO (Jan 2022 – Aug 2026) (October 4, 2026) |
| Riverside County SO CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2022 to Aug 2026 | Own searches / network searches / organisations / reason 'Investigation' share | 2,440,287 / 19,919,381 / 4,622 / 98.8% | Files lack ID, plate, case-number and search-type columns; own searches are 12.1% of network records | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Riverside County CA SO (Jan 2022 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-04) |
| Riverside County SO CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2022 to Nov 2024 | Out-of-state share of network searches / out-of-state agencies / states / federal-named searches | 34.0% (3,328,645 of 9,777,512) / 4,126 / 46 / 88,170 | Out-of-state searches stop after Nov 2024; Houston 191,528, Dallas 88,857; USPIS 56,915, FBI 21,112 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Riverside County CA SO (Jan 2022 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-04) |
| Roseville CA PD CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 4, 2021 – Aug 31, 2026 (about 5 years, 8 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 208,915 records | Case number: blank on all 208,915 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Roseville CA PD (Jan 2021 – Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Roseville PD CA Roseville PD review of Flock alerts (Business Insider; cited in Whitson complaint and IJ testimony) | 2023 to 2024 | Stolen-vehicle/felony alerts reviewed / alerts with misread plate / failure rate | 1,427 / 1,011 / over 70% (71%) | Roseville spent ~$450,000; reported issues for four years; IJ testimony adds a supervisor's report that 16 of 17 flagged plates in one week were wrong. | Whitson v. Flock Group Inc., N.D. Ga. putative class action complaint |
| Roseville PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2021 to Aug 2026 | Records with name, plate, reason, case number, filters and prompt all blank | 208,915 (all) | Only search type, time, window and network count released | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Roseville CA PD (Jan 2021 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-03) |
| Sacramento County SO CA Sacramento County Civil Grand Jury report (2023-24) | 2022 to 2024 | Plates scanned in one week / retention / internal audit sample | 1.7 million / 2 years / 10 searches on each of 10 days in 2022 (~100) | Grand jury found SSO and SPD out of compliance with SB 34; SPD shared with WA, OR, NV, AZ agencies. | Sacramento County Civil Grand Jury, 'Criminal Justice' final report 2023-24 (ALPR section) |
| Sacramento County SO CA Sacramento County Civil Grand Jury report (2023-24) | first 30 days of ALPR use | Hits: stolen vehicles / carjacked / other felony vehicles / suspects taken into custody | 495 / 5 / 19 / 45 | Figures as reported by SSO to grand jury. | Sacramento County Civil Grand Jury, 2023-24 final report (ALPR section) |
| San Diego County SO / National City PD / Escondido PD / Chula Vista PD / El Cajon PD / Oceanside PD CA La Mesa PD Flock audit records (7 months) | 2025-07-01 to 2026-02-02 | Accesses of La Mesa data by agency | 57,879 / 15,853 / 12,390 / 11,303 / 5,139 / 4,589 | Harbor Police, Coronado, Carlsbad 900 or fewer each. | Times of San Diego, 'La Mesa license plate readers scan city intersections every few seconds...' (second-hand) |
| San Diego PD CA Police ALPR annual surveillance report - unauthorized access during launch | 2023-12-29 to 2024-01-17 | Searches by other California state agencies that inadvertently included SDPD cameras (unauthorized) | 12,914 | Discovered via internal audit; 12,202 were for a specific/partial plate; ~50% repeat plates; plus 795 more searches on Dec 28, 2023. Largest: Riverside County SO 2,037, Orange County SO 1,225 | SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025) |
| San Diego PD CA Police ALPR annual surveillance report - audit of search metadata | 2024 (after Jan 26, 2024 Department Order) | Share of searches missing required metadata (case number/reason) | <1% | Weekly audits by Sergeant system administrator; quarterly SME audits added Apr 25, 2025 | SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025) |
| San Diego PD CA Police ALPR annual surveillance report (Trusted Technology Ordinance) - revised CY2024 report | CY2024 | Investigative ALPR searches by SDPD officers | 140,000 | Stated as 'more than 140,000'; a separate statistics table in the same report lists 10,536 searches for 2024 (internal discrepancy) | SDPD Revised Annual Report: Automated License Plate Recognition (revised Oct 23, 2025) |
| San Diego PD CA Police ALPR annual surveillance report - revised CY2024 report | CY2024 | Hotlist alerts received (total) | 82,159 | 81,909 official hotlist + 250 custom; monthly from 622 (Jan) to 10,189 (Oct) | SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025) |
| San Diego PD CA Police ALPR annual surveillance report - data sharing with out-of-state/federal | CY2024 | Searches shared with out-of-state agency (Portsmouth PD, NH) | 2 | Only out-of-state entry; federal/task-force entries listed e.g. Narcotics Task Force 60, DEA 20, Secret Service 14 (listed sum ~132). SDPD ended such sharing after CA DOJ guidance | SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025) |
| San Diego PD CA Police ALPR annual surveillance report - outcomes | CY2024 | Arrests supported by ALPR | 208 | Also 223 stolen vehicles recovered, 10 guns, 1 missing person, 294 total events, est. $3,055,400 recovered property; 500 smart streetlight ALPR cameras; 5 PRA requests in 2024 | SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025) |
| San Diego PD CA Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section) | CY2025 | Investigative ALPR searches / cases advanced | more than 244,000 / 361 | Flock cameras at about 500 streetlight locations; 30-day retention | SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026) |
| San Diego PD CA Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section) | CY2025 | Arrests supported / stolen vehicles recovered / firearms / property value | 269 / 259 / 12 / about $3.1 million | ALPR aided 9 of 28 homicide cases | SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026) |
| San Diego PD CA Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section) | CY2025 | California agencies shared with / federal and out-of-state agencies shared with before May 2025 order / after | 36 / 8 / 1 | Department Order 25-19 ended federal and out-of-state sharing in May 2025 after CA DOJ guidance; the one later instance was flagged and the officer retrained | SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026) |
| San Diego PD CA Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section) | CY2025 | Suspected Use Policy violations found in weekly audits | 4 | Three invalid search reasons in the case/event-number field; one sharing with an Arizona department; none related to immigration; weekly audits began in 2025 | SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026) |
| San Diego PD CA Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section) | CY2025 | Public Records Act requests about ALPR | 34 | SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026) | |
| San Diego PD CA Flock usage comparison cited by Times of San Diego | nine months (2025-2026) | SDPD searches | 114,692 | Cited for comparison with La Mesa; period endpoints not stated. | Times of San Diego, 'La Mesa license plate readers...' (second-hand) |
| San Diego PD (Vigilant) CA Annual surveillance report, Vigilant ALPR section | CY2025 | Case numbers audited by Inspection and Control Unit / unauthorised uses found | 40 / 0 | Vigilant used for commercial (towing) ALPR data access | SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026) |
| San Francisco PD CA SFPD Flock audit logs obtained by SF Standard via records request | 2024-08 to 2025-02-11 | searches of SFPD Flock data by out-of-state agencies (illegal under SB 34) | 1.6M+ | nearly 4,000 out-of-state agencies; one Dec 26 search queried 5,757 agencies; ~400 cameras | SF Standard, 'SFPD let outside cops search city surveillance data for ICE' |
| San Francisco PD CA SFPD Flock audit logs obtained by SF Standard | 2024-10-23 to 2024-12-27 (most) | searches marked ICE-related ('ICE Fugitive', 'Assist ICE', ICE detention numbers) | 19+ | by Franklin County SO (GA), Dallas PD, Milford PD (MA); Danville IL PD 'ICE FUGOPS'; CHP 'ICE case' Apr 22, 2025 separate; reasons cross-referenced with 35M+ unredacted MuckRock searches | SF Standard |
| San Francisco PD CA SFPD routine compliance audit (May 2026) of Flock queries routed via NCRIC/WSIN | ~2025-05 to 2026-05 | improper inquiries by out-of-state/federal agencies via NCRIC | 299 (0.005% of all queries) | analysts simultaneously queried 531-763 other agencies' databases; zero immigration/reproductive-rights inquiries; NCRIC & WSIN access disabled | SF Standard, 'Audit reveals hundreds of illegal searches of SFPD's license plate reader system'; KQED 2026-06-18 |
| San Jose CA PD CA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Mar 1, 2025 – Feb 27, 2026 (~12 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | ~5.3M records | Have I Been Flocked data update: San Jose CA PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 12, 2026) | |
| San Jose CA PD CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Mar 1, 2025 – Jan 26, 2026 (~11 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | ~238 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: San Jose CA PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 12, 2026) | |
| San Jose PD CA SJPD Flock system (complaint) | 2024 | Photographs collected / hotlist alert share | 360 million+ / roughly one-quarter of one percent | Complaint paras 1, 47. 474 cameras (up from 149 end-2023, 4 in 2021 pilot). | Tan v. City of San Jose, No. 5:26-cv-03181 (N.D. Cal.), class-action complaint (IJ) |
| San Jose PD CA Bay Area ALPR transparency report - SJPD audit logs (CPRA) | 2024-06-04 to 2025-06-10 / to 2025-09-30 | SJPD internal searches / external-network searches | 268,047 / 954,376 | Report p.17; SJPD listed 1,251 current users (Jun 18, 2025) and 485 ALPRs; shares with 285 outgoing networks. | Solis et al., 'ALPR and AI Surveillance Transparency in the Bay Area' (Stanford McCoy Family Center for Ethics in Society practitioner fellowship report) (second-hand) |
| San Jose PD CA SJPD Flock audit records - federal-purpose searches (complaint) | 2025 | Cases where California agencies searched SJPD data for federal agencies / additional searches listing ICE, CBP or HSI | 20 / over a dozen | Complaint para 70; also IJ Senate testimony p.7. | Tan v. City of San Jose, No. 5:26-cv-03181 (N.D. Cal.), class-action complaint (IJ) |
| San Jose PD CA SJPD Flock audit records cited in complaint | 2025-07-01 to 2025-12-09 | Searches of SJPD ALPR data by SJPD employees / by all government users | over 130,000 / nearly 2.5 million (over 15,000 per day) | Complaint paras 1, 66, 69. Also 'over 180,000' SJPD searches in 2024 (para 66). | Tan v. City of San Jose, No. 5:26-cv-03181 (N.D. Cal.), class-action complaint (IJ) |
| San Jose PD CA SJPD Flock access and sharing (complaint) | 2026 | SJPD employees with access / other entities with access | over 1,000 / nearly 300 | Complaint paras 58, 68. Retention cut from one year to 30 days. | Tan v. City of San Jose, No. 5:26-cv-03181 (N.D. Cal.), class-action complaint (IJ) |
| San Jose PD network CA Figure in EFF/ACLU lawsuit complaint | 5 Jun 2024–17 Jun 2025 | Searches of San Jose's database by SJPD and other California agencies | 3,965,519 | Cited in the complaint; EFF 2025 review | EFF 2025 in review (Dec 2025) |
| San Mateo County (18 agencies) CA Civil Grand Jury report on Flock ALPR oversight | 2025-12 to 2026-04 | Cameras / sharing / audit quality | 582+ ALPR cameras across 18 agencies (SMCSO 109, San Mateo 66, San Bruno 54, Atherton 53); sharing relationships 3 to 335 per agency; 0 operators sharing outside California (Dec 2025); 17 assessed: 7 strong audits, 4 partial, 2 weak, 4 no audit reports; 5 inconsistent retention | 13.1% of one agency's 2025 network queries used only 'Investigation' as reason; network audit upwards of 25,000/month | San Mateo County Civil Grand Jury, 'Is Our Flock of ALPR Cameras Properly Tended?', Aug 3, 2026 |
| San Mateo PD CA Public-records investigation (transparency portal + PRA responses) | as of 2026-02-18 | Organisations with access to SMPD Flock data | 283 | Grand jury later cited 280 network shares; 10 DA offices, 11 campus police, 4 state agencies | none-below/sm-alpr: SMPD ALPR Investigation - Findings (second-hand) |
| San Mateo PD CA PRA response on search-activity compliance audits | through 2026-04 | Search-activity compliance audits ever conducted | 0 | City says no such records exist; 4 captains 2018-2026 received no quarterly audits | none-below/sm-alpr: SMPD ALPR Investigation - Findings (second-hand) |
| Santa Ana PD network (NCRIC searches for federal DOJ agencies) CA Santa Ana PD Flock network audit log released under public records request | 2025-06 to 2026-03 | NCRIC fusion-center searches touching Santa Ana network / searches run for DOJ agencies (FBI, ATF, USMS, DEA) / federal agencies named in reasons | over 27,000; at least 80; at least 7 | NCRIC searches were about 2.5% of activity; ~1 million queries by other state and local agencies; SFPD cut off NCRIC access in June 2026 | CALÓ News, 'Fusion center ran Flock searches on behalf of Feds, Santa Ana records show' (Aug 20, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Santa Clara County CA SO CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Dec 6, 2021 – Sep 4, 2025 (with a gap from Jun 2024 – Jun 23, 2025) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 23,860 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Santa Clara County CA SO (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026) | |
| Santa Clara County SO CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Dec 2021 to Sep 2025 | Own searches with any reason or case number | 0 of 23,860 | 115 named users; 93.2% attribute searches rather than plate lookups; about a year of records absent from the production | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Santa Clara County CA SO (June 2026) (2026-06-18) |
| Santa Cruz PD CA Flock audit records compiled by GTFO (Get The Flock Out) via public records | 2024-06 to 2025-08 | in-state agency searches of SCPD data with reason 'HSI' / 'ICE' | HSI 2,700+; ICE ~900 (of 3,700+ searches) | searching agencies incl. Newport Beach, LA County, San Diego County, Anaheim, Riverside County, Mountain View, Baldwin Park, Bakersfield, Orange County | Lookout Santa Cruz, 'Anti-Flock group finds that state agencies accessed SCPD camera data thousands of times on feds' behalf' |
| Santa Cruz PD CA Flock audit records obtained via public records (Santa Cruz Local analysis) | 2024-06 to 2025-10 | searches of SCPD data with immigration-related reason terms | ~4000 by 32 agencies | California agencies searching on behalf of ICE/HSI/CBP; ~a quarter of searches used extremely general reasons; few immigration-term searches after July 2025 | Santa Cruz Local, 'Dozens of California agencies shared license plate data with feds, Santa Cruz records show' |
| Santa Cruz PD CA Released network audit logs | 2025 | Organisations appearing in Santa Cruz logs (before vs after) | ~250 -> ~200 | 175 organisations disappeared from Lookup logs | Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs |
| Santa Cruz PD CA Released network/portal audit logs | 2025 (pre/post 2025-08-08) | Share of Santa Cruz search logs missing | ~80% | Search traffic cliff on 2025-08-08; lookups fell ~98% in August | Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs (Update: Logs Still Missing, Presumed Dead) |
| Santa Cruz PD CA Released network audit logs | 2025-01 to 2025-07-11 | Daily searches of Santa Cruz network before 2025-07-11 | 7,000-15,000 per day | Lookups spiked to ~20,000/day after that date | Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs |
| Stanford University DPS CA Annual Flock/ALPR report | 2024-09-01 to 2025-08-31 | Unique ALPR searches / investigations using ALPR / personnel conducting searches / employee-violation investigations / complaints | 1,742 / 129 / 20 / 0 / 0 | Next report due 2026-12-31. | Stanford University Department of Public Safety, 'Flock Annual Report 2024-25' |
| Tiburon PD CA Press audit of released Flock network logs - federal references | 2025-05 to 2025-08 | Searches citing federal agencies | 475 | By nine agencies (Ark Feb 2026 investigation); Tiburon policy audits at least five external searches/month (~0.0025% of activity) | The Ark (Tiburon) (second-hand) |
| Tiburon PD CA Press follow-up audit of released Flock network logs | 2025-07 to 2025-12 | Potentially illegal searches by California agencies not on share list | 16,029 | By 41 CA agencies; Riverside County SO 10,707 and Orange County SO 4,771 = 96%; total 1.22 million external searches Jul-Dec (>200,000/month); town's own keyword audit flagged ~500 federally-entangled records; external shares grew 132 (Jul) to 199 (Mar 23, 2026) | The Ark (Tiburon) (second-hand) |
| Ukiah CA PD CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Apr 30, 2026 (16 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 15,016 records | Case number: 425 (2.8%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Ukiah CA PD (Jan 2025–Apr 2026) (July 20, 2026) |
| Ukiah CA PD CA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – May 31, 2026 (17 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 7,858,079 records; 3,414 organisations | Case number: 3,060,189 (38.9%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Ukiah CA PD (Jan 2025–Apr 2026) (July 20, 2026) |
| Ukiah PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2025 to May 2026 | Own searches with a case number / 'invest' share of own reasons / network searches / organisations | 2.8% / 52.7% / 7,858,079 / 3,414 | City of about 16,000; '.' as reason 7.6% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Ukiah CA PD (Jan 2025–Apr 2026) (2026-07-20) |
| Ventura CA PD CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 1, 2023 – Apr 28, 2026 | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 94,295 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Ventura CA PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026) | |
| Ventura County SO CA Agency audit of Flock National Lookup access (statement) | 2025-02-19 to 2025-03-19 | Out-of-state queries of VCSO ALPR data | just over 364,000 | National Lookup had been activated without agency knowledge; disabled by Flock for CA 2025-03-19 | Ventura County Sheriff's Office community statement on Flock National Lookup audit |
| Ventura County SO CA Agency audit of Flock National Lookup access | 2025-02-19 to 2025-03-19 | Search justifications citing immigration enforcement (federal/out-of-state agencies) | 299 (0.08% of all searches) | Ventura County Sheriff's Office statement | |
| Ventura PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jul 2023 to Apr 2026 | Own searches with a case number / one plate searched / users who searched it | 9.9% / about 1,566 times / 18+ | 94,295 searches; 'WANTED' variants about 23%; two users 24% of all searches | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Ventura CA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-18) |
| Woodland CA PD CA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Dec 1, 2021 – Apr 30, 2026 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 14,704,306 records; 4,420 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodland CA PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026) | |
| Woodland CA PD CA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Dec 3, 2021 – Apr 30, 2026 (~4.4 years) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 20,751 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodland CA PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026) | |
| Woodland PD CA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Dec 2021 to Apr 2026 | Network records with HSI, ICE or immigration reason / most common strings | 4,743 / 'ICE' 749, 'HSI' 587 | Own case-number share 17.9%; out-of-state agencies such as Illinois State Police (29,677 to 0) disappeared after sharing was cut | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Woodland CA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-18) |
| Woodland PD network CA Audit files analysed by a local DeFlock group | Apr 2022–Jul 2025 | Non-California organisations that searched Woodland's data | 3,899 | Reasons included HSI 800+, ICE 450+, Border Patrol 400+; Texas agencies 842,797 searches | DeFlock Woodland (updated 2 Mar 2026) |
| Boulder PD CO Flock audit records obtained by press | 2025-01-01 | Database queries that included Boulder's system in a single day | 5,438 | Montgomery County TX tapped national network >600 times in one month while Boulder shared; access now ~90 Colorado agencies; CBP 118 figure already covered | Boulder Reporting Lab (second-hand) |
| Boulder PD CO Open-records request (CBS Colorado) | one month, 2025 | Searches of Boulder's cameras by outside agencies | nearly 424,000 | Boulder now shares only in-state. CBS requested records from ~36 CO agencies; 15 refused, 8 shared. | CBS Colorado, 'Crime fighter or mass surveillance? In Colorado, license plate readers are high-tech and widespread' (second-hand) |
| Boulder PD data CO Network audit reported by 404 Media | 13 May–13 Jun 2025 | Searches by U.S. Customs and Border Protection | 118 | At least; cited via Capitol Fax | 404 Media via Capitol Fax (26 Aug 2025) |
| Denver PD CO Flock audit logs obtained by Colorado Newsline (national lookup searches touching Denver data) | 2024-06 to 2025-04 | immigration-related national searches including Denver data | 1400+ (~690 after Jan 20, 2025) | 111 cameras with national search enabled; primarily out-of-state PDs (Dallas, Jacksonville FL named); Denver left national lookup April 8, 2025 | Colorado Newsline via KUNC, 'Frequent immigration-related searches of Denver Flock camera data revealed in logs' |
| Denver PD (per Danville IL audit files) CO Denverite review of Illinois (Danville) Flock audit files while Denver was in National Lookup | through 2025-04-08 | immigration-related searches documented in Illinois files / agencies with access | 333 searches; ~3,500 agencies | no evidence Denver data used in an immigration case; no Colorado agency listed 'immigration' or 'ICE' as reason | Denverite, 'Out-of-state cops had access to Denver license plate data for immigration cases for months' (second-hand) |
| Erie CO PD CO Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | May 18 – Jun 17, 2026 (31 days) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 122,263 records; 84 organisations | Case number: 95,877 (78.4%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Erie CO PD (May–Jun 2026) (August 7, 2026) |
| Erie PD CO Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 18 May to 17 Jun 2026 | Houston PD share of searches on Erie's network | 58.5% (71,570 of 122,263) | 84 organisations; case number present on 78.4% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Erie CO PD (May–Jun 2026) (2026-08-07) |
| Fort Collins Police Services CO Council work-session presentation | as of 2026-02-24 | Flock cameras deployed / cost / audit cadence / retention | 14 of 15 / $48,000 per year / supervisor audit monthly / 30 days | Access limited to individually authorized Colorado agencies; no search or hit totals given. | Fort Collins Police Services, 'ALPR use in the City of Fort Collins' (council presentation) |
| Loveland PD (ATF agent account) CO Flock audit of Loveland-registered account used by federal agent for ICE-related searches (9News reporting) | 2025-04-03 to 2025-04-25 | ICE-related searches via Loveland account | 26 | Colorado Sun (Feb 2026) says 26; KUNC Aug 2025 reported 'six searches' by ATF agent on behalf of ICE; Denver cut off Loveland's access | Colorado Sun, 'Have Denver's Flock cameras been used for immigration enforcement?' (second-hand) |
| Routt County SO CO Flock audit logs (40 spreadsheets) obtained via records request | 2025-01-01 to 2026-08-17 | Searches including Routt County cameras / in first half of 2026 / average per month in 2026 / distinct agencies since 2025 / agencies in Aug 2026 / average agencies per month | 8,000,000+ / ~3,000,000 / 396,000 / 3,000+ / 2,500+ / 2,960 | 13 cameras (6 sheriff, 7 Steamboat PD) since Feb 2023; sheriff to cancel contract | Yampa Valley Bugle, 'Routt County Sheriff to cancel Flock contract...' (Sep 1, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Routt County SO network CO Flock audit logs | 2025-01 to 2025-08 | Searches claiming immigration-enforcement reasons / agencies making them | nearly 1,300 / more than 50 (incl. two federal task forces) | Searches often reached 6,000+ networks | Yampa Valley Bugle (Sep 1, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Thornton PD CO Police memo - national network audit | 2025-12 | Outside-agency searches touching Thornton network (one month) | 1,048,576 | ~131 searches cited 'HSI' as reason (2 returned results from Thornton system); ~125 cited 'FED'/'Federal' (1 returned result); department has revoked over 2,100 agencies' access 1,048,576 is exactly the Excel row limit (2^20), so the export was almost certainly truncated and the true count is higher. | Thornton PD ALPR Memo, Apr 1, 2026 |
| Thornton PD CO Police memo to City Council on ALPR program (follow-up) | CY2025 | Total Flock system searches by Thornton PD | 46,230 | Lookup 18,425; Search 27,570; Visual 207; Convoy 27; MultiGeo 1. ~8% of searches included a specific case/CFS number. 15 cameras | Thornton PD Memorandum, Follow-up on the ALPR Program (Chad Parker), Apr 1, 2026 |
| Thornton PD CO Internal investigation of one officer's searches (vs HIBF released-log count) | not stated | Officer's searches per Thornton PD internal review | 10,318 | Thornton For All complaint alleged 19,194 based on haveibeenflocked.com; one plate tracked up to 145 days; PD found no misuse | Footnote4a: Thornton PD Investigated Itself and Found no Wrongdoing (second-hand) |
| Avon CT PD CT Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | January – October 2025 | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 4,880 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Avon CT PD (Jan–Oct 2025) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Avon CT PD CT Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | January – October 2025 (10 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 5,794,984 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Avon CT PD (Jan–Oct 2025) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Avon PD / Cheshire PD / Simsbury PD / Southington PD / Westport PD / Darien PD / East Lyme PD (Connecticut) CT WFSB I-Team FOIA of Flock search data from 34 CT departments | 2025-01 to 2026-05 (varies by town) | Searches and immigration-related hits | Avon: 2,440 own searches, 1,688 immigration/ICE hits, 416 DEA searches, 425,611 out-of-dept hits (Jan-Oct 2025); Cheshire: ~1,727 immigration/ICE searches by outside agencies, 273 stolen; Simsbury: 2,000+ out-of-state immigration searches (Jan 2025-Jan 2026); Southington: 1.5M searches Dec 2025-May 2026 (32 cameras); Westport: 'Investigation' 54,796 times Oct 2025, immigration/ICE 11+ Nov 2025; Darien 2,949 (Jul-Dec 2025); East Lyme 480 (Nov 2025-Jan 22 2026); Houston searched Cheshire+Avon 46,000+ in Jan 2025 | PUBLISHED 2026-05-28 (outside slice window) but not in covered set | WFSB, 'Where are police FLOCK cameras in CT? I-Team dives into search data' (May 28, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Bristol CT PD CT Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | January 1, 2025 – April 22, 2026 (16 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 27,554 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Bristol CT PD (Jan 2025–Apr 2026) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Cheshire CT PD CT Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | June 2023 – November 12, 2025 | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | ~8,700 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Cheshire CT PD (2023–2025) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Cheshire CT PD CT Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | May 2023 – November 12, 2025 (~2.5 years) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | ~19.9 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Cheshire CT PD (2023–2025) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Cheshire PD / Monroe PD CT Flock organization and network audit logs (FOIA) | 2026-04-06 to 2026-05-06 (Cheshire); 2026-04-05 to 2026-05-05 (Monroe) | Internal searches / external-agency searches / org-audit searches with no offense listed | Cheshire ~1,680 / just under 19,000 / 37 of 516 (30 days); Monroe 58 / 11,493 | PUBLISHED 2026-07-12 (outside window); 'Erratic' entered as reason in 390 Cheshire searches | Inside Investigator, 'Silent Watchers' (Jul 12, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Connecticut (statewide) CT POST Council statewide ALPR survey (report to Governor), via press | 2026-09 | ALPR cameras statewide / adoption | 1,564 cameras; 105 agencies surveyed; 71 of 97 (73.2%) have fixed ALPRs; 48 of 91 (52.7%) mobile; 19 agencies (19.4%) none; largest agency 323; vendors Flock 39.4%, Axon 28.3%, Rekor 24.2%; 90.1% cloud storage | Primary 59-page POST report not located online | WFSB, Sep 24, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Darien CT PD CT Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Feb 21, 2024 – Mar 1, 2026 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 175,292 records; 2,293 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Darien CT PD (May 2026) (May 14, 2026) | |
| Darien CT PD CT Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Apr 1, 2026 (~15 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 6,995 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Darien CT PD (May 2026) (May 14, 2026) | |
| East Lyme CT PD CT Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | November 2025 – January 2026 | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 691 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: East Lyme CT PD (Nov 2025–Jan 2026) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Farmington CT PD CT Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | March 9 – April 8, 2026 (30 days) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 823,044 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Farmington CT PD (Mar–Apr 2026) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| South Windsor PD CT Flock transparency portal / town memo | 30 days to 2026-10-01 | Searches of South Windsor data / communities with shared access / lease cost | 77 / 53 (all CT) / $19,400 one-year | Sixth CT town to end or pause Flock (Windsor, Killingworth, Ledyard, Milford, Newtown). | CT Mirror, 'How opposition to Flock cameras took flight in CT' (second-hand) |
| Windsor PD CT Flock audit log released under FOI | 2025-04-01 to 2025-06-09 | Records in log / searches from Texas / from Houston | 590,900 / 150,000 / about 100,000 | Council later voted 8-1 to turn off cameras; restart motion failed 5-4. | CT Mirror, 'How opposition to Flock cameras took flight in CT' (second-hand) |
| Peel Regional Police - Canada Canada Peel Regional Police public ALPR page | 2026 (page current Nov 2026) | ALPR-equipped patrol vehicles / retention of non-match scans / retention of matches | approximately 415; 24 hours; 30 days | Canada; hot lists updated daily; no scan or hit counts published | Peel Regional Police, 'Automated Licence Plate Recognition' (read Nov 2, 2026) |
| Toronto Police Service - Canada Canada Toronto Police Service public ALPR disclosure page | 2024-2026 (page current Nov 2026) | Plates scanned per day / ALPR-equipped vehicles / read retention / hit retention | over 1.25 million per day; over 560; 7 days; 365 days | Canada; audit logs stored indefinitely; engaged by Ontario IPC in 2024 during ALPR guideline review | Toronto Police Service, 'Automatic Licence Plate Recognition' (read Nov 2, 2026) |
| Victoria PD / RCMP ALPR program (British Columbia) - Canada Canada BC Information and Privacy Commissioner Investigation Report F12-04 | 2012 | Scans per day per VicPD ALPR car / hit rate / obsolete hits / RCMP ALPR vehicles in BC / annual access requests | about 500; about 1 hit per 100 scans; about 4% of hits obsolete; 41; about 12 per year | Canada; non-hit images deleted within 30 minutes of upload but time/location data retained, which the Commissioner found unauthorized | OIPC BC, Investigation Report F12-04, Use of Automated Licence Plate Recognition Technology by the Victoria Police Department (Nov 15, 2012) |
| Alachua County FL SO FL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Mar 24 – Apr 23 and Jun 4 – Jul 4, in 2025 and 2026 (four one-month windows) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 4,295 records; 1 organisations | Case number: 1,907 masked as *** (44.4%); the rest blank | Have I Been Flocked data update: Alachua County FL SO (Mar 2025 – Jul 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Alachua County SO FL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 2025 to 2026 | Records with an immigration reason / share of spring 2026 records / summer 2026 | 288 / 11.6% / 181 | All from 2026; none in 2025 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Alachua County FL SO (Mar 2025 – Jul 2026) (2026-10-03) |
| Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (per Ball State Univ. IN network audit) FL Flock network audit log released by Ball State University (Indiana), obtained by journalist David Covucci | 2026-01 | FWC searches with immigration/ICE reasons | 38 | each search spanned 5,000+ networks; reasons 'Immigration (civil/administrative) - I.C.E.' etc. | 404 Media, 'Wildlife Conservation Police Are Searching Thousands of Flock Cameras for ICE' |
| Florida Highway Patrol FL Flock audit logs cited by ACLU-MA letter to municipal leaders | 2025-01 to 2025-07 | FHP searches of the Flock nationwide database | over 12,000 (including explicitly immigration-related reasons) | ACLU of Massachusetts letter to municipal leaders on LPRs | |
| Florida Highway Patrol FL Flock audit logs (Suncoast Searchlight / Orlando Sentinel analysis of 4M+ national searches) | 2025-03-13 to 2025-05-05 | FHP immigration-related Flock searches / weekly rate / immigration searches in prior nine months | more than 250 / about 32 per week / 0 | Fewer than 10 of 100+ Florida Flock agencies ran immigration-related searches; almost half of FHP's fell in the week before and during Operation Tidal Wave. | WUSF/Suncoast Searchlight - Florida troopers tapped surveillance network for immigration searches (second-hand) |
| Indian River County SO FL Sheriff's Flock misuse investigation | 2026-11 | Former deputies arrested on felony charges | 2 | Sgt. earlier on paid leave; press conference Nov 2, 2026 | Sebastian Daily, 'Two Indian River County deputies arrested for misusing Flock cameras' (Nov 2, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Jacksonville SO FL Agency statement | two years to 2026-08 | Fixed / mobile LPRs; cases aided | 141 fixed, 9 mobile; 15 murders, 17 kidnappings, 6 forcible sex offenses, ~100 shootings, 172 missing persons | No search/hit totals released. | News4Jax, 'JSO defends Flock Safety cameras, cites murders solved, lives saved' (second-hand) |
| Orange City PD FL Arrest affidavit; officer Flock stalking searches | summer 2024 | searches of ex-girlfriend's and family plates | at least 69 + 24 + 15 | Officer Jarmarus Brown; 404 Media counts 'more than a dozen' such cases nationally | 404 Media, 'Cops Keep Getting Arrested for Using Flock to Stalk People' |
| Panama City FL PD FL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (365 days) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 33,168 records | Case number: 25,091 (75.6%); redacted on 25,091 records; blank on 8,077 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Panama City FL PD (Jul 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 8, 2026) |
| Panama City FL PD FL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (365 days); no records after 9:56 p.m. on June 30 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 8,275,557 records; 4,650 organisations | Case number: redacted on 2,851,490 records; blank on 5,424,067 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Panama City FL PD (Jul 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 8, 2026) |
| Pinellas County SO FL Internal audit after deputy's arrest | 2025-01 to 2026-07 | ALPR searches of one woman's plate by Deputy Karl Gwynne / total queries across 5 databases / off-duty | 300 / 381 / 207 | PCSO uses Flock, Axon and Motorola LPRs; policy requires monthly audits. | Tampa Bay 28, 'Pinellas sheriff acknowledges gaps in Flock-style camera oversight after deputy's arrest' (second-hand) |
| Sarasota PD (officer Cory Waiters) FL USA Today analysis of Flock audit logs | two months, 2026 | Searches of ex-girlfriend's car | at least 335 | USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| St. Lucie County SO / Indian River County SO / Vero Beach PD / Fort Pierce PD / Stuart PD / Port St. Lucie PD FL Flock records obtained by TCPalm | 2025-10 to 2026-03 | Immigration-related searches by agency | 200 / 68 / 35 / 18 / 3 / 1 | Agencies declined comment. | TCPalm (via AOL), 'Florida police ramp up use of Flock license plate readers for ICE' (second-hand) |
| Treasure Coast (5 agencies in Martin, St. Lucie, Indian River counties) FL Flock records obtained by TCPalm | 2026-01 to 2026-03 | Immigration-related Flock searches / same period 2025 | 216 / 0 | Article also states 130 searches in 2025 and 7 in 2024 (period unclear). | TCPalm (via AOL), 'Florida police ramp up use of Flock license plate readers for ICE' (second-hand) |
| Albany PD GA Internal audit (Flock Audit Assistance) - misuse | 2026-07 | Officers terminated and arrested after internal Flock audit | 5 | Flock press release | GlobeNewswire: Flock's Audit Assistance Surfaces License Plate Reader Misuse in Albany, Georgia; Five Officers Arrested |
| Atlanta PD GA Internal Flock audit (month-long) | 2026-01 to 2026-09 | Search inquiries examined / flagged for review / compliance rate | 115,578 / 79 / 99.93% | Adds counts to covered 0.07% figure; investigation of flagged searches due within 60 days; retired reserve logins revoked. | Atlanta News First, 'Atlanta mayor to introduce citywide surveillance rules after audit flags 79 APD Flock camera searches' (second-hand) |
| Atlanta PD GA Department audit of its own searches | Jan–Sep 2026 | Searches found questionable | 0.07% | 79 inquiries under review; policy rewritten in September to define prohibited searches and require monthly audits | CNN via KQ2 (1 Nov 2026) |
| Baldwin County SO GA Criminal charges after Flock misuse (searches without case number) | 2026-10 | Former deputies charged (violation of oath + misuse of LPR) | 2 | Steinmeyer (25-year veteran, last day Oct 9, 2026) and Peavey; $2,000 bonds; no victim per DA | The Union-Recorder (Milledgeville), Oct 12, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Barrow County SO GA Internal audit of investigator's Flock inquiries | ~six months to 2026-10 | Investigators resigned / period of suspicious inquiries / bond | 1 / ~6 months / $7,500 | WSB-TV, 'Sheriff's investigator resigns over Flock misuse allegations' (Oct 30, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| Buford City Schools GA EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - school residency verification | 2025-01 to 2026-03 | Buford City Schools ALPR searches for residency verification | more than 375 (over half of its searches; ~three-quarters in Q1 2026; some across 5,800+ networks) | added shares and network breadth here. | EFF - More License Plate Reader Mission Creep (second-hand) |
| Cobb County PD GA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2025 to 8 May 2026 | Network searches per full month / organisations / Houston PD estimated searches vs Cobb's own | about 2.0 million / 4,351 / 905,700 vs 169,700 | 32.6 million network records in 17 monthly files; Cobb ranks 13th among agencies searching its own cameras; 312 Georgia agencies; own case-number share 20.8%, 69.4% of own reasons unstructured | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Cobb County GA PD (Jan 2025 – May 2026) (2026-07-22) |
| Covington PD (Det. Michael Canty) GA USA Today analysis of audit logs; GBI arrest Aug 26, 2026 | 2023-06 to 2025-10; 2026-01 to 2026-07 | Searches of ex-partner's plate / searches of co-worker since January / peak per day / searches flagged by July audit | 2,890 / 41 / 41 / 41 | Charged Aug 27 with five counts violation of oath (USA Today); GBI release lists one count oath + misuse of LPR | USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (via Lufkin Daily News, Sep 4, 2026); DeFlockILM Sep 5, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Coweta County SO GA Federal lawsuit (N.D. Ga. 3:26-cv-00223, filed Oct 8, 2026) citing audit records; internal audit | 2025-05-04 to 2025-11-18; 2026-08 | Searches of plaintiff's plate / employees who resigned after internal Flock audit | 5 / 3 | Visible reasons 'info' and '37'; Coweta Co SO is 4th-largest searcher of Monongalia WV network (39,475) | The Auto Wire (Oct 18, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Cumming GA PD GA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | January 2022 – June 22, 2026 (~4 years 5 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 6,644 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Cumming GA PD (June 2026) (Jun 22, 2026) | |
| Cumming PD GA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2022 to Jun 2026 | Own searches with a case number / reasons that are bare numeric codes | 6.9% / 19.6% | 6,644 searches over 54 months by 31 users | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Cumming GA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-22) |
| Dallas (GA) 911 director (Heidi Taylor) GA USA Today analysis of Flock audit logs | 2024-07 to 2025-05 | Searches for estranged husband's vehicles / peak per day | more than 2,500 / 39 | Complements covered charges row | USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026) (second-hand) |
| DeKalb County PD GA Flock Audit Tool review (biweekly audits) | 2026-01-01 to 2026-07-24 | Searches conducted / officers suspended / personal-use violations / procedural violations / suspension lengths | 53,276 / 8 / 5 / 3 / 16 to 80 hours | None of the eight criminally charged. | WSB-TV, 'Flock misuse: 8 metro Atlanta officers suspended over policy violations' (second-hand) |
| Dublin GA GA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1, 2024 – May 31, 2025 (12 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 5,260,935 records; 3,501 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dublin GA (Mar 2026) (Mar 9, 2026) | |
| Dunwoody GA GA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1 – Mar 25, 2026 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 3,248,350 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Apr 2026) (Apr 6, 2026) | |
| Dunwoody PD GA Released network audit log | 2025 | Network-audit monthly files truncated at export row limit | 5 of 12 files (2,097,151 rows each) | Jul, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026) |
| Dunwoody PD GA Released organisation audit log | 2025-01 | Share of org-audit searches with a case number | 1.3% (30 of 2,320) | Rose to 26.9% (379 of 1,407) by Nov 2025 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026) |
| Dunwoody PD GA Released organisation audit log (public records) | 2025-01-01 to 2025-12-31 | Organisation audit records | 54,148 | Dunwoody PD's own operators' searches, CY2025 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026) |
| Dunwoody PD GA Released network audit log (public records) | 2025-01-01 to 2025-12-31 | Network audit records (searches of Dunwoody cameras by outside agencies) | 23,426,238 | Undercount: Jul, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec files truncated at export row limit (2,097,151 rows each) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026) |
| Dunwoody PD GA Released network audit log | 2025-01-01 to 2025-12-31 | Organisations appearing in network audit | ~3,500+ | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026) | |
| Dunwoody PD GA Released network audit log | 2025-08 to 2025-12 | Searches by 'Flock Intelligence' (Flock-affiliated account) of Dunwoody network | 606 | Six Flock-affiliated entities >1,000 searches in 2025 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026) |
| Dunwoody PD GA Released network audit log | 2025-12 | Visible case numbers in network audit (Dec) | 226 of 1,046,907 (0.02%) | Network-audit case-number field essentially blank/redacted | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026) |
| Dunwoody PD GA Senate testimony (Benn Jordan) citing Georgia open-records view logs | 2025-2026 | Times Flock employees viewed cameras on Dunwoody's network | over 1,000 | Also: 60+ newly deployed Flock Condor cameras had exposed admin interfaces; 55 published vulnerabilities (Jon Gaines). | Benn Jordan written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee hearing 'Always Watching' (second-hand) |
| Dunwoody PD (Flock employee access) GA Dunwoody audit logs (Flock VP camera accesses) | 2025-01 onward | JCC camera accesses by Flock VP Bob Carter | 185 | Originally reported by Footnote4a Apr 17, 2026 (logs show 1,271 agencies with access); cited in PPSA white paper Oct 13, 2026 | PPSA white paper 'Countering the Privacy Threat from Flock Safety' (Oct 13, 2026); Footnote4a 'Flock Dodges Dunwoody Question with Demo Defense' (Apr 17, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Georgia (statewide) GA Press tally of Flock misuse discipline/criminal cases | 2025-07 to 2026-07 | Officers facing discipline and/or criminal allegations tied to Flock misuse | at least 20 | Atlanta News First count (the report's summary line says 19) | Atlanta News First: AI audit tool flags suspicious police searches as Flock misuse cases mount in Georgia |
| Georgia (statewide) GA Press tally of Flock misuse cases following agency audits / GBI | 2025-11 to 2026-09 | people accused of misusing Flock in Georgia | 40+ | July 2026 AJC: DeKalb 1 fired/arrested, Fayetteville 3 fired, Henry 1 fired/charged, Cherokee 3 arrested, Richmond 1; Aug: Coweta 3 resigned after Flock 'audit assistance' flag, Savannah 6 fired/4 arrested, Albany 5 charged, Polk, Covington, Paulding | FOX 5 Atlanta (2026-09-01); AJC 2026-07-18; Atlanta News First 2026-08-04 (second-hand) |
| Georgia (various) GA Whitson v. Flock complaint - misuse search counts from public reporting | 2025 to 2026 | Richmond County deputy searches of one woman / Braselton chief searches of ex / Conyers queries (four months) / Ogeechee investigator uses (Jun 15-Jul 5 2026) | 1,639 / about 600 / 30+ / 60+ | Three other Richmond County employees had 100+ searches each; Orange City FL 69+/24+/15+ on ex and her parents; Wisconsin 179 on one woman and partner, 16 in one day. | Whitson v. Flock Group Inc., N.D. Ga. putative class action complaint (second-hand) |
| Griffin GA PD GA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 6 – May 7, 2026 (~1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 689 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Griffin GA PD (May 2026) (May 18, 2026) | |
| Griffin PD GA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 2026 | Own searches with a case number | 3% (21 of 689) | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Griffin GA PD (May 2026) (2026-05-18) | |
| Gwinnett County PD GA Flock audit (Audit Assistance access gained June 2026) and arrests | 2026-05 to 2026-09-04 | Officers fired and arrested / retention change | 3 / 30 days reduced to 15 days | Holmes: six counts + 1 misuse count; Lau: 1 misuse count; Downer arrested May | CBS Atlanta, '3 Gwinnett County police officers fired, arrested' (Sep 4, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Habersham County SO / Rabun County SO GA Released Flock search logs | 2026-01-01 to 2026-08-03 (Habersham); 2026-01-01 to 2026-07-31 (Rabun) | Searches / share drug-related | Habersham 1,800 (42.1% drugs); Rabun 3,269 (50.7% drugs) | PUBLISHED 2026-08-24 (just before window); Jul 15-31: Rabun 152, Habersham 147 | Now Georgia (Aug 24, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Hall County SO GA Internal affairs agency-wide audit | 2026 | Deputies resigned after unauthorised searches found | 3 | At least 12 unauthorised searches identified so far; cases referred to Georgia POST | FOX 5 Atlanta (1 Sep 2026) |
| Hall County SO GA Internal Affairs agencywide Flock audit (continuing) | 2026 | unauthorized searches by named deputies | 10 (Orellana); 2 (Flanagan) | 3 deputies resigned, referred to POST; separate investigator Atkins accessed database 'at least four' times | FOX 5 Atlanta, 'Hall County Flock audit exposes more unauthorized searches' |
| Hall County SO GA Sheriff's Office Flock audit response (Aug 21, 2026) | 2026-07-15 to 2026-07-31 (searches); audit Aug 2026 | Searches reviewed / flagged for additional scrutiny / searches on one tag / searches Jul 15-31 | 758 / 85 (~11%) / 238 / 479 | PUBLISHED 2026-08-24 (one week before slice window); 20 flagged as single-user plate searches, 19 beyond 30-day timeframe; wanted-person 240 of 757 | Now Georgia, 'Hall County flags 85 Flock searches in new audit' (Aug 24, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Jonesboro GA PD GA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | January 2024 – June 24, 2026 | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 3,108 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Jonesboro GA PD (June 2026) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Jonesboro GA PD — five missing months GA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | March 2025, November 2025 – February 2026 (five discrete months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 432 records | Case number: 90 (20.8%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Jonesboro GA PD — five missing months (Jul 2026) (July 20, 2026) |
| Jonesboro PD GA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2024 to Jun 2026 | Own searches with a case number / reason 'Leo' / one officer's share | 4.9% / 21.1% / 31.3% | 3,108 searches by 15 users; 'search' with no detail 18.2% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Jonesboro GA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-26) |
| Peachtree City PD GA Department effectiveness claim (CID clearance rate) | 2019-2020 vs 2024-2025 | Criminal Investigations Division clearance rate before vs with Flock | 43% vs 70.2% | Department-supplied figures | The Citizen (Fayette), Sep 10, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Peachtree City PD GA Internal Flock audit | 2026-09 | Officers no longer employed after apparent misuse | 2 | Quarterly audit process began start of 2026; Chief Moon procedure signed Jul 2025 | The Citizen (Fayette), Sep 10, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Perry PD / Cherokee County SO / LaGrange PD GA USA Today analysis of Flock audit logs (repeat searches) | 16 months (Perry); 2025 (LaGrange, 2.5 months) | Single-plate searches by one officer | Perry: >4,000 over 16 months; Cherokee deputy: >=840 on one tag; LaGrange sergeant: 781 in 2.5 months (~10/day) | USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| Savannah PD GA Internal Flock audit and GBI investigation | 2026 YTD (to Aug) | Flock searches audited / flagged / unjustified | 39000 searches; 127 flagged; 34 unjustified | 6 employees fired Aug 7; 4 arrested Aug 24 (misuse of LPR system; 3 also violation of oath); unnamed outside agency also probed | WTOC, '4 SPD employees arrested for Flock misuse' |
| Savannah PD GA Internal audit (Flock Audit Assist) and OPS investigation of officer login used by ICE-agent spouse | 2026-01 to 2026-07 | Searches run via officer's login by ICE agent spouse | 983 | 97 plates across six states; 788 SC-registered vehicles; owners mostly Hispanic; 6 employees dismissed over Flock misuse, 4 arrested by GBI; weekly audits instituted. Secondary source (IBTimes citing WJCL/WTOC) | IBTimes UK citing WJCL (second-hand) |
| Tifton GA PD GA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 2023 – May 2026 (~37 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | ~36,830,000 records; 6,000 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Tifton GA PD (May 2026) (May 14, 2026) | |
| Tifton GA PD GA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 2, 2023 – May 11, 2026 (~40 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 12,866 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Tifton GA PD (May 2026) (May 14, 2026) | |
| Tifton PD GA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 37 months to 2026 | Network searches referencing HSI or ICE (sample estimate) | 8,000–10,000 | Estimated from 400,000-row samples of five monthly files; Banks County GA SO and Lowndes County GA SO recur | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Tifton GA PD (May 2026) (2026-05-14) (second-hand) |
| Walker County SO GA Flock search records produced to Local 3 News | 2025-09 to late 2026-09 | Searches / searches coded 'bribery' | 3,953 / 436 (11%) | Four fixed Flock cameras; narcotics 38%, stolen vehicles 12% | Local 3 News (Oct 27, 2026) (second-hand) |
| White County SO GA 30-day Flock network audit released to Now Georgia | 2026-07-26 to 2026-08-25 | Network audit search records / originating from other organisations / share | 472,120 / 472,015 / 99.98% | nearly 3,000 outside organisations; >320,000 entries from searches hitting >5,000 networks | Now Georgia, 'White County audit shows massive outside access' (Sep 7, 2026) (second-hand) |
| White County SO GA 30-day Flock audit (local use) | 2026-07-26 to 2026-08-25 | Searches by White County SO personnel / with blank case-number field / authorized users | 105 / 72 / 58 | Policy revised Aug 7, signed Aug 20; requires random audit of at least five users monthly; 30-day retention | Now Georgia (Sep 7, 2026) (second-hand) |
| White County SO network (Georgia searchers) GA 30-day Flock network audit | 2026-07-26 to 2026-08-25 | Entries from Georgia agencies / Georgia organisations / top Georgia searchers | 163,171 / 305 / Gwinnett Co PD 18,859; Atlanta PD 9,132; Sandy Springs 7,163; DeKalb Co PD 6,973; Gwinnett Co SO 6,383 | Now Georgia (Sep 7, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| Iowa (statewide) IA ACLU-IA survey - Flock transparency portals (20 identified) | 2025-10-21 to 2025-11-20 | Total vehicle detections / average per agency / average hotlist hits / hit rate / average searches per agency | at least 4,386,514 / 219,325 / 2,983 / 13 per 1,000 / 237 | Report p.22; average 10,177 detections per camera. | ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations |
| Iowa (statewide) IA ACLU-IA / UI Technology Law Clinic open-records survey | fall 2025 | Agencies surveyed / responded / using Flock / Axon / Motorola | 48 / 43 / 27 / 7 / 4 | 6 responding agencies had no ALPRs; Appendix D lists 62 Iowa agencies with access to Flock data (32 own ALPRs). | ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations |
| Iowa (statewide) IA ACLU-IA survey - cameras | fall 2025 | Cameras per agency (23 disclosing) | Cedar Rapids 76; West Des Moines 64; Clinton County 58; Altoona 51; Council Bluffs 37; Scott County 32; Urbandale 27; Marshall County 26; Dubuque 22; Clive 20 | Bettendorf and Oelwein claimed confidentiality. Sum across 23 agencies about 518. | ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations |
| Iowa (statewide) IA ACLU-IA survey - audit and search logs | fall 2025 | Audit logs obtained / claimed confidential; search logs obtained / claimed confidential | 4 / 10; 13 / 10 | 24 policies require regular audits; 17 record date/time/user per search; 18 do not require reasonable suspicion. | ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations |
| Iowa (statewide) IA ACLU-IA survey - retention and spending | fall 2025 | Agencies purging after 30 days / on records schedule; combined monthly spending | 14 / 13; at least $212,959.73 per month | Flock average $4,404.06/month per contract; Axon $19,049.93/month; largest Axon contract over $6 million. | ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations |
| Iowa (statewide) IA ACLU-IA survey - misuse and error records | fall 2025 | Erroneous hotlist hit records received / unauthorized access records received | 1 (Story County) / 0 | ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations (second-hand) | |
| Johnston PD IA Transparency-portal public audit log snapshots compared | 2026-03 to 2026-04 | Share of records changing between downloads | 3.9% to 8.2% | 3 snapshots | Footnote4a: The More the Logs Change, the More the Oversight Stays the Same |
| West Des Moines PD IA Transparency-portal public audit log snapshots compared day-to-day | 2026-03-16 to 2026-04-04 | Share of records changing between daily downloads (non-rolling) | 2.6% to 7.1% (avg ~5%) | 8 snapshots, 7 pairwise comparisons; 17 'flickering' records | Footnote4a: The More the Logs Change, the More the Oversight Stays the Same |
| Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO ID Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Sep 1, 2025 – Apr 19, 2026 (~7.5 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | ~7,315,000 records; 3,900 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (May 14, 2026) | |
| Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO ID Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Sep 1, 2025 – Dec 31, 2025 (~4 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 3,490 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (May 14, 2026) | |
| Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO ID Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Sep 1, 2025 – Dec 31, 2025 (~4 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 4,316,782 records; 3,700 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (May 14, 2026) | |
| Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO ID Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Sep 9, 2025 – Apr 19, 2026 (~7.5 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 2,222 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (May 14, 2026) | |
| Pocatello PD / Douglas County SO ID Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | to May 2026 | Network searches referencing HSI or ICE (sample estimates) | about 1,800 (Pocatello) / about 3,000 (Douglas County NV) | Estimated from sampling | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (2026-05-14) (second-hand) |
| Twin Falls ID PD ID Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 1, 2026 – Jul 1, 2026 (3 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 1,487,593 records; 3,519 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Twin Falls ID PD (Jul 2026) (July 10, 2026) | |
| Twin Falls PD ID Flock network audit records (DeFlock Idaho public records) | 2026-03, 2026-05, 2026-06 | Immigration-related searches touching Twin Falls ALPR systems | at least 631 | Agencies named: Indiana State Police, Lawrenceville GA PD, Bay County FL SO, Florida FWC. TFPD left national lookup 2026-07-22. | Idaho Capital Sun (via Route Fifty), 'Immigration searches were conducted on Twin Falls Flock network. A month later, agreements changed.' (second-hand) |
| Twin Falls PD ID Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Apr to Jul 2026 | Network searches / organisations / CHP share / own searches / immigration-reason records | 1,487,593 / 3,519 / 9.7% / 3,289 / 254 | St. Johns County FL SO 99 immigration-reason searches; four Texas agencies 7.3% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Twin Falls ID PD (Jul 2026) (2026-07-10) |
| Barrington IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2024 – Jul 31, 2026, 12:00 a.m. (31 monthly files) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 11,991,083 records; 3,586 organisations | Case number: redacted on 921,543 records; blank on 11,068,608; shown on 932 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Barrington IL PD (Jan 2024 – Jul 2026) (October 23, 2026) |
| Barrington IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 16, 2024 – Jul 25, 2026 (30 monthly files; none for Aug 1–30, 2025) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 4,776 records | Case number: 1,285 (26.9%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Barrington IL PD (Jan 2024 – Jul 2026) (October 23, 2026) |
| Barrington PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2024 to Jul 2026 | Own searches / network searches / own case-number share / immigration-term network records / agencies | 4,776 / 11,991,083 / 26.9% / 3,888 / 171 | Village of about 10,700 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Barrington IL PD (Jan 2024 – Jul 2026) (2026-10-23) |
| Beecher IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Oct 1, 2025 – Apr 16, 2026 (~6.5 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 3,183,644 records; 4,288 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Beecher IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 22, 2026) | |
| Beecher PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | to Apr 2026 | Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / Houston PD share | 747 / 2.1% | Darien IL PD most immigration-flagged searches | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Beecher IL PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-22) |
| Benton IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 20 – Aug 19, 2026 (31 days) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 66 records | Case number: 35 (53.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Benton IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Benton IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 20 – Aug 19, 2026 (31 days) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 431,553 records; 3,076 organisations | Case number: redacted on 212,753 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Benton IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Benton PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 20 Jul to 19 Aug 2026 | Own searches vs network searches in 31 days / organisations | 66 vs 431,553 / 3,076 | City of about 7,000; 90.8% of network searches queried 1,000+ networks; 5,350 records gave 'City Planning/Traffic Analysis' | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Benton IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (2026-10-03) |
| Bloomingdale IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1, 2024 – Apr 4, 2026 (~22 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 18,008 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Bloomingdale IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 14, 2026) | |
| Bloomingdale IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1, 2024 – Apr 5, 2026 (~22 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 7,431,579 records; 5,372 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Bloomingdale IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 14, 2026) | |
| Bloomingdale PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | to Apr 2026 | Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / Houston PD share | 7,134 / 6.9% | 'HSI' 2,593, 'ICE' 1,424 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Bloomingdale IL PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-14) |
| Champaign IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1 – Jul 15, 2025 (6.5 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 845,670 records; 238 organisations | Case number: 50,632 (6.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Champaign IL PD (Jan–Jul 2025) (August 8, 2026) |
| Champaign PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 1 Jan to 15 Jul 2025 | Network searches with a case number / reason '99' / reason '.' | 6.0% (50,632 of 845,670) / 15,017 / 4,934 | 238 organisations | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Champaign IL PD (Jan–Jul 2025) (2026-08-08) |
| Chicago PD IL Flock audit logs (no city Flock contract) | 2026-05 to 2026-07 | CPD Flock searches of other agencies' data | more than 23,000 | CPD later ordered an internal audit of officers' use of outside LPR systems (Sun-Times 2026-10-26). | FOX 32 Chicago, 'Exclusive: Chicago police accessed Flock camera data despite no city contract' (second-hand) |
| Danville PD IL Flock network audit log obtained via public records (MuckRock), nationwide/statewide lookups touching Danville cameras | 2024-06 to 2025-05 | nation/statewide lookups by local & state police tied to federal requests/immigration focus | 4000+ | Period per SAN summary of same data (June 2024-May 2025); lookups listing 'immigration' as reason all post-Jan 2025; ICE-related lookups under both administrations; primary data on MuckRock (Danville FOIA ALPR audit 181213/186112) | 404 Media, 'ICE Taps into Nationwide AI-Enabled Camera Network, Data Shows' |
| DeKalb IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 6 – Aug 24, 2026 (about 7.5 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 1,131 records | Case number: 1,033 (91.3%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: DeKalb IL PD (Jan–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| DeKalb PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan to Aug 2026 | Own searches with a case number / records using placeholder case number '26-00000' | 91.3% / 120 | Keyboard-filler notes on 28 records | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: DeKalb IL PD (Jan–Aug 2026) (2026-10-03) |
| Herrin IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Nov 2025 – Apr 15, 2026 (~5.5 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 1,161 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Herrin IL PD (Apr 2026) (April 20, 2026) | |
| Herrin IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Nov 2025 – Apr 15, 2026 (~5.5 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 3,748,944 records; 4,165 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Herrin IL PD (Apr 2026) (April 20, 2026) | |
| Herrin PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Nov 2025 to Apr 2026 | Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / share / Texas DPS share of those | 153,143 / 4.1% / 26% | 3,748,944 network records from 4,165 organisations; city of about 12,000 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Herrin IL PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-20) |
| Illinois (Secretary of State) IL State audit of 12 local agencies | 2025 | Agencies audited | 12 | Found CBP had accessed Illinois data; Flock paused its CBP and HSI pilots | Capitol Fax (26 Aug 2025) |
| Illinois (Secretary of State) IL State audit of Flock access after out-of-state searches | mid-Jan–Apr 2025 | Out-of-state agencies that searched Illinois data in violation of state law | 46 | Mount Prospect system searched 262 times for immigration-related reasons; Texas abortion search reached 83,000+ cameras | Capitol News Illinois (12 Jun 2025) |
| Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR) IL ISP ALPR transparency page | 2025-07 (as of) | Cameras installed statewide | 808 | 90-day retention; monthly department audits; all federal sharing access removed | ISP Division of Criminal Investigation Transparency Page |
| Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR) IL Expressway Camera Act annual report | FY2024 (Jul 2023-Jun 2024; figures may be cumulative) | Detections / hits / searches | 2,207,552,927 detections; 72,484,857 hits; 304,606 incidents searched; 50 cameras installed FY24; 289 in Cook County by end 2022 | ISP FY24 Expressway Camera Act Annual Report | |
| Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR) IL Expressway Camera Act annual report | FY2025 (Jul 2024-Jun 2025; figures may be cumulative) | Detections / hits / searches | 2,759,896,140 detections; 75,760,878 hits; 469,787 incidents searched; 160 cameras installed in FY25 | County table sums to 161; Tollway installed 0 new cameras | ISP FY25 Expressway Camera Act Annual Report |
| Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR) IL Expressway Camera Act annual report | FY2026 | Criminal database hits / investigative searches | 94.8 million hits; 958,482 investigative searches | Hit rate ~2.8% of detections | ISP FY26 Expressway Camera Act Annual Report (second-hand) |
| Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR) IL Tamara Clayton Expressway Camera Act annual report to General Assembly | FY2026 (report figures; period label absent, likely cumulative) | License plate detections | 3.38 billion | Figures appear without a period label; FY24 2.21B, FY25 2.76B, FY26 3.38B suggests cumulative. 190 cameras installed FY26; 90-day retention (Motorola Vehicle Manager) | ISP FY26 Expressway Camera Act Annual Report (second-hand) |
| Illinois Tollway (I-PASS data) IL Subpoena requests obtained by WBEZ via records request | 14-month period (to 2019) | Subpoenas for I-PASS toll data (police, federal prosecutors, divorce attorneys) | 117 | Law enforcement was most frequent requester; 6.8 million transponders issued; no police-only breakdown | WBEZ, 'How Your Private Illinois Tollway Data Is Shared With Cops And Divorce Lawyers' (Sep 19, 2019) (second-hand) |
| Itasca PD / West Chicago PD (DuPage County) IL Grand jury charges for unauthorized Flock searches | 2025-06 to 2026-05 (Ciccola); 2024-12-18 to 2025-01-15 (Solis) | felony counts | 13 official misconduct + 8 computer tampering (Ciccola); 1+1 (Solis) | Chicago Sun-Times, 'Former Itasca, West Chicago police officers charged with felony misuse of Flock cameras' | |
| McDonough County IL SO IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Feb 19, 2025 – Apr 21, 2026 (~14 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 6,158,356 records; 4,417 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: McDonough County IL SO (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026) | |
| McDonough County IL SO IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Mar 10, 2025 – Apr 21, 2026 (~13 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 575 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: McDonough County IL SO (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026) | |
| McDonough County SO IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Feb 2025 to Apr 2026 | Outside searches per one search by the sheriff / organisations | 10,710 / 4,417 | 575 own searches vs 6,158,356 network searches; monthly volume roughly tripled from spring to fall 2025 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: McDonough County IL SO (June 2026) (2026-06-19) |
| McHenry IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Mar 4 – Apr 5, 2026 (~1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 562 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: McHenry IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026) | |
| McHenry IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Mar 4 – Apr 5, 2026 (~1 month) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 24,193 records; 352 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: McHenry IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026) | |
| Morton Grove IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1, 2024 – Feb 8, 2026 (~20 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 12,307 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Morton Grove IL PD (Feb 2026) (Apr 29, 2026) | |
| Morton Grove IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1, 2024 – Feb 8, 2026 (~20 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 10,083,602 records; 3,097 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Morton Grove IL PD (Feb 2026) (Apr 29, 2026) | |
| Morton Grove PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | to Feb 2026 | Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / Houston PD share | 89,805 / about 5% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Morton Grove IL PD (Feb 2026) (2026-04-29) | |
| Mount Prospect and ~80 Illinois agencies IL Illinois SoS finding on inadvertent nationwide lookup (press) | 2025-06 | Illinois agencies that inadvertently enabled nationwide lookup | ~80 | Mount Prospect 262 already covered; this is the statewide count | Daily Herald, Mount Prospect Flock renewal (second-hand) |
| Mundelein IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1 – Jan 31, 2026 (1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 367 records | Case number: 178 (48.5%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Mundelein IL PD (Jun 2026) (August 13, 2026) |
| Mundelein IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1 – Jun 30, 2026 (1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 459 records | Case number: 453 (98.7%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Mundelein IL PD (Jun 2026) (August 13, 2026) |
| Mundelein IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1 – Jun 30, 2026 (1 month) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 170,170 records; 408 organisations | Case number: 72,084 (42.4%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Mundelein IL PD (Jun 2026) (August 13, 2026) |
| Mundelein PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jun 2026 | Own searches with a case number / network searches / organisations / network case-number share | 98.7% / 170,170 / 408 / 42.4% | January 2026 own case-number share 48.5% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Mundelein IL PD (Jun 2026) (2026-08-13) |
| Oak Park PD IL Police memo to Village Manager on ALPR audit | 2025-01 | Statewide searches touching Oak Park Flock network (preliminary audit) | 171,407 | Preliminary; Palos Heights PD ran 28 searches Jan 27-28, 2025 with reason 'immigrations violation'; CPOC found no misuse by staff | Oak Park Police Chief memo, June 27, 2025 |
| Oak Park PD IL Police memo - outside agency immigration searches | 2025-01-27 to 2025-01-28 | Searches by Palos Heights PD with reason 'immigrations violation' | 28 | Statewide network searches; department 'has not identified any agencies that specifically searched only Oak Park ALPRs' | Oak Park Police Chief memo, June 27, 2025 |
| Palos Heights IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 1 – Jul 31, 2025 (~4 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 2,599,612 records; 3,064 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Palos Heights IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026) | |
| Palos Heights IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 2 – Jul 31, 2025 (~4 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 4,229 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Palos Heights IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026) | |
| Palos Heights PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Apr to Jul 2025 | Own searches vs network searches / organisations / Houston PD share | 4,229 vs 2,599,612 / 3,064 / almost 5% | Suburb of about 12,000; reason '99' about 19,910 times | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Palos Heights IL PD (June 2026) (2026-06-19) |
| Prairie Grove PD IL Criminal complaint (official misconduct) - officer Flock misuse | 2024-02 onward | Alleged lookups of ex-partner's plate by officer Copp | 140 (86 off duty) | Victim's court filing says 178 lookups Sep-Jan; officer placed on leave 2025-11-05, arrested | Footnote4a (citing Shaw Local / Northwest Herald) |
| Prairie Grove PD IL Released organisation audit log (redacted) - officer misuse case | 2024-08-07 to 2026-03-30 (600 days) | Total agency searches | 2,993 | By '2 persons'; ~2,600 (seven in eight) labelled 'Training'/'test' Jun 4-Nov 2 2025; each search touched ~470 networks | Footnote4a: Cop Arrested for Flock-Stalking Exposes Another Oversight Failure |
| Prairie Grove PD / Holiday Hills PD IL Court records; former chief charged for unauthorized Flock + LEADS searches | 2024-02 to 2025-11 | unauthorized Flock searches by one officer | ~250 | plus 31 LEADS uses; 'nearly 300' total; 12 felony official misconduct counts (William Copp) | Chicago Sun-Times, 'Former Holiday Hills police chief charged with making nearly 300 unauthorized searches' |
| Rolling Meadows IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 1, 2025 – Apr 30, 2026 (13 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 1,846,235 records; 1,013 organisations | Case number: 371,903 (20.1%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Rolling Meadows IL PD (Apr 2025 – Apr 2026) (August 8, 2026) |
| Rolling Meadows IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Apr 1, 2025 – Mar 31, 2026 (12 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 3,290 records | Case number: 0 (0.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Rolling Meadows IL PD (Apr 2025 – Apr 2026) (August 8, 2026) |
| Rolling Meadows PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Apr 2025 to Apr 2026 | Own searches with a case number / network searches with a case number / 'investigation' share of own reasons | 0% / 20.1% / 31.1% | 3,290 own searches; 1,846,235 network searches by 1,013 agencies; network shared with 484 agencies | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Rolling Meadows IL PD (Apr 2025 – Apr 2026) (2026-08-08) |
| Roselle IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | May 1 – May 31, 2026 (1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 252 records | Case number: 124 (49.2%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Roselle IL PD (May 2026) (August 8, 2026) |
| Rosemont IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 21 – Aug 19, 2026 (30 days) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 502 records | Case number: 102 (20.3%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Rosemont IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Rosemont IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 21 – Aug 19, 2026 (30 days) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 575,276 records; 2,905 organisations | Case number: redacted on 273,252 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Rosemont IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Villa Park IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Apr 22, 2026 (~16 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 15,460,753 records; 5,045 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Villa Park IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026) | |
| Villa Park PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2025 to Apr 2026 | Network searches / organisations / top searcher | 15,460,753 / 5,045 / Gwinnett County GA PD 344,763 | Village of about 22,000; no Illinois agency in the top ten; about 870,000 to 1.05 million searches a month | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Villa Park IL PD (June 2026) (2026-06-19) |
| Wauconda IL PD IL Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1–31, 2026 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 520,018 records; 1,159 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Wauconda IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 30, 2026) | |
| Wauconda IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Nov 2025 – Apr 4, 2026 (~5 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 1,801 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Wauconda IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 30, 2026) | |
| Wauconda PD IL Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | five months to Apr 2026 | Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / share / by Joliet PD in one month | 25,043 / 4.8% / 1,816 | 1.8K own and 520K network records | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Wauconda IL PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-30) |
| Will County (Joliet PD, Will County SO, Channahon) IL ISP investigation / charges for Flock misuse | 2025-07-23 (Harrison offense); 2026 | known Will County officers accused of Flock misuse in 2026 | 3 | former Joliet Lt. Jeremy Harrison charged with computer tampering/official misconduct; Will County deputy on leave; Channahon officers under review | Chicago Sun-Times, 'Former Joliet police officer charged over alleged Flock camera misuse' |
| Woodstock IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (18 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 5,014 records | Case number: 781 (15.6%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodstock IL PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (August 23, 2026) |
| Woodstock IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 2 – Dec 31, 2024 (12 months, UTC) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 3,987 records | Case number: 0 (0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodstock IL PD (Jan – Dec 2024) (October 3, 2026) |
| Woodstock IL PD IL Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 1 – Aug 31, 2026 (2 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 288 records | Case number: 179 (62.2%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodstock IL PD (Jul – Aug 2026) (October 23, 2026) |
| Bremen IN PD IN Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 14 – Aug 10, 2026 (4 weeks) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 60 records | Case number: 28 (46.7%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Bremen IN PD (Aug 2026) (October 2, 2026) |
| Goshen PD IN EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - single search breadth | 2025-05-07 | Networks / cameras covered by one Goshen PD search | 6,474 networks / 82,413 cameras | EFF - The High Crime of 'LMAO' | |
| Indiana (statewide tally) IN Officers publicly identified as arrested or charged over Flock/ALPR misuse | 2026 (to Oct 22) | Officers arrested or charged in Indiana in 2026 | at least 8 | Includes 5 IMPD, Jackson County, Hancock County (arrested Sep 24), Georgetown PD (arrested Oct 22; 1 felony official misconduct + 2 misdemeanor fraud) | The Bloomingtonian (Oct 22, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Indianapolis Metropolitan PD IN Charging documents (individual officers) | 2026 (10 months, Rogers); 2026 | Searches by officer Rogers (10 months) / searches of ex-wife's plate by officer Binford / counts against officer Schultz | ~3,759 / more than 1,000 / 26 counts (12 fraud, 2 stalking) | Charged Sep 23, 2026 | The Bloomingtonian (Oct 22, 2026); WFYI (Sep 24, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Indianapolis Metropolitan PD IN Internal Flock audit and criminal charges | 2026 (charged 2026-09-23) | Officers criminally charged after audit / suspended and recommended for termination / resigned / Flock cameras leased | 5 / 4 / 1 / 301 | Prosecutor Mears: 'thousands of impermissible searches'; one officer self-reported | WFYI, 'Five Indianapolis police officers charged for misusing Flock cameras' (Sep 24, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Jackson County SO IN Charging documents (deputy Skylar Thompson) | 2025-12-31 to 2026-08-02 | Searches of the same license plate by one deputy | 2,055 | Arrested Aug 31, 2026 | The Bloomingtonian (Oct 22, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Kansas City KS PD KS Flock network audit records (KCUR analysis) | 2026-04-24 to 2026-06-24 | Queries of KCKPD Flock database / by three out-of-state departments (Houston PD, Dallas PD, CHP) / KCKPD own searches / freeform searches | almost 1.1 million / 198,000 / 3,570 / 141 | Headline says '1 million times in 6 months'; body describes a 30-day period with dates Apr 24-Jun 24. | KCUR, 'Flock data from Kansas City, Kansas got searched 1 million times in 6 months. Who's looking?' (second-hand) |
| Overland Park PD KS Policy update (Genetec/Axon ALPR) | 2026-10 | Fixed / vehicle-mounted readers; retention change; audit frequency | 37 stationary, 110 vehicle-mounted; 1 year to 30 days; monthly audits | Not a Flock customer; has access to private Flock data in city. | KCUR, 'Overland Park tightens rules on license plate readers' (second-hand) |
| Sedgwick PD KS Flock audit (chief tracked two vehicles) cited in ACLU-MN testimony | 4+ months | searches of two vehicles by police chief | 228 | ACLU of Minnesota testimony (second-hand) | |
| Wichita PD KS Department statement | 2026-08 | Flock cameras / audit logs released | 191 / none (FOIA denied; litigation pending) | WPD told council in 2023 it self-audits every 30 days. | KWCH, 'Can Wichita residents find out if they've been Flocked?' (second-hand) |
| Lexington PD KY Quarterly LPR audit memo | 2023-07 to 2023-09 | Total searches Jul / Aug / Sep 2023 | 5,553 / 5,384 / 3,933 | Users 195 / 194 / 187; unique cases 769 / 809 / 758; 100 cameras; 29 vehicles recovered ($412,353); 100 charges / 52 persons | Lexington PD Quarterly LPR Audit Memo Jul-Sept 2023 |
| Lexington PD KY Quarterly LPR audit memo (GO 2022-01) | 2024-01 to 2024-03 | Total searches Jan / Feb / Mar 2024 | 7,661 / 5,915 / 6,162 | Users searching: 219 / 206 / 208; unique reasons 1,327 / 853 / 1,061; 100 cameras | Lexington PD Quarterly LPR Audit Memo Jan-Mar 2024 |
| Lexington PD KY Quarterly LPR audit memo | 2024-01 to 2024-03 | Users who did not provide sufficient detail in search reason | 12 | All found legitimate; retraining | Lexington PD Quarterly LPR Audit Memo Jan-Mar 2024 |
| Lexington PD KY Quarterly LPR audit memo | 2024-01 to 2024-03 | Stolen vehicles recovered / charges / persons charged | 25 / 64 / 45 | Recovered value $336,822; hot list entries auto-delete after 7 days | Lexington PD Quarterly LPR Audit Memo Jan-Mar 2024 |
| Lexington PD KY Quarterly internal Flock audit memo (published by city) | 2024-07 to 2024-09 | Searches / users / reason review | 23,299 searches (Jul 8,056; Aug 8,015; Sep 7,228), all with reason; 3,144 unique reasons reviewed; users searching 206/202/185; 0 misuse reports; 16 stolen vehicles recovered | LPD Quarterly Flock Audit July-September 2024, Oct 3, 2024 | |
| Lexington PD KY Quarterly LPR audit memo | 2024-07 to 2024-09 | Total searches Jul / Aug / Sep 2024 | 8,056 / 8,015 / 7,228 | Users 206 / 202 / 185; unique reasons 1,095 / 1,124 / 925 (3,144 reviewed, all sufficient); 125 cameras | Lexington PD Q3 2024 Flock Audit |
| Lexington PD KY Quarterly LPR audit memo | 2024-07 to 2024-09 | Stolen vehicles recovered / charges / persons | 16 / 85 / 42 | Value $258,000 | Lexington PD Q3 2024 Flock Audit |
| Lexington PD KY Flock search records obtained by press | 2025-12 to 2026-05 | Flock searches by Lexington police | 72,336 | 2 searches for ICE ERO (one case); 81 for HSI (four cases; 55 financial crime, 19 money-laundering shorthand); mayor announced independent review Sept 2026 | Spectrum News 1 Kentucky (second-hand) |
| Lexington PD KY Flock search records - federal immigration requests | 2025-12 to 2026-05 | Searches at request of ICE ERO / HSI | 83 | 2 ICE ERO + 81 HSI | Spectrum News 1 Kentucky (second-hand) |
| Lexington PD KY Flock audit logs | 2026-01 to 2026-07 | Searches by Lexington Police Department | 63,610 (just over 63,000) | LPD share ~0.9% of all searches of its own system | WKYT Investigates (Sep 16, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Lexington PD KY Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov | Apr to Jun 2025 | Own searches per month / quarter outcomes | Apr 13,464, May 12,224, Jun 13,208 / 11 stolen vehicles, 8 guns, 27 persons charged | $234,000 recovered; 40 'success stories' | Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, April–June 2025 (memo 8 Jul 2025) (2025-07-08) |
| Lexington PD KY Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov | Apr to Jun 2026 | Own searches per month / Flock Audit Assistance alerts in the quarter (single-user plate / beyond 30 days) / found to be misuse | Apr 14,014, May 14,970, Jun 10,135 / 97 and 88 (185) / 0 | Enhanced auditing introduced at the start of Q2 2026; all 185 alerts reviewed and attributed to active investigations; department retains data 60 days | Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, April–June 2026 (memo 3 Jul 2026) (2026-07-03) |
| Lexington PD KY Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov | Jan to Mar 2025 | Own searches per month / quarter outcomes | Jan 10,627, Feb 10,080, Mar 13,259 / 10 stolen vehicles, 7 guns, 43 persons charged, 92 charges | $151,000 recovered; 230, 203 and 227 users | Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, January–March 2025 (memo 4 Apr 2025) (2025-04-04) |
| Lexington PD KY Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov | Jan to Mar 2026 | Own searches per month | Jan 10,139, Feb 9,986, Mar 12,700 | Plates with more than 7 days between searches reviewed; quarter: 7 stolen vehicles, 7 guns, 30 persons charged | Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, January–March 2026 (memo 3 Apr 2026) (2026-04-03) |
| Lexington PD KY Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov | Jul to Sep 2025 | Own searches per month / quarter outcomes | Jul 14,992, Aug 12,892, Sep 11,952 / 7 stolen vehicles, 18 guns, 48 persons charged, 180 charges | 262, 205 and 239 users; $260,630 recovered | Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, July–September 2025 (memo 20 Oct 2025) (2025-10-20) |
| Lexington PD KY Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov | Oct to Dec 2025 | Own searches per month (users) / unique search reasons | Oct 11,767 (250 users), Nov 10,217 (234), Dec 10,527 (226) / 945, 779, 702 | 125 cameras; quarter: 10 stolen vehicles recovered, 9 guns, 37 persons charged, $169,000 recovered; hot lists restricted to Intelligence Unit, 7-day maximum | Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, October–December 2025 (memo 6 Jan 2026) (2026-01-06) |
| Lexington PD (Public Integrity Unit) KY PIU audit of Q3-Q4 2022 sample | 2022-07 to 2022-12 | Searches sampled | 30 (15 per quarter) | Some reason fields deficient; 10 of 30 logged entries show incident 'N/A' | Lexington PD PIU Flock Quarterly Audit 2022 Memo (second-hand) |
| Lexington PD (Public Integrity Unit) KY PIU quarterly 1% random-sample audit of unique search entries | 2024-04 to 2024-06 | Sampled entries Apr / May / Jun; insufficient | 21 / 26 / 20; 2 insufficient | Both substantiated; refresher training Aug 13 & 15 2024 | Lexington PD PIU Flock Quarterly Audit Q2 2024 |
| Lexington PD (Public Integrity Unit) KY Independent quarterly sample audit by the Public Integrity Unit, read via content.lexingtonky.gov | Jan to Mar 2025 | Independent sample audited (1% of unique entries) / found outside scope | 89 (31, 23, 35) / 0 | Hot-list audit: one entry per month from Q4 2024, all met criteria | Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Public Integrity Unit Flock audit, 1st quarter 2025 (PIU 25-028, 29 Apr 2025) (2025-04-29) |
| Lexington PD (Public Integrity Unit) KY Independent quarterly sample audit by the Public Integrity Unit, read via content.lexingtonky.gov | Jul to Sep 2026 | Independent sample audited per quarter / found outside scope | 60 (20 per month) / 0 | Sample fell from 1% of unique entries (89 in Q1 2025) to a flat 60 per quarter from Q3 2025, against roughly 30,000 to 40,000 searches a quarter; no complaints received | Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Public Integrity Unit ALPR audit, 3rd quarter 2026 (PIU 26-083, 12 Oct 2026) (2026-10-12) |
| Lexington PD network KY Flock audit logs (all searches touching Lexington system) | 2026-01 to 2026-07 | Total searches of Lexington Flock camera system | more than 7,000,000 | WKYT review of seven spreadsheets of audit logs (47,000+ pages); 125 cameras | WKYT Investigates: Who's using Lexington's Flock cameras? (Sep 15, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Lexington PD network KY Flock audit logs | 2026-01 to 2026-07 | Share of searches by out-of-state or federal agencies / Kentucky agencies | ~96% / ~4% | Kentucky agencies incl. LPD ~4% | WKYT Investigates (Sep 15 and Sep 18, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Lexington PD network KY Flock audit logs | 2026-01 to 2026-07 | Top outside agencies searching Lexington system | Houston PD 349,535; Dallas PD 297,199; Gwinnett Co PD 108,592; Louisville Metro 78,514; Hillsborough Co SO 69,212; Michigan State Police 68,157; Texas DPS 65,307; IMPD 56,558; Atlanta PD 53,911 | approximate counts per WKYT | WKYT Investigates: Houston, Dallas top list (Sep 16, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Louisville Metro PD KY Released audit logs (public records; via Louisville Public Media reporting) | 2022-10 to 2025-07 | Audit log records | ~14.4M | Duplicates noted; includes 590 apiLookup (Peregrine) rows from 2025-05-16 | Have I Been Flocked: Louisville, KY 2022-2025 (second-hand) |
| Louisville Metro PD KY Internal investigation outcomes for immigration-related Flock searches | 2024-11 to 2025-01 (searches); discipline 2026 | Disciplinary outcomes | 2-day suspension (detective), 5-day suspension (lieutenant), demotion (assistant chief to lieutenant) | Detective again under investigation for 6 searches on Jan 9, 2025 and 8 on Nov 12, 2024 listing drug-investigation reasons | Louisville Public Media / KyCIR (second-hand) |
| Louisville Metro PD KY Internal investigation of detective's searches | 2024-11-12 and 2025-01-09 | Searches under new internal probe (Det. Troutman) | 8 (Nov 12, 2024) + 6 (Jan 9, 2025) | Second investigation after earlier 2-day suspension; searches listed as drug investigations | Louisville Public Media/KyCIR, 'LMPD detective again under investigation' (Sep 1, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Louisville Metro PD KY Press review of public police records (citations) involving LPR | CY2025 | Criminal citations in which LMPD LPR use appeared | 177 | Half issued to Black people (Black residents ~25% of population); ~70% involved stolen-car alert; nearly 200 LPRs in operation | Louisville Public Media / KyCIR (second-hand) |
| Shively PD KY Investigation after Flock Audit Assistance flag | 2026-01-01 to 2026-05-06 | Searches of two plates registered to victim / searches while protective order active (Apr 17-May 6) | 2,048 / 241 | Audit tool activated 2026-08-24; arrest within 24 hours; 5 counts official misconduct, 5 unlawful computer access. | All About Cookies, 'Flock Logged 241 Searches a Cop Ran on His Ex After She Got a Restraining Order' (second-hand) |
| Shively PD KY Internal review of Flock audit process after officer arrest, via press | 2026-08 | Prior audit sample / misuse searches | Prior audits sampled 10 random searches per 90 days; officer ran 2,000+ searches over 5 months tracking ex-partner; 5 counts official misconduct + 5 unlawful computer access | At least 6 KY cities cut ties with Flock in 2026 | Spectrum News 1 KY, Aug 31, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Jefferson Parish SO LA Internal review (Flock audit) | several years to 2026-08 | Searches of ex-partner's vehicle by Deputy Nathan Rome | more than 3,200 | Deputy fired 2026-08-19; Kenner PD has 78 Flock cameras (Axios). | FOX 8, 'JPSO reviews safeguards for Flock cameras after deputy fired for misuse' (second-hand) |
| Port Fourchon Harbor LA PD LA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Feb 22, 2026 – Mar 25, 2026 (~1 month) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 996,333 records; 3,179 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Port Fourchon Harbor LA PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 20, 2026) | |
| Port Fourchon Harbor PD LA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Feb to Mar 2026 | Searches referencing immigration enforcement or human trafficking / immigration categories alone / Texas agencies' share | 3,614 / about 800 / 14.4% | About 1 million network records | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Port Fourchon Harbor LA PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-20) |
| Boston PD (Flock pilot) MA City 2025 Surveillance Technology Report / BPD audit of 156-day Flock pilot | 2025-04-01 to 2025-09-04 | searches in pilot database / share with case number | 11004; ~half with case number | 45 cameras; outside agencies could access data discovered 3 days in; 77 outside-agency requests for access in following five months (incl. State Dept, ATF, DEA, Maine State Police) | WBUR, 'Flock Safety failed to secure Boston vehicle data during 2025 pilot, report finds' |
| Braintree PD MA Criminal harassment charge incl. license plate queries (third-party investigation) | 2024-08 to 2025-02 | charges | 1 count criminal harassment | retired detective Mark Sherrick; search count not given | Boston Globe, 'Retired Braintree police detective facing criminal harassment charge for alleged Flock misuse' |
| Fall River PD MA Five years of use data reviewed by local press | 2021–Aug 2026 | Searches in 2025 | 15,000+ | Under 3% of 2021–2025 searches carried a case number; one officer used '99' as the reason 1,000+ times; 70% had reference numbers by Aug 2026 | The New Bedford Light (6 Oct 2026) |
| Grafton MA PD MA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 29 – Jul 27, 2026 (29 days) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 75 records | Case number: 22 (29.3%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Grafton MA PD (Jul 2026) (Aug 23, 2026) |
| Lynn PD MA Internal Flock audit - 'concerning pattern' | 2026-08 | Officers placed on paid leave after audit | 2 | Access limited to 23 lieutenants+; retention 30 -> 7 days; monthly audits | Boston 25: Lynn Police tighten Flock camera access after audit finds 'concerning pattern' |
| Massachusetts MA ACLU-MA public records survey | 2022 to 2026-02 | Massachusetts police departments with Flock contracts / spending over three years | over 80 / over $2 million | Records requests to nearly 80 departments; national network nearly 90,000 cameras, ~7,000 networks (Jul 2025). | ACLU of Massachusetts Data for Justice |
| Massachusetts (Lynn, Stow, New Bedford, Abington PDs) MA Agency audits flagging officer Flock misuse | 2026-08 | officers under investigation for Flock misuse | at least 4 (Lynn 2 after audit; Stow 1; New Bedford 1) | Abington officer searched a woman's plate across 88 networks over 7 days in March 2025 labeled 'suspicious activity'; Globe cites WaPo tally 50+ misuse instances nationally, IJ 150+ cases | Boston Globe, 'Flock license plate cameras under fire as Mass. police misconduct cases mount' |
| Quincy PD MA Flock transparency/audit figures reported | 30-day window 2026 | plates captured / plates searched / officers with access | 704,000+ plates captured; 134 plates searched; 47 of 237 officers with access | access limited in June 2026 to ~50 officers | WBUR (second-hand) |
| Springfield MA PD MA Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | May 1 – June 24, 2026 | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 5,845 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Springfield MA PD (June 2026) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Springfield MA PD MA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | May 1 – June 24, 2026 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 172,581 records; 205 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Springfield MA PD (June 2026) (Jun 26, 2026) | |
| Springfield PD MA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 1 May to 24 Jun 2026 | Own searches with a case number / network searches with a case number / USPIS searches on network | 100% / 33.0% / 6,129 | 5,845 own searches; 172,581 network searches by 205 organisations; Winthrop MA PD top searcher | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Springfield MA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-26) |
| Anne Arundel County PD MD Agency 3-509(e) report | CY2023 | Historical queries / cameras / retention | 66 historical queries, all audited Accurate; 93 authorized users; 9 fixed sites (36 cameras) + 33 mobile units (66 cameras); fixed-site data kept 24 hours | Anne Arundel County PD 3-509(e) report Feb 1, 2024 | |
| Baltimore City PD MD Agency 3-509(e) report | CY2022 | Searches / audited / users | 68,513 searches; 685 audited; 1,124 users; 1,359 reports exported; 91 systems (55 mobile, 32 fixed, 4 trailers); 171,783,691 reads on BPD server | 0 out-of-state/federal requests | Baltimore PD report in MCAC CY2022 packet |
| Baltimore City PD MD Agency 3-509(e) report in MSP compilation | CY2023 | Searches / audited / users | 76,896 searches; 769 audited (about 1%), all Accurate; 1,106 authorized users; 2,214 reports exported; 98 LPR systems | BPD server reads 233,403,983; 175,052,987 retained as of Dec 31, 2022; 0 out-of-state/federal requests | Baltimore PD 3-509(e) report Feb 1, 2024 |
| Baltimore County PD MD Agency 3-509(e) report with quarterly audit memos | CY2023 | Queries / audit incomplete records | 24,263 queries; 50 random queries audited per quarter; incomplete records (missing case number or purpose): Q1 3, Q2 ~22, Q4 17; 406 authorized users; 59 readers | Retention one year (33,622,758 reads stored as of Jan 31, 2024); escalation: email, final warning, access revocation | Baltimore County PD 3-509(e) report Jan 31, 2024 (second-hand) |
| Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD MD Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Aug 16, 2023 – Apr 1, 2026 (~32 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 9,625,757 records; 5,453 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (May 9, 2026) | |
| Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD MD Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Aug 22, 2023 – Dec 30, 2024 (~16 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 3,869 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (May 9, 2026) | |
| Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD MD Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Sep 15, 2025 – Apr 22, 2026 (~7 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 828,933 records; 3,700 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (May 9, 2026) | |
| Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD MD Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Sep 16, 2025 – Apr 22, 2026 (~7 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 335 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (May 9, 2026) | |
| Charles County SO MD Agency 3-509(e) report | CY2022 | Requests / releases / units | 396 requests; 255 releases; 0 out-of-state/federal; 50 audited; 34 users; 26 units; 3,091,775 reads | Charles County SO report in MCAC CY2022 packet (second-hand) | |
| Harford County SO MD Agency 3-509(e) report | CY2022 | Queries / requests / retention | 578 queries; 4 in-state requests, 1 out-of-state, 0 federal; 50 audited (100% compliance); 18 units; 180-day retention; 2,754,645 reads (15,925,612 since Aug 2019) | Harford County SO report in MCAC CY2022 packet (second-hand) | |
| Maryland (statewide) MD Press analysis (Capital News Service) of 3-509 annual agency reports | CY2025 | Total scans across reporting agencies | at least 4.8 billion scans, 26 agencies | Primary CY2025 MCAC compilation not located online; scans more than tripled since 2022. Montgomery Co cameras 30 to 860 (2022-2025); Harford 18 to 274; Anne Arundel 94 to 314 | CNS Maryland, 'Maryland police license plate cameras logged 4.8 billion scans in 2025' (second-hand) |
| Maryland (statewide, MCAC) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e) | CY2018 | Readings / units / requests | 450,367,620 readings; 420 LPR systems reporting (339 mobile, 81 fixed); 3,476 requests, 2,179 released; out-of-state 294 requests, 155 released; federal 589 requests, 409 released; 123 records audited; 31 authorized users; 14 agencies with own servers | MCAC letter Feb 22, 2019 (DLS Library PS3-509(e)_2019) | |
| Maryland (statewide, MCAC) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e) | CY2022 | Total ALPR readings retained by MCAC | 740,662,168 | 603 LPR units statewide; 18 agencies with own servers, MCAC collects for 15 | MCAC letter Feb 15, 2023 (DLS Library PS3-509(e)_2023) |
| Maryland (statewide, MCAC) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e) | CY2022 | Requests / releases / out-of-state / federal | 4,668 requests, 3,295 released; out-of-state 444 requests, 240 released; federal 739 requests, 574 released | 55 records audited (minimum 50); 50 authorized MCAC users; no breaches | MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2022 |
| Maryland (statewide, MCAC) MD Statutory annual LPR report, Public Safety Art. 3-509(e), Maryland Coordination and Analysis Center | CY2023 | Total ALPR readings retained by MCAC | 830,097,779 | 698 LPR units operated by LE and submitting data; MCAC collects for 16 of 19 agencies with own servers | MCAC letter Feb 28, 2024 in MSP 3-509(e) compilation |
| Maryland (statewide, MCAC) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e) | CY2023 | Requests to MCAC for LPR data / released | 5,310 requests; 3,962 released | MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023 | |
| Maryland (statewide, MCAC) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e) | CY2023 | Out-of-state requests / released | 423 requests; 261 released | MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023 | |
| Maryland (statewide, MCAC) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e) | CY2023 | Federal requests / released | 684 requests; 591 released | MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023 | |
| Maryland (statewide, MCAC) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e) | CY2023 | MCAC audit sample / authorized users | 65 records audited, all Accurate; 60 authorized users | No breaches or unauthorized uses reported | MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023 |
| Maryland agencies (MCAC chart) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e): reads by agency | CY2022 | Reads by agency | MDTA Police 302,501,908; Baltimore City PD 214,449,961; MCAC/MSP 68,063,363; Anne Arundel 54,542,724; Baltimore Co 20,750,935; Ocean City 20,369,198; Prince George's 17,217,156; Harford 15,487,651; UMD PD 7,082,653; Howard 5,578,186; JB Andrews 5,283,123; Montgomery 4,453,947; Charles Co SO 3,240,008; Towson U 1,630,997; Frederick Co SO 10,358 | MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2022 | |
| Maryland agencies (MCAC chart) MD Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e): reads by agency | CY2023 | Reads by largest contributors | MDTA Police 276,070,041; Baltimore City PD 232,291,075; MCAC/MSP 78,285,253; Prince George's Co PD 72,857,035; Anne Arundel 67,547,367; Baltimore Co 30,434,867; Ocean City 20,326,526; Howard Co 13,303,441; UMD PD 9,673,706; Harford 9,608,768; Montgomery Co 6,802,614; JB Andrews 4,998,542; Charles Co SO 4,422,311; Towson U 2,141,035; Frederick Co SO 1,285,325; Denton PD 49,873 | MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023 | |
| Prince George's County PD MD Press analysis of MSP 3-509 reports | 2022-2025 | Out-of-state and federal requests honored | 123 out-of-state and 312 federal requests, all released | CNS Maryland (Frederick News-Post syndication) (second-hand) | |
| Towson University PD MD Agency 3-509(e) report | CY2023 | Reads / cameras / audit sample | 2,141,035 readings; 6 fixed sites (10 cameras); 19 audit records all Accurate; 2 authorized users; 24-hour local retention; 0 outside requests | Towson University PD 3-509(e) memo Feb 1, 2024 | |
| Grand Rapids PD MI Danville IL Flock audit logs (404 Media) | 2025-02-03 to 2025-02-04 | GRPD searches listing 'protests' as reason | 5 | Searches covered windows overlapping Jan 18/20 and Feb 1 2025 rallies; GRPD denies targeting protesters. | Michigan Advance, 'License plate reader searches by Grand Rapids PD point to need for guardrails' (second-hand) |
| Grand Rapids PD MI Flock transparency portal (30-day window) | 30 days to 2026-09-08 | Unique plates detected / searches / cameras | 478,245 / 1,340 / 29 | Portal launched 2026-09-08; 30-day retention. | Officer.com / WOOD-TV, 'New Flock Transparency Portal Reveals How Often Mich. Police Search Plate Data' (second-hand) |
| Kent County SO MI Flock transparency portal (30-day window) | 30 days to 2026-09-08 | Unique plates detected / searches / cameras | 1,011,594 / 1,257 / 62 | Portal launched alongside Grand Rapids PD's. | Officer.com / WOOD-TV, 'New Flock Transparency Portal Reveals How Often Mich. Police Search Plate Data' (second-hand) |
| Michigan (five agencies) MI Detroit News analysis of USA Today Flock data | 2025-2026 | Agencies named in immigration-related search incidents | 5 (Oakland Co SO, Brownstown, Southfield, Taylor, Troy PDs) | Detroit News Oct 6, 2026 primary not fetchable | FOX 2 Detroit, Oct 7, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Michigan State Police MI Flock network audit records | 2025-04-19 | MSP searches logged with immigration reason | 1 ('USBP immigration investigation'; MSP says clerical error) | At least 30 West Michigan agencies have LPR cameras. | WOOD-TV Target 8, 'MSP: No ICE-related searches through plate readers' (second-hand) |
| Oakland County SO MI Immigration-related searches by one (now former) employee, per Detroit News analysis of USA Today data | 2026-02 | Immigration-related Flock searches by one employee | at least 58 | Dozens of unauthorized searches after shift/after employment ended; Detroit News primary blocked by robots | Arab American News (Oct 9, 2026) and ClickOnDetroit (Oct 6, 2026) citing Detroit News Oct 5-6, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Ottawa County SO MI Sheriff's ALPR Program Report to Board of Commissioners | 2024-02 to 2026-09-08 | Logged cases / arrests / stolen vehicles recovered / firearms recovered / missing persons located / property recovered | 241 / 131 / 72 / 11 / 15 / $917,250 | Disposition counts sum to 257 vs 241 cases stated | Ottawa County Sheriff's Office ALPR Program Report, Sep 18, 2026 |
| Ottawa County SO MI Sheriff's ALPR Program Report | 2024-04 to 2026-09 | Cameras / Michigan agencies receiving OCSO data / audits conducted since inception (violations found) / retention | 31 (15 county-funded, 2 mobile, 14 pass-through) / ~175 / ~20 (0) / 30 days | $45,000/yr for 15 county cameras; 500-mile sharing radius | Ottawa County Sheriff's Office ALPR Program Report, Sep 18, 2026 |
| Coon Rapids PD / South St. Paul PD MN LOGIS biennial ALPR audits | 2025 | Exceptions / retention | Coon Rapids: 0 exceptions, 30-day retention (Jul 23, 2025); South St. Paul: 0 exceptions, 60-day retention (Aug 11, 2025) | LOGIS ALPR Biennial Audit Results Reports | |
| Dayton MN PD MN Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Feb 1 – May 31, 2026 (5 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 37,814 records; 83 organisations | Case number: 31,478 (83.2%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Dayton MN PD (Jan–May 2026) (August 13, 2026) |
| Dayton PD MN Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Feb to May 2026 | Network searches / organisations / case-number share / 'City Planning/Traffic Analysis' reason | 37,814 / 83 / 83.2% / 1,126 (3.0%) | Minnesota-only sharing; top ten agencies about 47% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Dayton MN PD (Jan–May 2026) (2026-08-13) |
| Grand Rapids PD MN Independent biennial ALPR audit (Rampart Audit LLC) | 2 years ended 2025-07-31 | Reads / hits retained (30 days) | 166,648 reads; 1,331 hits; 16 mobile ALPRs; 30-day retention; 0 requests; 10-hit sample, 0 exceptions | Public log not proactively generated; one MN plate flagged 99.99% as North Dakota plate | Rampart Audit, Grand Rapids PD ALPR Audit Report, Sep 25, 2025 |
| Hopkins PD MN City statement on Flock data-sharing | as of 2026-07-31 | Organizations with access to Hopkins Flock data | 80 | 63 in Minnesota, 17 elsewhere in U.S.; St. Paul: >60 MN agencies; New Brighton 11 searches / Stillwater 37 searches in prior 30 days (transparency portals) | KSTP (second-hand) |
| Mankato Department of Public Safety MN Independent biennial ALPR audit (Minn. Stat. 13.824) | 2025-07-24 to 2026-08-05 | Mobile ALPR reads retained / hits (preceding 60 days) / stationary reads | 617,106 / 6,377 / 154,895 | 24 Axon Fleet mobile ALPRs, 7 Milestone stationary at 4 intersections; 60-day retention; stationary data purged early for storage. | Rampart Audit LLC, Mankato DPS ALPR audit report (Legislative Reference Library) |
| Mankato Department of Public Safety MN Independent biennial ALPR audit | 2025-07-24 to 2026-08-05 | Law-enforcement data requests / public data requests / compliance opinion | 4 / 4 / compliant | Concerns: Axon audit trail hard to read; Milestone does not enforce case numbers or identify hits. | Rampart Audit LLC, Mankato DPS ALPR audit report |
| Maplewood PD MN Independent ALPR audit (Minn. Stat. 13.824) | 2024-01-01 to 2025-07-31 | Discrepancies / retention | 0 / 30 days | Axon squad ALPRs only. | Lynn Lembcke Consulting, Maplewood PD ALPR audit |
| Minneapolis PD MN City Auditor state-mandated biennial ALPR audit | 2023-01-01 to 2024-12-31 | Compliance finding / recommendations | Complied with state regulations; 2 recommendations (vendor assurance reviews, SOPs) | No usage counts in report | Minneapolis Office of City Auditor, Biennial Audit of MPD ALPR Program, Mar 4, 2026 |
| Minnesota (one unnamed department, 10 cameras) MN ACLU-MN review of early Flock data requests (network audit) | 30-day period, 2025 | searches of one department's 10-camera network by departments nationwide | 11300+ | testimony to Legislative Commission on Data Practices | ACLU of Minnesota testimony, Legislative Commission on Data Practices |
| Minnesota (per-agency) MN Statutory biennial audits, Minn. Stat. §13.824 subd. 6 | 2025–2026 | Controls tested per agency | 7 | Bloomington (Sep 2025) and Maple Grove (May 2026) audits by LOGIS: no exceptions; retention 60 days; no read or search counts reported | Minnesota Legislative Reference Library mandated reports |
| Minnesota (statewide, BCA list) MN BCA statutory list of agencies using LPR (Minn. Stat. 13.824 subd. 5) as reproduced in Mankato council packet | 2025-04 | Agencies listed as using LPR | 58 | Count made by reader from reproduced list; BCA page undated | BCA 'Agencies that use License Plate Readers (LPR)' via Mankato City Council packet Apr 28, 2025 (second-hand) |
| Minnesota State Patrol MN Office of the State Auditor agreed-upon procedures | 2018-01-06 to 2020-01-06 | Hits / sharing / searches | 27 hits in prior two days; 10 sampled, 0 exceptions; 1 instance of sharing with outside agency; 0 staff searches noted; 13 mobile ALPRs; 2-day retention | Minnesota OSA, State Patrol AUP, Jan 22, 2020 | |
| Minnesota State Patrol MN Office of the State Auditor agreed-upon procedures (Minn. Stat. 13.824 biennial audit) | 2020-01-01 to 2021-12-31 | Searches / hits / retention | 4 searches in 2 years, all with documented purpose; 2 hits retained at audit; 11 mobile ALPRs; 2-day retention; 0 public requests; 0 data shared externally; 0 exceptions | Minnesota OSA, Minnesota State Patrol ALPR Agreed-Upon Procedures, Mar 25, 2022 | |
| Minnesota State Patrol MN Independent biennial audit (MNSec) | 2022-01-01 to 2023-12-31 | Active ALPR systems / retention / requests | 6 active systems on patrol vehicles; 0 stationary; 2-day retention on all 6; 0 inter-agency requests; compliant in all areas | MNSec 2023 ALPR Audit, Minnesota State Patrol, Feb 27, 2024 | |
| Minnetrista PD MN Independent ALPR audit (MNSec) | 2024-06-01 to 2026-05-31 | Stationary Flock units / compliance | 4 / compliant on all sections | May 2026 search sample all had justifiable reasons. | Minnesota Security Consortium, Minnetrista PD ALPR audit |
| New Hope MN PD MN Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | May 8, 2024 – Jun 29, 2026 (26 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 6,628 records | Case number: 1,427 (21.5%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: New Hope MN PD (May 2024 – Jun 2026) (August 8, 2026) |
| Otter Tail County SO MN Independent biennial ALPR audit (Lynn Lembcke Consulting) | 2024-11-12 to 2026-07-31 | Squads / sharing / discrepancies | 31 Axon squad ALPRs; 0 fixed; 60-day retention; 1 photo shared (homicide); 1 discrepancy (public log lacks collection times) | Lembcke, Otter Tail County SO Independent Audit Report, Oct 4, 2026 | |
| Paul Bunyan Drug Task Force (Beltrami County) MN Independent biennial ALPR audit (Rampart Audit LLC) under Minn. Stat. 13.824 | 2 years ended 2025-10-23 | Reads retained / unique plates / hits | 1,225,448 reads; 138,448 unique plates; 4,941 hits in preceding 30 days; 13 leased stationary Flock ALPRs | Majority of hits involve registered owner's driving status; 30-day Flock retention; no public requests | Rampart Audit, PBDTF ALPR Audit Report, Nov 28, 2025 |
| Paul Bunyan Drug Task Force (Beltrami County) MN Independent biennial ALPR audit | 2 years ended 2025-10-23 | Audit exceptions | 1 exception (downloads not recorded in audit trail); 1 sampled search lacking case number; 10-hit sample, 0 exceptions | Opinion: substantially compliant | Rampart Audit, PBDTF ALPR Audit Report |
| Rochester PD MN LOGIS biennial ALPR audit | 2024 | Exceptions / retention | 0 exceptions across 7 controls; 60-day retention | LOGIS ALPR Biennial Audit, Rochester PD, Dec 19, 2024 | |
| South Saint Paul MN PD MN Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Aug 1, 2025 – Jul 31, 2026 (12 months; Apr 18–30, 2026 not provided) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 40,470 records; 85 organisations | Case number: 30,093 (74.4%), all redacted | Have I Been Flocked data update: South Saint Paul MN PD (Aug 2025–Jul 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| South Saint Paul MN PD MN Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Nov 1, 2025 – Jul 31, 2026 (9 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 2,332 records | Case number: 1,190 (51.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: South Saint Paul MN PD (Aug 2025–Jul 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| St. Cloud PD MN Independent biennial ALPR audit (Rampart Audit LLC) | 2 years ended 2026-02-28 | Reads / hits retained | Mobile (Axon): 1,053,902 reads, 7,603 hits (60 days); stationary (Flock): 94,035 reads, 5,304 hits (30 days); ~39 of 40 Axon units, 5 Flock cameras; 4 superusers | No data beyond retention; 0 public requests; Axon audit trail 'unrefined and difficult to read'; compliant opinion | Rampart Audit, St. Cloud PD ALPR Audit Report, Apr 29, 2026 |
| St. Francis PD MN Independent ALPR audit (Minn. Stat. 13.824) | 2025-07-03 to 2025-11-30 | Discrepancies / data shares with other agencies / retention | 0 / 0 / 30 days | Axon squad ALPRs only; no fixed units. | Lynn Lembcke Consulting, St. Francis PD ALPR audit |
| St. Paul PD MN LOGIS biennial ALPR audit | 2025 (period not stated) | Exceptions / retention | 0 exceptions across 7 controls; 60-day retention | LOGIS ALPR Biennial Audit Results Report, St. Paul PD, Dec 19, 2025 | |
| St. Paul PD / New Brighton PD / Stillwater PD MN Flock sharing settings and transparency portals | 2026-08 | St. Paul agencies granted access / New Brighton searches (30 days) / Stillwater searches | more than 60 MN agencies / 11 / 37 | More than 40 MN agencies have transparency portals. | KSTP, 'The number of agencies with access to police Flock camera data in Minnesota ranges from zero to hundreds' (second-hand) |
| Willmar / Mounds View / Belle Plaine / New Prague / Shakopee / Blaine / New Hope / Roseville PDs MN Lynn Lembcke Consulting biennial ALPR audits filed with Legislature | 2024-2026 | Cameras and discrepancies | Willmar 7 fixed + 2 mobile Flock (Aug 24, 2025); Mounds View 10 Flock (Feb 24, 2026); Belle Plaine 5 (Jun 15, 2026); New Prague 4 (Mar 24, 2026); Shakopee 6 Flock + Axon squads (Jun 15, 2026); all 30-day retention (Shakopee Axon 60); 0 discrepancies each; 0 security breaches | Blaine (Nov 3, 2025), New Hope (May 6, 2026), Roseville (Jan 29, 2026) likewise 0 discrepancies, 30-day retention | Lembcke Independent Audit Reports (LRL mandated reports 251402, 260490, 261027, 260654, 261013, 251717, 260881, 260188) |
| Woodbury DPS MN Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2025 to Feb 2026 | Houston PD share of 2025 network searches / organisations per month before and after Jun 2025 restriction / after Dec 2025 | 16.4% (625,213) / about 3,300 to about 419 / 78 | 3,817,002 network records; 2,823 immigration-term records (West Chicago IL PD 554, Florida Highway Patrol 355); USPIS 29,953; own case-number share 15.6% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Woodbury MN DPS (June 2026) (2026-06-18) |
| Woodbury MN DPS MN Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Feb 2026 | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 11,407 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodbury MN DPS (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026) | |
| Woodbury MN DPS MN Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 2025 – Feb 2026 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 3,817,002 records; 4,302 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodbury MN DPS (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026) | |
| Woodbury Public Safety MN Independent biennial Flock ALPR audit (MNSec) | 2024-01-01 to 2025-12-31 | Cameras / retention / exceptions | 17 stationary Flock units; retention <=60 days; 0 exceptions | MNSec 2026 Flock ALPR Audit Executive Summary, Woodbury, Feb 5, 2026 | |
| Jefferson County MO SO MO Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 1 – Jul 31, 2026 (1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 3,761 records | Case number: 114 (3.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Jefferson County MO SO (Jul 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Jefferson County SO MO Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jul 2026 | Own searches with a case number / one operator's searches of one plate in three hours | 3.0% / 239 | 3,761 searches in the month; one operator ran 644 searches, all 'Traffic Infraction', on 42 plates | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Jefferson County MO SO (Jul 2026) (2026-10-03) |
| Joplin PD MO Flock audit records obtained by Deflock Joplin (KSMU tentatively confirmed) | 2025 | Share of department searches by one user / repeat searches of single plates | almost a quarter; one plate ~400 times, another ~150 | JPD dismissed the employee (announced 2026-01-10) and pledged monthly audits. | KSMU, 'Joplin residents investigating city's use of Flock cameras' (second-hand) |
| Joplin PD MO Joplin PD Flock audit (cited by Washington Post) | 2026 | Searches with one-word justifications / searches linked to a criminal case | 85% / under 3% | Read in a secondary report. | Washington Post via ADN (second-hand) |
| Lee's Summit PD MO Flock search data via Missouri Sunshine Law request | 2026-01-01 to 2026-07-01 | Searches of Lee's Summit Flock data / cameras / officers searching / concentration | almost 2,700 / 55 cameras / 89 officers / ~25% of searches by three officers | Theft most common reason, then fugitives, drugs. Outside-agency count unclear from data. | KCUR, 'Lee's Summit restricts Flock data access by law enforcement after criticism from residents' (second-hand) |
| Liberty MO PD MO Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Dec 1, 2025 – Aug 10, 2026 (253 days; the last day of each month from December through July not covered) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 2,174 records | Case number: 543 (25.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Liberty MO PD (Dec 2025 – Aug 2026) (October 8, 2026) |
| Liberty MO PD MO Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Dec 1, 2025 – Aug 10, 2026 (253 days; the last day of each month from December through July not covered) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 7,131,712 records; 4,000 organisations | Case number: redacted on 3,087,585 records; blank on 4,044,127 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Liberty MO PD (Dec 2025 – Aug 2026) (October 8, 2026) |
| Liberty PD MO Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Dec 2025 to Apr 2026 | Network records with Flock's two immigration categories / agencies | 310 / 36 | 686 keyword matches, many unrelated (ice cream thefts, a pawn shop) | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Liberty MO PD (Dec 2025 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-08) |
| O'Fallon PD MO Released audit log - single FreeForm search scope | 2025-2026 | Devices / networks searched by FreeForm query 'jeans' | 41,054 devices / 2,707 networks | Footnote4a: Flock's FreeForm Free-For-All | |
| St. Charles County PD MO Flock audit tool review | 2026-01-01 onward | Employees with abnormal search pattern / cameras / other unauthorized patterns | 1 (fired; dept ending Flock) / 28 cameras (20 parks, 8 streets) / 0 | County averages 30-50 felony arrests a year via remaining non-Flock LPR vendor. | KCUR / St. Louis Public Radio, 'A Missouri police department axes Flock cameras after staffer's egregious misuse' (second-hand) |
| Apex PD NC Organization audit vs transparency portal; network audits of 70 other departments | 2025-07 to 2026-08-17 | Searches in 12 months / own searches Jun 1-Aug 17, 2026 / 30-day searches per org audit vs portal / federal searches reaching Apex cameras Jan-Apr 2026 / networks per search (Jul 2025 vs 2026) | at least 4,506 / 2,649 / 868 vs 144 / ~9,700 / 986 vs 6,896 | PUBLISHED 2026-08-20 (before window); 7 cameras; one search can reach 100,075 cameras | DeFlock Apex, 'What the Audit Log Reveals' (updated Aug 20, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Appalachian State University PD network NC Flock network audit (3 cameras in Boone) | 2026-03 to 2026-05 | Searches / agencies / share outside NC / Houston PD / Charlotte-Mecklenburg PD / median networks per lookup | 1,511,722 / 3,487 / 84% / 177,461 / 13,392 / ~6,000 | PUBLISHED 2026-08-11 (before window); contract $16,050 over 24 months | DeFlockILM, 'Appalachian State Flock Cameras: 3 Readers, 1.5M Searches' (Aug 11, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Asheville PD NC Quarterly ALPR audit cited by city | 2026-04 to 2026-06 | Searches (audit log entries) by Asheville police / share with stated reason / partner networks and cameras queried per search | over 2,700,000 / 100% / 1,800+ networks, 23,000 cameras | Police say one investigator search produces hundreds/thousands of audit-log 'hits'; council terminated 11-camera contract in August | WLOS, 'Asheville residents press police on 2.7M ALPR searches cited in audit' (Oct 23, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Brunswick County SO NC Organization audit (Have I Been Flocked dataset) analysed by DeFlockILM | 2023-02-07 to 2026-09-21 | Searches / operators / searches with no case number / searches with case number (unique cases) / distinct reason strings / 'Traffic Infraction' searches Jan-Jun 2026 | 83,232 (83,346 by Oct 2) / 96 / 75,004 (90.1%) / 8,228 (170 cases) / 866 (40 single-character) / 1,005 | One search reached 6,887 networks; 28 repeat-target patterns, e.g. one plate 418 times in 5 days Jun-Sep 2025 | DeFlockILM, Sep 7 and Oct 2, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Brunswick County SO NC Flock Account Event Log (sharing grants) | 2026-01-01 to 2026-08-31 | Grants of access / distinct outside agencies / outside North Carolina / grants incl. Search / Alerts / video (VMS) / Analytics | 388 / 355 / 353 (13+ states) / 238 / 223 / 140 / 80 | 13 shares deleted in same window | DeFlockILM, 'The County's Log Shows 388 Grants of Access' (Oct 20, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Brunswick County SO NC Flock Account Event Log (Audit Assistance flags) obtained by WECT/DeFlockILM | 2026-08-18 to 2026-08-31 | 'Needs Review' flags generated in 13 days / employees flagged / flags on one account / flags archived on Aug 31 / users with system access (before/after policy) | 145 / 17 / 65 / 145 / 79 to 49 | Audit Assistance enabled Aug 18 (day Lt. Little resigned); Little charged Oct 5-6 with six counts of ALPR misuse (WLOS reports 18 charges) | WECT Investigates (Oct 19 and Oct 22, 2026); DeFlockILM (Oct 2, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Buncombe County NC SO NC Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Mar 7, 2026 – Apr 7, 2026 (~1 month) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 1,048,575 records; 3,499 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Buncombe County NC SO (Apr 2026) (Apr 20, 2026) | |
| Buncombe County SO NC Released audit log (public records / portal), HIBF fields-seen page | period not stated on page | Records released by agency in one release | 1,046,194 | Fields: Networks Searched, Time Frame, Search Time, Search Type (network-audit style); page last updated 2026-11-02 | Have I Been Flocked agency page: Buncombe County NC SO - Fields Seen (second-hand) |
| Burlington PD / Asheville PD / Cabarrus County SO (pilot outcomes) NC SBI Final Report agency-reported outcomes | 2025-05 to 2026-06 (Burlington); pilot period | Burlington: cases cleared / cleared by arrest / stolen vehicles recovered / missing persons / firearms; Asheville: cases assisted / arrests / missing persons; Cabarrus: arrests | 177 / 111 / 62 / 11 / 6; 243 / 64 / 15; over 50 | Person County SO: >20 arrests; Ocean Isle Beach: 15 cases solved in 2026 | NC SBI Final Report, Sep 24, 2026 |
| Charlotte-Mecklenburg PD NC NC SBI charge for unauthorized Flock/plate search | 2026-06-16 | unauthorized searches charged | 1 | Officer Seth Elliot charged with illegally accessing a government computer | WBTV/WITN, 'Charlotte-Mecklenburg police officer accused of running illegal search using Flock Safety' |
| Columbus County SO / Pender County SO (own searches) NC Organization audits (Have I Been Flocked dataset) | 2025 (seven-month windows) | Columbus Co: searches / operators / max single-plate searches; Pender Co: searches / operators / max single-plate searches | 26,574 / 40 / 213 in 13 days; 7,059 / 26 / 362 over 108 days | DeFlockILM (Sep 7, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| Five NC agencies (aggregate) NC Network audits from five NC agencies, deduplicated | three-month windows, 2026 | Unique searches touching the five networks | 3,877,890 | 3,904 distinct searching agencies; about 90% of searches from out of state; two files truncated at Excel's row limit | DeFlock ILM methodology; data on Internet Archive |
| Hendersonville / Henderson County SO NC Sheriff's statement of outcomes | 2023 to 2026-08 | Cameras / missing persons found / stolen property recovered | 13 / 8 / $200,000+ | PUBLISHED 2026-08-18 (just before window); 30-day retention | Hendersonville Lightning, 'Sheriff defends use of Flock cameras' (Aug 18, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Kure Beach PD network NC Flock network and organization audits | five months, 2026 | Searches / organisations / share outside NC / own officers' searches / own searches coded 'Traffic Infraction' | 2,560,152 / 3,712 / 92.5% / 816 / 275 | Town of ~2,400 residents, 4 cameras | DeFlockILM, 'New Hanover's Flock Cameras, By the Numbers' (Sep 7, 2026, updated Nov 1) (second-hand) |
| New Hanover County SO NC County Flock 'Outcomes' log (released) vs network audit | 2025-11 to late 2026-08 (searches ~9.5 months); outcomes through 2026-09-08 | Searches of NHSO network / total logged outcomes / arrests / stolen vehicles recovered / guns recovered / drug seizures | 2,980,082 / 66 / 43 / 5 / 3 / 0 | ~1 arrest per 69,000 searches; contract cancelled 4-0 Sep 8, 2026; AC-HIDTA MOU effective Mar 20, 2025 | DeFlockILM, 'New Hanover Ships Your Plate Data to Three States and the Feds' (Sep 11, 2026) (second-hand) |
| New Hanover County SO (own outbound searches) NC Organization audit | 2024-11 to 2026-09 | Outbound searches by NHSO personnel / operator identities / share with case number / share with no reason / share with operator name redacted | 76,654 / 85 / ~6% / 23.6% / ~79% | Includes a Nov 22, 2025 search coded 'Protest'/'Intel' hours before a protest | DeFlockILM (Sep 6, 2026) (second-hand) |
| New Hanover County SO network NC Redacted network audit with searcher recovered by cross-matching other agencies' audits | 2025-01-23 to 2026-06-05 (~16 months) | Search records / recovered with single searching agency / distinct searching organisations / share outside NC / Houston PD / Dallas PD / searches per day | ~2,980,000 / ~2,820,000 (99.0%) / 4,600+ / ~94% / 75,000+ / 55,000+ / ~5,700 (NHSO ~13) | State shares: GA ~12%, TX ~11%, FL ~10%, NC ~6% | DeFlockILM, 'We Recovered the Searcher for About 96%' (Sep 6, 2026) (second-hand) |
| North Carolina (six agencies' network audits) NC Immigration-labelled searches of NC Flock cameras (Carolina Beach, Kure Beach, UNC Pembroke, NC A&T, Whiteville, Western Carolina audits) | 2026 (audit windows vary) | Distinct searches with immigration-naming reason / 'criminal immigration' / 'civil-administrative' / tagged 'I.C.E.' / top searchers | 2,698 / 1,901 / 833 / 219 / Florida Highway Patrol 377; Florida FWC 270; Sevierville TN PD 215 | Combined ~3.9M distinct searches, 12.4M search-to-camera exposures; Houston PD 315,285 NC searches, none immigration-labelled | DeFlockILM, 'Immigration Enforcement Is Searching North Carolina's Flock Cameras — 2,698 Times' (Sep 1, 2026) (second-hand) |
| North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI) NC SBI initial report on DOT right-of-way ALPR pilot (S.L. 2023-151 s.5(b)) to Joint Legislative Oversight Committees | 2025-07 to 2026-03-15 | Participating agencies / camera locations | 32 agencies; 250 cameras requested; 17 agencies installed 140 camera locations; 75 pending | 12 PDs, 19 sheriffs, SHP; 4 vendors | NCSBI Initial Report on the Pilot Program to Install ALPRs, Apr 7, 2026 |
| North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI) NC SBI initial pilot report, data table | 2025-07 to 2026-03-15 | Plates captured by agency | New Hanover Co SO 35,467,207 (19 cams); Burlington PD 31,539,172 (20); Raleigh PD 14,828,580 (3); Lenoir Co SO 13,921,672 (16); Harnett Co SO 11,756,666 (20); Hendersonville PD 7,881,515 (11); Columbus Co SO 6,846,282 (6); Wilkes 5,817,293; Asheville 5,452,647; Macon 4,660,138; McDowell 3,960,337; Cabarrus 3,177,959; Richmond 2,889,019; Franklin 1,903,965; Person 1,769,474; Ocean Isle 724,934; Randolph 111,576 (sum ~152.7M) | Sum computed by us; not stated in the report | NCSBI Initial Report Apr 7, 2026 |
| North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI) NC SBI initial pilot report | 2025-07 to 2026-03-15 | Data preserved beyond 90 days | 0 occasions | Raleigh 3 cameras generated 956 NCIC alerts (227 stolen vehicle) Jul 2025-Jan 2026; Burlington 71 arrests/citations, 37 stolen vehicles recovered | NCSBI Initial Report Apr 7, 2026 |
| North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI) NC SBI Final Report on ALPR pilot program to General Assembly | 2025-07 to 2026-06-30 | Participating agencies / readers requested / agencies that installed / installed camera locations / locations pending | 35 / 340 / 20 / 176 / 149 | Vendors: Flock, ELSAG, Motorola/Vigilant; program made permanent by SL 2026-41 | NC SBI Final Report, ALPR Pilot Program, Sep 24, 2026 |
| North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI) NC SBI Final Report, plates captured by agency through June 30, 2026 (full table) | 2025-07 to 2026-06-30 | Plates captured by agency (camera locations) | New Hanover SO 66,116,783 (19); Burlington PD 57,629,789 (20); Harnett SO 30,181,112 (20); Raleigh PD 24,191,886 (3); Lenoir SO 23,489,532 (16); NC SHP 19,953,376 (22); Hendersonville PD 17,687,414 (11); Brunswick SO 12,207,365 (8); Columbus SO 9,336,122 (6); Wilkes SO 9,206,167 (7); Asheville PD 8,138,331 (2); Cabarrus SO 7,871,995 (6); Macon SO 7,741,063 (5); McDowell SO 6,605,448 (5); Richmond SO 4,824,871 (5); UNC Charlotte PD 4,032,325 (6); Franklin SO 3,487,816 (5); Person SO 3,227,266 (4); Ocean Isle Beach PD 2,486,333 (2); Randolph SO 1,226,659 (4); sum 319,641,653 | Total not stated in report; sum computed (also by DeFlockILM). 0 occasions data preserved beyond 90 days. | NC SBI Final Report, Sep 24, 2026 |
| North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI) NC SBI final pilot report to lawmakers (Sept 24, 2026), via press | 2025-08 to 2026-07-01 | Scans by agency | New Hanover Co SO 66M+ (19 cameras); Burlington PD 57.6M; Brunswick Co 12.2M; Columbus Co 9.3M; Ocean Isle Beach 2.48M; 20 agencies participated | Primary final report not located online; SBI to report annually by March 1 | WECT Investigates, SBI report details license plate scan numbers (second-hand) |
| North Carolina (statewide reconstruction) NC DeFlockILM statewide reconstruction from 247 audit files in 13 states | 2025-2026 | Top in-state searchers (searches) / repeat-target patterns statewide / Burlington PD lookups coded 'Protest Intelligence' (Nov 21-22, 2025) | Raleigh 69,376; Robeson Co 53,562; Gastonia 46,385 / 1,100+ / ~60 | About 90% of searches on five full-release networks from outside NC | DeFlockILM (Sep 7, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Pender County SO network NC Flock network audit produced Oct 15, 2026 | 2026-06-01 to 2026-08-26 | Searches touching Pender cameras / agencies / out-of-state agencies / agencies with 1,000+ searches / max networks reached by one search | 2,101,548 / 3,591 / 3,386 (~94%) / 423 / 7,143 | Top: Louisville Metro 43,533; Texas DPS 38,857; Hillsborough Co FL 38,842; Jacksonville SO 34,021; SBI (top NC) 11,683. Reasons: drugs 120,840; wanted 111,292; MV theft 91,162; traffic infraction 83,346 | DeFlockILM, 'Pender Taxpayers Are Funding a Spy Network — for Texas' (Oct 17, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Surf City PD NC Shared-networks file (Sep 1, 2026) and transparency portal | 2026-09 | Organisations in sharing file / agencies Surf City shares out to / receives from / plate reads in 30 days / own searches in 30 days | 281 / 187 / 202 / 102,926 / 21 | Town of ~3,000; 31-day retention; five-year contract Nov 2023 | DeFlockILM, 'Surf City Has Run Flock Since 2023 — and Shares It With 187 Agencies' (Sep 18, 2026) (second-hand) |
| UNC Asheville PD network NC Flock network audit produced Sep 8, 2026 | 2026-03-01 to 2026-05-31 | Searches / agencies / share outside NC / share with no case number / median networks per search | 1,280,229 / 3,472 / ~79% / ~69% / 6,127 | Texas ~157,000; Georgia ~151,000; Florida ~127,000; Indiana ~88,000; SBI ~10,000; campus PD own: 39 'Traffic Infraction', 66 'City Planning/Traffic Analysis' | DeFlockILM, 'The Campus Cameras Asheville Didn't Cancel' (Sep 9, 2026) (second-hand) |
| UNC Charlotte PD network NC Flock network audits (three months) produced Jul 30, 2026 | 2026-03 to 2026-05 | Searches / agencies / share from outside NC / Houston PD searches / Charlotte-Mecklenburg PD searches / campus PD's own searches | 3,775,134 / 3,806 / ~94% / >183,000 / 13,733 / ~228 | Jul 31 post gave floor of 3,145,725 (Excel row cap); CMPD monthly 4,907/4,276/4,550 | DeFlockILM (Oct 17, 2026; Jul 31, 2026 post updated Nov 1) (second-hand) |
| UNC-Chapel Hill PD network NC Flock network audit (30-day) produced Oct 15, 2026 and organization audit | 2026-08-25 to 2026-09-24 (network); 2026-01-01 to 2026-09-25 (own) | Inbound searches / searching agencies / NC agencies among them / campus PD's own searches / cameras / plates scanned in 2026 | 206,411 / 2,450 / 0 / 622 / 23 / 17,000,000+ | Top: Houston PD 4,925; Coweta Co SO 4,281; Gwinnett Co SO 3,392; Fort Worth 2,962; DeSoto Co MS 2,338; Texas DPS 2,229; Kentucky State Police 2,145 | DeFlockILM, '206,411 Searches, Zero From North Carolina' (Oct 17, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Whiteville PD network NC Flock network audits (nine cameras) | 2026-04 to 2026-07 | Outside-agency searches / share from outside NC / outside agencies per month | 1,167,710 / 93-99.9% / 34 (April) rising to 2,800+ (July) | DeFlockILM, '83,232 Flock Searches. 90% Had No Case Number' (Sep 7, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| Winston-Salem State University PD / Western Carolina University PD / UNC Pembroke PD / NC A&T PD NC Flock network audits (campus networks) | 2026-05-30 to 2026-08-28 (WSSU); four months (WCU); three months (UNCP, NC A&T Mar-May 2026) | Searches of campus networks | WSSU 1,430,185 (~2,900 agencies/month, ~86% outside NC); WCU 15 (all own police); UNC Pembroke >1,500,000 by ~3,480 agencies (~285,000 from four Texas agencies, 10 cameras); NC A&T 1,390,776 by 3,487 agencies (16 cameras) | DeFlockILM (Sep 9 and Oct 17, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| Wrightsville Beach PD NC Early Flock audit (system live March 2026) | 2026-03 to 2026-09 | Officers found with access discrepancy / indicted | 1 / 1 (indicted Sep 8, 2026 under G.S. 20-183.31(b)) | SBI investigation opened Jul 16, 2026; officer no longer employed | WECT (Sep 8, 2026); Town of Wrightsville Beach press release Sep 8, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Fargo PD ND Flock transparency portal / search log (30 days) | 2026-05-31 to 2026-06-29 | Searches / unique vehicles detected / cameras / searches labeled terrorism | 490 / 377,190 / 21 LPR + 5 PTZ / 8 | Motor vehicle theft ~1 in 4 searches; dozens of searches hit ~5,900 networks (nationwide). | Valley News Live, '490 searches in 30 days: What Fargo PD's Flock camera data reveals' (second-hand) |
| Lincoln PD NE Statutory ALPR annual data report to NCC | 2024-02-09 to 2024-12-31 | NCIC confirmed / non-correlated matches | 79 confirmed; 789 non-correlated; 647 manual entries (26 confirmed, 32 non-correlated) | Lincoln PD 2024 ALPR Data Collection Document (NCC) (second-hand) | |
| Nebraska State Patrol NE Statutory ALPR annual data report to NCC | CY2025 | Confirmed / non-correlated matches by source | NCIC 78/3; NCJIS 21/0; Outside System 9/0; manual entries 721 (159 confirmed) | NSP 2025 ALPR Data Collection (NCC) | |
| Omaha PD NE Statutory ALPR annual data report to NCC | 2024-06-01 to 2025-06-01 | NCIC confirmed / non-correlated matches | 1,010 confirmed; 1,264 non-correlated | Prior year (6/1/23-6/1/24): 48 confirmed, 144 non-correlated, 23 manual entries | Omaha PD ALPR Report 6-1-24 to 6-1-25 (NCC) |
| Omaha PD NE Statutory ALPR Privacy Act annual data report to Nebraska Crime Commission (Neb. Rev. Stat. 60-3206(3)(a)) | 2025-06-01 to 2026-05-31 | NCIC confirmed / non-correlated matches | 3,321 confirmed; 118 non-correlated; manual entries 166 (24 confirmed) | Form reports matches only, not reads | Omaha PD ALPR Report 6-1-25 to 5-31-26 (NCC) |
| Sarpy County SO NE Statutory ALPR annual data report to NCC | CY2025 | Confirmed / non-correlated matches | Flock 12,798 confirmed, 145 non-correlated; Motorola 38/0 | Sarpy SO ALPR Data Collection 2025 (NCC) | |
| New Brunswick NJ PD NJ Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 5 – Sep 15, 2026, UTC (about 8.5 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 970 records | Case number: redacted on all 970 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: New Brunswick NJ PD (Jan–Sep 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| New Jersey (statewide) NJ Statutory annual audit, AG Directive 2022-12 | CY2023 | Agencies certifying ALPR audits | 517 | Two significant violations (protocol lapses), neither search unjustified | NJ OAG / NJSP 2023 ALPR audit via The Observer (16 Jul 2024) |
| New Jersey (statewide) NJ Statutory annual audit | CY2024 | Agencies certifying ALPR audits | 523 | Two significant violations, both untrained authorised users; no data misuse reported | NJ OAG via WRNJ (28 Jul 2025) |
| New Jersey (statewide) NJ Statutory annual audit | CY2025 | Agencies certifying ALPR audits | 523 | Of about 530 agencies; no significant violations reported; retention three years under the directive | NJSP ALPR Program page; Philadelphia Inquirer (14 Sep 2026) |
| City of Las Vegas (Marshals/City) NV Flock transparency portal | 30 days to 2026-02 | Plate reads / cameras / searches | about 185,000 / 22 / 5 | City of Las Vegas dashboard, distinct from LVMPD. | The Nevada Independent, 'Vegas police are big users of license plate readers...' (second-hand) |
| Las Vegas Metropolitan PD NV HaveIBeenFlocked audit-log compilation / fiscal affairs minutes | late 2023 to 2026-02 | LVMPD Flock searches (HIBF) / cameras / private donations | more than 23,000 / ~200 cameras / $1.9M + $2.47M (Horowitz Family Foundation) | Cameras donated, not bought with public funds; 30-day retention per 2023 agreement. | The Nevada Independent, 'Vegas police are big users of license plate readers; public has little input because it's a gift' (second-hand) |
| Beacon PD NY Flock audit log posted by HaveIBeenFlocked (STOP/LatinoJustice report) | 2023-04 to 2026-07 | Searches logged / share with no reason or only a number | 9,917 / 21% | Vague reasons: BOLO 1,548; 'investigation' 648; 'assist agency' 444; 'test' 151. Department shares with ~400 departments; 7 cameras. | The Highlands Current, 'Beacon Chief: Flock Report Wrong' (second-hand) |
| Beacon PD NY Flock audit log posted by HaveIBeenFlocked | 2023-04 to 2026-07 | Searches with specific reasons (selected) | hit-and-run 709; vehicle theft 412; missing person 311; larceny 259; shots fired 250; sex offenses 221; fugitives 159; homicides 29 | One 2026-03-03 search logged 'civil/administrative immigration'; chief says dispatcher typo. | The Highlands Current, 'Beacon Chief: Flock Report Wrong' (second-hand) |
| Buffalo PD NY Flock search records obtained by Investigative Post | 17 months to mid-2026 | Searches by two Buffalo officers | more than 3,800 | Buffalo says its Genetec cameras (114 listed) are not on the broader Flock network. | Investigative Post, 'License plate readers are everywhere in WNY' (second-hand) |
| Cheektowaga NY PD NY Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 5, 2026 (17 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 39,762 records | Case number: 2,896 (7.3%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Cheektowaga NY PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (August 5, 2026) |
| Cheektowaga NY PD NY Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 5, 2026 (17 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 14,127,161 records; 5,199 organisations | Case number: 3,652,150 (25.9%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Cheektowaga NY PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (August 5, 2026) |
| Cheektowaga PD NY Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2025 to 5 Jun 2026 | Own searches with a case number / network searches with a case number / Houston PD share of network searches | 7.3% / 25.9% / 6.9% | 14,127,161 network records from 5,199 agencies; 39,762 own searches; single-character reasons such as '.', 's', 'd' | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Cheektowaga NY PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (2026-08-05) |
| Cheektowaga PD / Amherst PD / Kenmore PD / Buffalo State PD NY Flock sharing settings reported | 2026-07 | Sharing partners / networks accessible | Cheektowaga shares with 170 agencies, accesses 600+ networks; Amherst shares with 114 NY depts; Kenmore accesses 603 jurisdictions; Buffalo State 982 | Erie County had 291 cameras per DeFlock; reporters verified 226. | Investigative Post, 'License plate readers are everywhere in WNY' (second-hand) |
| Cheektowaga, Tonawanda, Amherst, Hamburg and one other town (five WNY towns) NY Flock transparency portal / records (one month) | one month, mid-2026 | Plates captured per town / collective searches | 300,000 to 500,000 plates captured each; 1,500 searches collectively | Five towns with Flock; camera counts Cheektowaga 31, Tonawanda 13, Amherst 17, Hamburg 4. | Investigative Post, 'License plate readers are everywhere in WNY' (second-hand) |
| Dutchess County (Real Time Crime Center) NY Flock transparency portal (one month) | month to 2026-08-26 | Vehicles recorded / hits / RTCC searches | 712,878 / 82,199 / 246 | 65 Flock-tied LPRs plus 348 other cameras; Dutchess in Flock transparency program. | The Highlands Current, 'Beacon Chief: Flock Report Wrong' (second-hand) |
| East Hampton Village PD / Suffolk County SO NY Police statements on Flock program | 2025-04 to 2025-12 | Arrests aided by village Flock cameras / Suffolk County cameras / retention | 70 arrests (mostly unlicensed drivers); Suffolk 25-camera pilot expanded to 60+; 30-day retention | East Hampton Village has 14 cameras (10 foundation-funded, 4 county). | East Hampton Star, 'They Know When You've Been Bad or Good' (second-hand) |
| New York City PD NY Flock audit logs compiled by HaveIBeenFlocked (STOP/LatinoJustice analysis) | 2023-03 to 2025-12 | NYPD accesses of Flock database despite no Flock contract | 1,710 | Many search purposes unspecified; data via HaveIBeenFlocked public-records compilation. | Washington Examiner, 'NYPD officers accessed Flock data in over 1,000 searches despite not having a contract' (second-hand) |
| New York City PD NY POST Act impact-and-use policy (statutory disclosure) | as of 2026-02-04 | LPR data retention period | 5 years | Policy gives no counts of cameras, reads, searches or hits; only retention and process terms. | NYPD, License Plate Readers Impact and Use Policy (POST Act), updated 2026-02-04 |
| Putnam County SO NY Sheriff's statement on non-Flock LPRs | 2026-01-01 to 2026-08-11 | Alerts generated / vehicles / retention | 808 alerts on 250 vehicles; 21 readers; 2-year retention | Readers not connected to Flock. | The Highlands Current, 'Beacon Chief: Flock Report Wrong' (second-hand) |
| Syracuse PD NY Police statements on Flock network audit figures (Surveillance Technology Working Group context) | 2024-06 to 2025-06 | Outside-agency searches that included Syracuse Flock data | 4,400,000 | 'nearly 4.4 million'; fewer than 500 searched only Syracuse's database; 2,097 labeled immigration-related; SPD officers searched network ~15,000 times; figures from SPD spokesperson, audit not published | Central Current (second-hand) |
| Syracuse PD NY Police statements on Flock network audit - immigration | 2024-06 to 2025-06 | Outside-agency searches labeled immigration-related | 2,097 | Of ~4.4M network searches | Central Current (second-hand) |
| Tonawanda NY NY Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 2025 – Feb 2026 (14 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 6,465 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Tonawanda NY (Mar 2026) (March 20, 2026) | |
| Tonawanda NY NY Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 2025 – Feb 2026 (14 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 4,814,225 records | Have I Been Flocked data update: Tonawanda NY (Mar 2026) (March 20, 2026) | |
| Tonawanda PD NY Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2025 to Feb 2026 | Records matching immigration terms / Florida Highway Patrol / 'ERO' mentions / test-reason records / weekly network volume before and after Nov 2025 | about 2,329 / 472 / 242 / 17,883 / about 96,000 to under 3,000 | Lowndes County GA SO 424, Jacksonville FL SO 166 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Tonawanda NY (Mar 2026) (2026-03-20) |
| Troy PD NY Police 60-day Flock audit released to City Council | 60-day audit period (spring-summer 2026) | Flock searches by Troy PD | 826 | Tied to 81 cases; 30 cases led to arrest/investigation/recovery; 26 cameras ($78,000/yr); 30-day retention | WAMC, 'Rollout of Troy Flock camera audit leads to arguments' (second-hand) |
| West Seneca PD NY Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jul 2024 to Jul 2026 | Own searches / network searches / organisations / own case-number share / network case-number share | 17,767 / 15,849,795 / 5,395 / 20.5% / 24.3% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: West Seneca NY PD (Jul 2024 – Jul 2026) (2026-08-23) | |
| Westchester County PD NY Umemoto v. Westchester - county ALPR database (complaint allegations) | 2023 to 2026 | Vehicle reads in WCPD database / reads collected in 2024 / cameras / outside agencies with access / retention | approx. 1.6 billion / 264,303,687 / roughly 575 / at least 55 (incl. ICE, FBI, DEA) / at least two years | NYCLU release: more than 99% of 2024 recordings unrelated to any suspected crime; plaintiff Lora Nelson's vehicle captured 2,400+ times, another plaintiff 1,134 times (Insurance Journal/AP). | Policing Project (NYU) / NYCLU / Knight Institute - Umemoto v. Westchester County (class action complaint filed 2026-06-09) |
| Westchester County PD NY Umemoto v. Westchester - plaintiffs' captures | 2023 to 2026 | Times plaintiffs' vehicles captured | Lora Nelson more than 2,400; another plaintiff 1,134 | Insurance Journal (AP) - Motorists Sue NY County Over 1.6 Billion License Plate Scans | |
| Western New York (20 Erie/Niagara agencies) NY Flock search records obtained by Investigative Post | 2025-01 to 2026-06 | Flock network searches by 20 WNY departments | more than 218,000 | Series on WNY readers; 20 agencies in Erie and Niagara counties have readers or search Flock. | Investigative Post, 'License plate readers are everywhere in WNY' (second-hand) |
| Cleveland Heights OH PD OH Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Aug 17, 2021 – Sep 2, 2026 (56 monthly files; 6 months missing) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 83,863 records | Case number: 1,091 (1.3%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Cleveland Heights OH PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Cleveland Heights PD / City of Cleveland OH Newly released Flock audit logs (cleveland.com analysis) | one year to mid-2026 | immigration-related searches across Cleveland Heights' 20 cameras | 1783 (≈300 from Grant County WA) | Cleveland city logs: nearly 250 outside searches citing ICE/Border Patrol/Homeland Security (Houston PD, Dallas PD, CHP); 160+ immigration searches in a 30-day window after safeguards; numbers read via a Gadget Review summary of the cleveland.com report | cleveland.com, 'Newly released records show nearly 2,000 immigration and ICE searches on Cleveland's Flock cameras' (via Gadget Review 2026-07-08) (second-hand) |
| Cleveland Metropolitan School District OH District Flock audit (dated Sep 30, 2026) of 201 readers at 62 schools | to 2026-07-07 (cut-off of outside access); 2026-07 | Outside-agency searches of district data (not closely examined) / from out of state / outside agencies that searched / approved by a named administrator / July police searches vs district staff | 130,184 / 70,000+ / 500+ / 341 / 8,984 vs 44 | $603,000/yr contract (~$5.57 per search); district ended contract Oct 26, 2026 | Signal Cleveland, 'CMSD Flock searches largely unexamined, audit shows' (Oct 26, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Columbus Division of Police OH City-commissioned audit of all searches run through CPD Flock network (local, state, federal) | 2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30 | total searches examined | 19,664,308 | 'nearly 19.7 million' searches by local, state and federal agencies Article is internally inconsistent on one figure (15,577 appears once as an ICE count); ICE ran zero searches per the audit. | WSYX ABC6, 'Audit finds ICE ran zero searches on CPD Flock camera network over 2.5 years' |
| Columbus Division of Police OH City audit of CPD Flock network searches | 2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30 | searches by ICE | 0 | ICE did not directly access Columbus cameras | WSYX ABC6 |
| Columbus Division of Police OH City audit of CPD Flock network searches | 2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30 | searches by U.S. Border Patrol and HSI | 3,962 | of which 657 had a possible immigration-related reason | WSYX ABC6 |
| Columbus Division of Police OH City audit of CPD Flock network searches | 2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30 | searches by other federal agencies | 79,236 | various investigative purposes | WSYX ABC6 |
| Columbus Division of Police OH City audit of CPD Flock network searches | 2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30 | searches with possible immigration-related reason | 15,577 | <0.1% of total; keyword match on ICE, Border Patrol, Homeland Security, removals, detention, immigration statutes; only 20 originated from Columbus police | WSYX ABC6; Ideastream/WOSU 2026-07-11 |
| Columbus Division of Police OH City audit of CPD Flock network searches | 2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30 | possible immigration-related searches originating from Columbus police | 20 | Ideastream/WOSU, 'Ginther orders Columbus police to stop statewide sharing of Flock cameras after audit release' | |
| Columbus Division of Police OH City audit of CPD Flock network searches (as summarized by Matter News) | 2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30 | possibly immigration-related searches by 287(g) agencies | 608 | of CPD's 20 own immigration-related searches, all but 6 were general assistance to HSI; transparency portal: 346 one-to-one sharing departments, 77 give-only, 138 receive-only | Matter News, 'Local Politics: A rundown of what the Flock is going on' (second-hand) |
| Columbus Division of Police OH Internal misuse investigations of officers' Flock searches | 2023-2024 (Tellis); 2026 second case | officers investigated for Flock misuse | 2 | Officer Melvin Tellis allegedly searched one plate hundreds of times over 12 months; second officer (32-yr veteran) relieved of duty Sept 2026 | NBC4 WCMH, 'Columbus police investigate another officer over alleged Flock camera misuse' |
| Dayton PD OH Flock audit logs released by city after public records dispute (Dayton Daily News analysis) | 2023-07 to 2026-06 | outside-agency immigration-related accesses of Dayton camera data | 7150 (2023: 22; 2024: 1,024; 2025: 6,104) | 143 agencies; July 2025 alone 1,530; ~70% of 2025 searches June-Aug; 72 fixed cameras; city's 2024 surveillance report had claimed internal audit 'found no violations' | Dayton Daily News (tncms asset) |
| Dayton PD OH Flock audit logs released by city (Dayton Daily News analysis) | 2023-07 to 2026-06 | searches with reason 'ICE' only / U.S. Border Patrol access requests | 1776 'ICE'; 443 other immigration terms; 3,703 Border Patrol | Border Patrol more than half of immigration-related accesses; Montgomery County SO 4, Butler County SO 6, Franklin County 9 | Dayton Daily News |
| Dayton PD OH Flock audit records (via Montgomery County SO records request) | 2026-07 and 2026-08 | Dayton officers' searches of outside agencies' Flock networks (while city program suspended) | July ~1,400; August 2,100+ | Dayton Daily News, 'Dayton cops still search outside Flock networks as city program suspended' (Oct 26, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| Delhi Township PD OH EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - school residency checks | spring 2025 (three months) | Delhi Township PD searches tied to students at five schools | 35 | EFF - More License Plate Reader Mission Creep | |
| Franklin County SO OH Discipline after Flock camera audit | 2026-10 | Suspension | 30 days unpaid, removed from patrol | Country Herald, 'Franklin County, OH: Deputy Suspended 30 Days After Flock Camera Audit' (Oct 30, 2026) (second-hand) | |
| Highland Heights PD OH Highland Heights PD internal investigation / HaveIBeenFlocked records | 2024-10-24 to 2025-11-22 | Searches by one part-time dispatcher / most-searched single plate / second most active user | 20,292 / 5,369 / 930 (17 months) | Dispatcher resigned; prosecutor reviewing; all users now face mandatory monthly audit. | KY3 - Dispatcher resigns over Flock camera misuse as data shows single user made more than 20,000 searches (second-hand) |
| Highland Heights PD / Joplin PD OH Washington Post review of audit logs | Joplin: 13 months | Highland Heights officer: plates searched >1,000 times each / Joplin officer: plates searched >900 times | 5 plates / 2 plates | PUBLISHED 2026-08-19; both departments said they did not regularly audit | Washington Post (via Spokesman-Review), Aug 19, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Lucas County (Toledo area) Flock network OH County commissioner's Flock audit (one month) | 2026-06 to 2026-07 | Outside-agency searches of local data / agencies / searches from Texas | more than 900,000 / about 3,200 / more than 90,000 | Houston PD 71,000+; Texas DPS 13,000+; Harris County SO 10,000+ (per KTRK). | WTVG 13abc, 'Lucas County Flock data searches likely tied to national database option, Texas sheriff's office says' (second-hand) |
| Reynoldsburg PD OH Officer resignations over possible Flock misuse | 2026 | officers resigned | 2 | NBC4 WCMH, 'How central Ohio law enforcement shares Flock camera data' | |
| Shaker Heights PD OH City review of Flock network audit (searches of Shaker Heights data by outside jurisdictions) | 2026-01, 2026-03, 2026-04 | searches with 'immigration' typed / total searches reviewed | 273 of 694,589 (~0.04%) | all 273 by outside jurisdictions; city opted into Flock feature prohibiting 'immigration' searches; cleveland.com reported 'immigration' 282 / 'I.C.E.' 32 and 693,573 outside vs 1,016 local searches | City of Shaker Heights news release |
| Sharonville PD (Lt. Walter Cordes) OH Indictment following June 2026 department audit | 2024-12-19 to 2026-04-20 | Searches charged / counts | 29 / 1 fifth-degree felony (indicted Oct 13, 2026) | Secondary source; ~1.8 searches/month | The Auto Wire, 'An Ohio Lieutenant Got Indicted Over 29 Flock Searches' (Oct 18, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Ardmore OK PD OK Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1, 2025 – Jun 10, 2026 (about 12 months) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 7,794 records | Case number: 942 (12.1%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Ardmore OK PD (Jun 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Ardmore OK PD OK Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 30, 2025 – Jun 10, 2026, with gaps (see below) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 71,327 records; 80 organisations | Case number: redacted on 22,850 records; blank on the rest | Have I Been Flocked data update: Ardmore OK PD (Jun 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| Ardmore PD OK Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jun 2025 to Jun 2026 | Own searches as share of network searches / outside agencies / immigration-related network records | 4.5% (3,182) / 79 / 37 | Tulsa OK PD entered 23 of the immigration records ('PER HSI'); Tulsa ran 16 searches citing a protest on 18 Aug 2025 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Ardmore OK PD (Jun 2025 – Jun 2026) (2026-10-03) |
| Oklahoma City PD OK City Flock usage page / council renewal | 2023 to 2026-08-18 | Flock readers owned / law-enforcement partners with access / retention / stolen vehicles recovered | 90 / 109 / 7 days / 1,280 | Also cites 402 aggravated assaults, 259 robberies, 210 missing persons, 60 murders solved with LPR role; $270,000 renewal to June 2027. | City of Oklahoma City, 'Flock Safety license plate reader (LPR) usage in Oklahoma City' |
| Oklahoma City PD OK Internal investigation | 2024-12 to 2025-04 | Officer misuse instances / discipline | 2 instances; Sgt. Heskett: 3-day suspension, Class Three reprimand, 1-year probation | Of five agencies asked, only Jenks provided audit logs; OKC did not. | FOX 25 (KOKH), 'Misuse cases spur new questions over audit trails for Flock plate cameras in Oklahoma' (second-hand) |
| Pryor Creek PD OK Audit log obtained by a local publisher | Jan–Aug 2026 | Searches | 2,283 | 83% without a case number; 83 nationwide searches, 29 labelled traffic infraction; not independently verified | The Sooner Sentinel (30 Oct 2026) |
| Tulsa County SO / Flock national network (U.S. v. Kyle, N.D. Okla.) OK Federal court suppression ruling (Judge Sara Hill); audit logs viewed by 404 Media | 2026 (one month of records) | Records of defendant's vehicle returned by one search / warrantless searches of Flock system per month (audit logs) | more than 50 / more than 100,000 | Ruling Oct 1-2, 2026 found search unconstitutional 'indiscriminate mass surveillance' | 404 Media, 'Federal Judge Rules a Flock Search Was Indiscriminate Mass Surveillance' (Oct 2, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Bend PD OR Flock audit records (~170,000 records) obtained by Oregon Law Center via public records; pilot with National Lookup on | 2025-06-04 to 2025-06-25 (first three weeks) | queries by federal immigration officials / on behalf of ICE-CBP-HSI | 279 (118 CBP direct; 161 out-of-state agencies on behalf of ICE/CBP/HSI) | 4 cameras; National Lookup turned off June 25, 2025; cameras shut off Jan 7, 2026 | The Source Weekly (Bend), 'Federal Immigration Officials Made 279 Queries into Bend's Flock Safety Data in its First Three Weeks' |
| Eugene PD OR Released Flock audit logs analyzed by Register-Guard | 2025-05 to 2025-06 | nationwide searches by U.S. Border Patrol / Homeland Security including Eugene | 19 (May); 197 (June) | Eugene opted out of national lookup July 1, 2025; Johnson County TX SO May 9 search cited woman who 'had an abortion'; last out-of-state searches June 26 from Jacksonville FL SO | The Register-Guard (via AOL), 'Medford PD searched Eugene's Flock data. The reason? hehehe' (second-hand) |
| Marion County SO OR Monthly ALPR public report under SB 1516 | 2026-07 | Plates captured / alerts / searches (Rekor) | 2,939,765 plates; 4,684 alerts; 1,201 searches; Axon 0 searches | MCSO ALPR Monthly Report July 2026 | |
| Marion County SO OR Monthly ALPR public report required under Oregon SB 1516 (2026) | 2026-08 | Plates captured / alerts / searches (Rekor) | 3,067,076 plates; 4,998 alerts; 1,099 searches; 11 cameras; 87 authorized users; Axon: 7 cameras, 12 users, 17 searches | 4 Oregon agencies with access to Rekor data (Keizer, Monmouth, Newberg-Dundee, Salem PD); Axon none | MCSO ALPR Monthly Report August 2026 |
| Roseburg PD / Klamath Falls PD / Josephine County SO / Albany PD (Oregon Law Center table) OR Oregon Law Center legislative testimony tabulating federal-immigration searches in Oregon agencies' Flock audits | 2025-06 and 2025-11/12 | June 2025 Border Patrol searches (Roseburg) / ICE searches (Klamath Falls) | Roseburg 630 BP; Klamath Falls 261 ICE; Eugene 197 BP | Bend 118 BP/82 ICE/22 CBP/57 HSI; Nov-Dec 2025 USMS searches: Klamath Falls 285, Josephine 161, Albany 120, Roseburg 103; secondary table, treat with care | Oregon Law Center testimony, SB 1516 (2026 session) (second-hand) |
| searched by Medford PD OR Released Flock audit logs, reason-field quality | 2025-09 | searches with reason 'Hehehe' (Medford PD) / 'investigation' | 20 'Hehehe'; 111 'investigation' | The Register-Guard (via AOL) (second-hand) | |
| Winston PD OR Monthly ALPR report (Oregon SB 1516) | 2026-07 | Unique vehicles captured / searches of captured data / alerts / authorized users / cameras / devices accessed | 81,941 / 26,042 / 3 / 22 / 5 stationary / 420 | 25 agencies listed with access. | City of Winston Police Department, ALPR monthly report July 2026 |
| Woodburn PD OR City audit of Flock network audit logs | 2025-01 to 2025-11 | total searches touching Woodburn network / agencies | 3.3M+ searches by 4,734 agencies | 99.99% not targeting Woodburn exclusively; 306 searches uniquely targeted Woodburn cameras (Woodburn, Eugene, Springfield PDs); 24 cameras | Woodburn Independent, 'Border Patrol, DHS accessed Woodburn Flock camera data, city audit shows' |
| Woodburn PD OR City audit of Flock network audit logs | 2025-01-23 to 2025-07-09 | out-of-state immigration-related searches including Woodburn data | 261 | by city police/sheriffs as far as Florida, Wisconsin, Michigan | Woodburn Independent |
| Woodburn PD OR City audit of Flock network audit logs | 2025-03-10 to 2025-06-23 | searches by DHS and U.S. Border Patrol | 384 (DHS 175; USBP 209) | 0.18% of all searches by federal agencies; each federal search spanned ~6,000 networks / ~80,000 cameras; pilot ended ~June 24, 2025 | Woodburn Independent |
| Woodburn PD OR City audit of Flock use effectiveness | 8-month operating period 2025 | investigations using Flock / outcomes | 354 of 1,910 investigations; 16 arrests; 9 stolen vehicles recovered | fewer than half had documented outcomes; of those, data 'contributed' ~70% | Woodburn Independent |
| New Castle PD PA Released Flock event log (Right-to-Know; files on MuckRock) | 2023-06-28 to 2026-04-27 | Plate entries added to 7 officers' private hotlists | 99 | 95 with no case number; 28 set never to expire; 4 with case number | Footnote4a: New Castle, PA put Flock in its only Majority-Minority Neighborhood |
| New Castle PD PA Released Flock event log | 2023-06-28 to 2026-04-27 | Network shares of NCPD camera data logged | 300+ | 100+ named PA/OH agencies received feed or hotlist access | Footnote4a: New Castle, PA put Flock in its only Majority-Minority Neighborhood |
| New Castle PD PA Released live-view access log | 2023-06-28 to 2026-04-27 | Recorded accesses to park PTZ camera | 77 | All early-morning accesses by two officers | Footnote4a: New Castle, PA put Flock in its only Majority-Minority Neighborhood |
| New Castle PD PA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | to May 2026 | Houston PD share of 9.6 million searches on New Castle's cameras / immigration-reason searches | 14.4% / 7,851 | Texas agencies together nearly 18% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (2026-05-09) |
| New Castle PD (network audit) PA Flock network audit records (36 months) | 2024-01 to 2026-06 | Search records in audit / NCPD users' own searches | more than 11 million / just over 10,000 | More than four in five searches listed no case number; nearly one in five used vague reasons ('sus','atl','cj'); about 36,000 labeled 'test'. | Sharon Herald / CNHI, 'Pa. lawmakers propose guardrails on automatic license plate cameras as backlash grows' (second-hand) |
| New Castle PD (network audit) PA Flock network audit records (36 months) | 2024-01 to 2026-06 | Searches labeled 'test' / share without case number / share with vague reasons | about 36,000 / more than 4 in 5 / nearly 1 in 5 | Same 11M-record audit. | Sharon Herald / CNHI, 'Pa. lawmakers propose guardrails...' (second-hand) |
| Philadelphia PD PA Department disclosure to press | fall 2024 to 2026-01 | Plates scanned by ~100 fixed ALPRs / retention / readers added | about 25 million scanned by January 2026; 1-year retention; 600+ vehicle readers added 2026 (700+ total, $5M grants) | PPD says no validated department-wide statistics on hits/arrests ready for release; says no third-party data feeds. | Philadelphia Tribune, 'Special Report: Philadelphia scanned 25 million license plates...' (second-hand) |
| Pittsburgh (Office of Public Safety Technology) PA City statements on non-Flock ALPRs | 2026-09 | Retention / misuse on record / ICE footage | 10 days; 0 misuses on record; no footage to ICE in last 18 months | Pittsburgh uses Axis, Hanwha, Bosch ALPRs since 2006; no Flock contract. | PublicSource, 'Pittsburgh doesn't use Flock cameras, but license plate readers are already here' (second-hand) |
| Providence PD RI Monthly Flock report to City Council | 2023-03-01 to 2023-03-30 | Plates/partial plates searched / hits generated / cases investigated or assisted | 6 / 290 / 5 | Earlier Dec-Feb report was four sentences long. | WPRI, 'Police sending monthly Flock camera reports to Providence city councilors' (second-hand) |
| Providence PD RI Monthly Flock report to City Council | 2023-03-31 to 2023-04-29 | Plates/partial plates searched / hits generated / cases investigated or assisted | 464 / 240 / 79 | No arrest data in reports. | WPRI, 'Police sending monthly Flock camera reports to Providence city councilors' (second-hand) |
| Providence PD RI Police statements to Boston Globe | 2026-10 | Users with access / monthly random spot-check sample / outside departments with access / retention | 46 (~10% of force) / 10 searches per month / 9 / 30 days | No misuse reported; contract ends May 2027; council advancing ban. | Boston Globe, 'Providence police chief defends Flock cameras as council moves toward ban' (second-hand) |
| Providence PD RI Department ALPR page | as of 2026 | Flock cameras / authorized users / MOU partner agencies | 60 / 45 / 9 (all in RI) | Homicide clearance 66% (2012-21) vs 83% (2022-26); dept says Flock alone did not cause increase. | Providence Police Department, 'Automated License Plate Readers' |
| Bluffton PD SC Released organisation audit log | 2024-12 to 2025-11 (12 months) | Organisation audit records | 4,966 | Have I Been Flocked: South Carolina, January 2026 | |
| Colleton County SO SC Internal audit of Flock use; second lieutenant fired | 2026 (not stated) | unauthorized searches by Lt. Kevin Smalls | 62 | terminated Aug 31, 2026; SLED asked to investigate; separate from the 2,700-search lieutenant | WRDW, 'Another S.C. lieutenant fired over Flock camera misuse' |
| Colleton County SO SC Internal audit | one year to Aug 2026 | Unauthorised searches by one lieutenant | 2,700+ | On 14 people including himself, colleagues and former associates; fired, SLED investigating; deputies' direct access removed | Live 5 News (20 Aug 2026) |
| Florence PD SC Released network audit log | 2025-10 to 2025-11 | Network audit records | 952,902 | Partial logs (columns removed) | Have I Been Flocked: South Carolina, January 2026 |
| Florence PD SC Released organisation audit log | 2025-10 to 2025-11 | Organisation audit records | 1,188 | Have I Been Flocked: South Carolina, January 2026 | |
| Greer PD, Greenville County SO, Mauldin PD, Sumter PD, Colleton County SO SC SLED investigations into Flock misuse following agency audits | 2026-07 to 2026-08 | officers/employees terminated for Flock misuse (named) | 5 | Lynch & Echeverry (Greer), Mann & Wilkinson (GCSO), Hammond (Mauldin); 5 agencies requested SLED probes | FOX Carolina, 'TIMELINE: SLED investigates allegations of FLOCK misuse against Upstate officers' (second-hand) |
| Mauldin PD SC Agency review of officer's Flock searches; SLED investigation | 2026-03 to 2026-07 | Flock searches by one officer to track ex-partner's vehicle | 166 | Officer Ellie Hammond terminated Aug 3, 2026; no charges as of Aug 14 | FOX Carolina, 'Mauldin officer accused of using FLOCK cameras over 160 times to track ex' |
| SC Department of Public Safety SC Released organisation audit log | 2024-06 to 2025-11 (18 months) | Organisation audit records | 6,853 | Have I Been Flocked: South Carolina, January 2026 | |
| Bradley County SO / Cleveland PD / Dayton PD / McMinn County SO (Tennessee) TN Agency audits/records produced to Local 3 News (Motorola ALPR systems) | 2025-09 to 2026-09 | Searches / top reason shares | Bradley Co SO 14,379 (38% uncategorized, 22% theft, 14% warrants; 11 cameras at 7 sites); Cleveland PD 873 (31% theft); Dayton PD 721 (25% wanted persons, 11% stalking); McMinn Co SO 88 (52% narcotics; 8 readers) | Collegedale PD: 34 positive cases Sep 2025-Sep 2026 (13 theft) | Local 3 News, 'How local law enforcement are using Flock, ALPR technology' (Oct 27, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Chattanooga PD / Hamilton County SO TN Council briefing | 2026-09 | CPD Motorola readers / retention change / HCSO readers paused | 41 / 90 to 30 days / 70 Flock and Motorola readers | CPD says none of its cameras connect to Flock. | NewsChannel 9, 'Chief tells Chattanooga council CPD uses Motorola plate readers with safeguards, not Flock' (second-hand) |
| Metro Nashville PD (LPR pilot) TN Six-month LPR pilot data (MNPD dashboard / council analyses) | 2023-01 to 2023-07-22 | Plates scanned / verified hits / verified hits with no arrest / arrests | 71 million+ / 1,316 / 1,253 (>95%) / 63 per MNPD dashboard (112 claimed by councilmember) | About 6% of verified hits enabled a vehicle recovery; unhoused people 8.57% of arrests (~40x population share); 16 stops and 7 searches without arrest. | Nashville Scene, 'Council Hears Competing Analyses of Police Surveillance Program' (second-hand) |
| Shelby County SO TN Flock transparency portal | 30 days to 2026-08-19 | Plates read / LPR and other cameras / retention | 905,225 / 178 / 30 days | Memphis PD says it keeps no count of Flock cameras in the city; DeFlock maps 600+. | Memphis Flyer, 'What the Flock?' (second-hand) |
| Whitson v. Flock plaintiff (Wartburg TN) TN Whitson v. Flock complaint - plaintiff's own Flock exposure | 2026 | Networks in which plaintiff's plate was queried | 5,675 | Whitson v. Flock Group Inc., N.D. Ga. putative class action complaint (second-hand) | |
| Alvin ISD (school district cameras) TX Flock network audit logs from six Texas school districts obtained by The 74 | 2025-12 to 2026-01 (one month) | searches of district cameras / agencies | 733,000+ searches by 3,100+ agencies | 8 cameras; 620 immigration-related searches by 30 agencies, 3 of top-10 in 287(g); civil immigration searches >2x criminal | The 74 / The Guardian, 'Local police aid ICE by tapping school cameras amid Trump's immigration crackdown' |
| as cited by Houston PD TX Houston PD council committee presentation on Vigilant investigative data platform | 2020-09 | Records in Vigilant/DRN commercial database / five-year contract cost | approximately 6.5 billion; $1,125,000 (FY21 $225,000) | Figure footnoted to drndata.com and vigilantsolutions.com; EFF cited same 6.5 billion figure in Jan 2018 | Houston PD, 'HPD Investigative Data Platform', TTI Committee (Sep 3, 2020) |
| Austin PD TX City internal audit of ALPR pilot (Flock + Axon) | Mar–Dec 2024 | Plate scans (estimated) | 75,100,000 | Sum of three quarterly estimates; Flock share could not be verified by the city auditor | Austin Office of the City Auditor, APD LPR audit (May 2025) |
| Austin PD TX City internal audit of ALPR pilot | Mar–Dec 2024 | Hot-list hits | 13,122 | 3,099 + 4,685 + 5,338 by quarter; 193 from custom hot lists | Austin Office of the City Auditor (May 2025) |
| Austin PD TX City internal audit of ALPR pilot | Mar–Dec 2024 | Hit stops reviewed | 286 | Zero found incorrect or unjustified; retention 7 days, shortest of six peers | Austin Office of the City Auditor (May 2025) |
| Bexar County SO TX 30-day audit log reviewed by local TV | 2 Aug–1 Sep 2026 | Searches | 1,800 | 72% reached 1,000+ networks; 33 cameras; more than a dozen placeholder case numbers such as 12345; sheriff will not seek renewal after early 2027 | News 4 San Antonio (12 Oct 2026) |
| Bryan PD TX Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2024 to Apr 2026 | Network searches / organisations / Houston PD share / Dallas PD share / USPIS searches | 14,786,394 / 5,292 / 10.5% / 7.4% / 49,397 | Cobb County GA PD 193,019 searches from 1,100 miles away; Bryan's own 30,839 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Bryan TX PD (Jul 2026) (2026-07-06) |
| Bryan TX PD TX Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1, 2024 – Apr 30, 2026 (28 months) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 14,786,394 records; 5,292 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Bryan TX PD (Jul 2026) (July 6, 2026) | |
| Colleyville PD TX Open-records audit logs vs Flock transparency page | 2026 | Searches per month in audit logs (average) | 700,000+ | Transparency page showed 44 searches in 30 days; chief called the logs unreliable | Current Revolt (22 Oct 2026) |
| Dallas PD (911 director) TX GBI arrest for ALPR misuse (Georgia charges) | 2024-2025 | charges | 2 misdemeanor counts misuse of LPR system | Heidi Taylor, former DPD 911 director; search count not disclosed | FOX 5 Atlanta, 'Former Dallas police 911 director accused of Flock camera misuse' |
| Dallas PD (searches for ICE/ERO) TX Flock audit logs (originally 404 Media reporting) cited in ACLU-MN testimony | 2025 | networks/devices queried in Dallas PD ICE/ERO searches | 6,674 networks; 77,771 devices | ACLU of Minnesota testimony (second-hand) | |
| Frisco PD TX Frisco PD Q1/Q2 2025 Flock transparency report | 2025-01 to 2025-06 | Searches / alerts / arrests / warrants / cleared by other means | 14,154 (7,126 + 7,028) / 38,644 / 54 / 4 / 36 | Audits found all searches complied with approved reasons; 30-day retention. | City of Frisco - Q1/Q2 2025 Flock Transparency Report |
| Frisco PD TX Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2024 to Jun 2026 | Own searches / case-number share | 43,715 / 51.8% | No data provided for Nov–Dec 2024 or Nov–Dec 2025; plates redacted | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Frisco TX PD (Jan 2024 – Jun 2026) (2026-08-23) |
| Frisco TX PD TX Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 2, 2024 – Jun 30, 2026 (26 months, gaps in Nov–Dec 2024 and Nov–Dec 2025) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 43,715 records | Case number: 22,643 (51.8%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Frisco TX PD (Jan 2024 – Jun 2026) (August 23, 2026) |
| Harris County (agency unnamed) TX Released network audit log | 2023-01-01 to 2026-01-01 (title says Apr 2023-Feb 2025) | Searches logged | 11,420,486 | Only 11,745 unique plates visible because Flock altered existing network log files (redaction); weeks missing | Have I Been Flocked: Harris County TX April 2023-February 2025 (second-hand) |
| Harris County SO TX Agency statement | 2026-08 | Deputies under administrative review for Flock activity / cameras administered / networks | 3 / 480 / 20 | Networks mostly owned by MUDs, HOAs; renewal ~$868,975 through 2027-06-05. | My Neighborhood News, 'Harris County Sheriff's Office adds new safeguards for Flock license plate readers as three deputies face review' (second-hand) |
| Houston PD TX Released audit log - single FreeForm search scope | 2025-2026 | Devices / networks searched by one FreeForm query ('white car with black front bumper') | 53,017 devices / 3,734 networks | Footnote4a: Flock's FreeForm Free-For-All | |
| Howe PD TX Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 21 Jun to 15 Jul 2026 | Own searches with a case number | 0 of 26 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Howe TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (2026-07-29) | |
| Howe TX PD TX Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 21 – Jul 15, 2026 (~25 days) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 26 records | Case number: 0 (0.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Howe TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (Jul 29, 2026) |
| Johnson County SO TX Single search documented in audit logs | May 2025 | Cameras reached by one abortion-related search | 83,345 | Across 6,809 networks; reason 'had an abortion, search for female' | EFF 2025 in review (Dec 2025) |
| Kyle PD TX Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 1 Jan to 19 Mar 2026 | Records matching immigration terms by month / test-reason records | 120, 17, 4 (about 141) / 4,226 | Sarasota County FL SO 560 test records, Robeson County NC SO 414 | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Kyle TX (Jan–Mar 2026) (2026-03-24) |
| Kyle PD TX Kyle Flock audit logs analyzed by Texas Observer (immigration-related outside searches) | 2026-01 to 2026-03 | immigration-related searches of Kyle data by other agencies | at least 117 by 18 agencies in 10 states | well over half flagged 'ICE'; DPS at least 10 'civil and/or administrative'; out-of-state (mostly FL) at least 17; Kyle PD own searches at least 2,891; Kyle 1.5M network total already covered | Texas Observer, 'As License Plate Readers Expand in Texas, Privacy Advocates Are Fighting Back' (second-hand) |
| Kyle PD TX Council statement from audit logs | to Sep 2026 | Searches on Kyle's system by outside agencies | 1,500,000 | Only 2,888 by Kyle PD itself; council later voted 4–3 to switch cameras off pending referendum | FOX 7 Austin (13 Sep 2026) |
| Laredo PD TX Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jan 2026 | Own searches in one month / case-number share / immigration reasons / human-trafficking reasons / freeform share | 5,274 / 62.0% / 38 / 53 / 5.3% | 27 'Immigration (criminal)', 11 'Immigration (civil/administrative)'; one operator 1,000 searches | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Laredo TX PD (Jan 2026) (2026-07-13) |
| Laredo TX PD TX Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jan 1 – Jan 31, 2026 (1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 5,274 records | Case number: 3,268 (62.0%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Laredo TX PD (Jan 2026) (July 13, 2026) |
| Lindale PD TX Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jun to Jul 2026 | Own searches in June vs network searches in July / organisations / FBI searches | 229 vs 1,219,633 / 3,258 / 19,383 | 799 network records match immigration terms; case number on 50.6% of network records | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Lindale TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (2026-08-08) |
| Lindale TX PD TX Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 2 – Jul 31, 2026 (1 month) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 1,219,633 records; 3,258 organisations | Case number: 617,014 (50.6%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Lindale TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (August 8, 2026) |
| Lindale TX PD TX Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jun 1 – Jun 30, 2026 (1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 229 records | Case number: 83 (36.2%) | Have I Been Flocked data update: Lindale TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (August 8, 2026) |
| Lufkin PD (officer Zachary Klein) TX USA Today analysis; criminal case | to 2026 | Plates tracked / searches of one plate / felony counts / sentence | 7 / more than 3,400 / 100 felony counts (abuse of official information) / 5 years | Tribune reports guilty plea to 100 counts and 5-year sentence | USA Today (Sep 4, 2026); Texas Tribune (Oct 5, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Pearland PD TX Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Jul 2025 to Jun 2026 | Network searches / organisations / share covering 1,000+ networks / own searches / Houston PD searches | 11,635,727 / 4,756 / 82.1% / 27,934 / 808,693 | 144 records from 22 agencies contain 'immigration'; operator names redacted on every record | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Pearland TX PD (Jul 2025 – Jun 2026) (2026-10-08) |
| Pearland TX PD TX Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Jul 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (365 days) | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 11,635,727 records; 4,756 organisations | Case number: redacted on 4,154,701 records; blank on 7,481,026 | Have I Been Flocked data update: Pearland TX PD (Jul 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 8, 2026) |
| Pflugerville PD TX Records request on Flock data access | 2026 | Agencies with access to city's data per records / approved vendors list | 459 / 83 | Per Mayor Doug Weiss | KUT (Sep 16, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Prosper TX PD TX Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Aug 1 – Aug 29, 2026 (1 month) | Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records | 518 records | Case number: filled on 518 records (100%); 73 hold free text or another agency’s case number | Have I Been Flocked data update: Prosper TX PD (Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026) |
| retail Flock cameras shared with Johnson County SO TX Johnson County TX Sheriff's Office Flock sharing records obtained by 404 Media | 2025-08 | Lowe's locations whose Flock cameras the sheriff's office could search / Home Depot stores | 173 Lowe's locations nationwide; 'dozens' of Home Depot stores in Texas | Hundreds of retailer-funded ALPR cameras; Home Depot sharing also included gunshot-detection microphones | 404 Media, 'Home Depot and Lowe's Share Data From Hundreds of AI Cameras With Cops' (Aug 6, 2025) |
| Texarkana TX PD TX Flock transparency-portal search log (30 days) | 2026-07-06 to 2026-08-04 | Searches / searches sent to national network / typical and maximum agencies reached | 305 / 209 / 1,089 typical, 1,345 max | Reasons: larceny/theft 85; warrants 47; stolen vehicles 29; drugs 20; traffic infraction 7 (4 reached 1,000+ agencies); 25 distinct reason codes. | Texarkana Today, 'Texarkana, Texas police ran 305 license plate reader searches during a recent 30-day stretch...' (second-hand) |
| Texas (statewide) TX Texas Tribune survey of Flock transparency portals | 2026-10 | Texas agencies using transparency portals / sharing search records | 60 agencies; 16 share search records | portals cover 2,600+ of ~13,000 TX cameras | Texas Tribune, 'Texas Flock records are harder to get and more expensive' |
| Texas (statewide) TX Texas Tribune survey of transparency portals and records fees | 2026-10 | Cameras covered by 60 agencies' transparency portals (of ~13,000 statewide) / DPS-operated cameras / North Richland Hills records fee estimate / Irving fee / KPRC quoted fee | 2,600+ / 900+ / $2.3 million / $70,000 / $121,000 | Complements covered 60-portal/16-share row | Texas Tribune, 'Texas Flock records are harder to get and more expensive' (Oct 5, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Texas agencies incl. Texas DPS (immigration-related Flock lookups) TX Danville IL Flock audit log analysis (404 Media data) of Texas agencies' nationwide lookups | 2024-06 to 2025-05 | Texas DPS immigration-related searches in 2025 / Texas agencies' total 2025 lookups with immigration reasons / immigration-related searches since June 2024 | DPS 50; 216 lookups in 2025, over 83% immigration-related; 307 since June 2024 | 2025 per-agency: Houston PD 109, Dallas PD 17, DPS 50, Midland 2, Montgomery County SO 2; 2024: 91 searches, nearly 70% HSI-related | The Barbed Wire, 'Texas Police Are Running Constitutionally Questionable AI License Plate Searches for ICE' (May 30, 2025) (second-hand) |
| Texas Department of Public Safety TX USA Today investigation of Flock query logs | 2023-06 to 2026 | Flock queries by Texas DPS | at least 388,000 | KUT citing USA Today | KUT, 'These groups are driving the DeFlock movement in Austin' (Sep 16, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Texas Department of Public Safety Flock network TX Texas Tribune review of one month of DPS Flock network audit data | 2026-06 | total searches of DPS network | ~615000 | once every four seconds on average; Houston PD 13%, DPS officers just under 9% | Texas Tribune, 'DPS will continue its vast Flock camera network in Texas' |
| Texas Department of Public Safety Flock network TX Texas Tribune review of DPS audit data | 2026-06 | agencies searching DPS network | 3075 (396 TX, 2679 out of state) | 48% of queries from outside Texas; Coweta County SO (GA) 6,700 searches, most of any out-of-state dept | Texas Tribune |
| Texas Department of Public Safety Flock network TX Texas Tribune review of DPS audit data | 2026-06 | searches listing HSI/CBP/immigration-related reasons | 111 | incl. 'ICE deportation warrant'; 58,000+ searches listed as 'traffic infractions' | Texas Tribune |
| Texas Department of Public Safety Flock network TX Texas Tribune review of DPS audit data / agreements | as of 2026-07 | agencies that searched DPS network without signed agreements | 2800+ | 206 Texas departments had signed agreements as of July | Texas Tribune |
| Texas law enforcement agencies (statewide) TX 404 Media analysis of Flock audit logs (cited by Texas Observer) | 2025-01 to 2025-05 | immigration-related ALPR searches by Texas agencies | at least 180 | Texas Observer citing 404 Media (second-hand) | |
| Metropolitan Police Service (London) - UK UK MPS Freedom of Information disclosure 01.FOI.24.038806 | 2023-08 to 2024-06 | Number-plate captures by MPS ANPR cameras / TfL cameras / cameras MPS can access | 1,935,800,318 (MPS); 163,198,330 (TfL); 555 MPS cameras and 68 TfL cameras | UK; response notes data contains duplicated reads | Metropolitan Police FOI disclosure, 'Number plate scans August 2023-June 2024 ANPR cameras' (Aug 2024) |
| United Kingdom (National ANPR Service) - UK UK Home Office / NPCC National ANPR Service Data Protection Impact Assessment v4 | 2025-01 | ANPR cameras / mobile ANPR cameras / reads submitted to national systems daily / retention | 12,076 camera sets; 1,878 mobile; over 100 million per day (elsewhere 'exceed 90 million'); 12 months (deleted at 367 days) | UK national system; document internally inconsistent on daily reads (80m/90m/100m); most staff may access data up to 90 days old, some up to a year | GOV.UK, National ANPR Service: data protection impact assessment, Version 4 (Jan 2025; page updated Jul 29, 2026) |
| United Kingdom (National ANPR) - UK UK Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner letter to Secretary of State for Transport | 2023-10 | Traffic lanes covered by ANPR cameras / daily reads / inaccurate reads per day at 97% accuracy | approximately 15,400; 75-80 million per day; up to 2.4 million | UK; letter projected 100m reads/day by end of 2024; estimate that 1 in 15 drivers may use anti-ANPR technology | Prof. Fraser Sampson, Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner, letter on risks to the ANPR system (Oct 5, 2023) |
| West Yorkshire Police - UK UK FOI response 3069402/26 (refusal on cost grounds, with workload estimate) | 2026-07 | ANPR 'hits' per day (as stated in FOI response) / retention | approximately 450,000 per day; 12 months | UK; the response uses 'hits' in estimating review workload, likely meaning reads; camera count withheld under s.24/s.31 | West Yorkshire Police FOI 3069402/26 (Jul 2026) (second-hand) |
| Springville PD UT Department Flock program page filed with Utah public notice | 2026 year-to-date | Searches / cameras / top category | 1,812 / 3 / Motor Vehicle Theft 281 (15.5%) | Internal audit found documentation 'fell short of the state requirements'; 30-day deletion. Exact posting date not on document. | Springville Police Department, Flock ALPR program page (Utah Public Notice Website file 1493423) |
| Weber County (10 Flock cameras) UT Flock audit records obtained by Utah News Dispatch | 2022-02 to 2026-07 | Searches touching Weber County cameras / out-of-state share / agencies searching / top searcher | 5.1 million / almost 97% / 3,343 agencies / Houston PD over one-third | Utah has 944 cameras logged by lprmaps.com (No. 28 nationally). | Utah News Dispatch, 'Most of this Utah county's license plate camera data is searched by out-of-state law enforcement' (second-hand) |
| Alexandria PD VA City LPR dashboard / responses to City Council | 2025-08-01 to 2026-08-31 | LPR queries by APD officers | 20,914 | Sept 2026: 1,557 searches (446 vehicle theft); 61 fixed cameras; 35 of 161 stolen vehicles recovered via LPR; 72 felony + 65 misdemeanor charges; 4 firearms; 3 missing persons; 21-day retention; audits every 30 days | City of Alexandria License Plate Reader Dashboard and Response to City Council Questions |
| Alexandria PD VA City LPR dashboard - audit results | ~2023 to 2026 (three years) | Searches flagged for additional review in audits | 56 | 0 instances of misuse found; most common issues missing/mistyped case numbers; access restricted for 12 Virginia 287(g) agencies that are Flock customers | City of Alexandria LPR Dashboard FAQ |
| Bridgewater PD network VA Network audit obtained by VCIJ | one year to mid-2025 | Accesses of a five-camera network in a town of about 6,600 | ~7,000,000 | By more than 4,600 agencies nationwide; the town ran no immigration-related search itself | Ban the Cams on VCIJ data (18 Sep 2025); HIBF VCIJ data drop |
| Chesterfield County Police VA Internal audit of employee's searches; criminal charges for ALPR misuse | 2026 (reported Aug 27, 2026) | charges for improper ALPR use | 2 counts improper ALPR use + 2 counts computer invasion of privacy | civilian intelligence investigator Rebekkah Robinson; audit 'uncovered suspicious transactions'; Class 1 misdemeanors | VPM, 'Chesterfield police employee charged with misuse of Flock cameras' |
| Fairfax County PD VA EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - Roma-term searches | 2024-12 to 2025-04 | Searches with Roma/'gypsy' terms by Fairfax County PD | more than 150 | EFF - Romani people article | |
| Fairfax, Chesterfield, Isle of Wight, Loudoun, Stafford counties VA VCIJ analysis of Danville IL Flock audit logs for Virginia agencies' immigration-related searches | 2024-06 to 2025-04 | immigration-related searches by five Virginia counties | ~50 (Fairfax >half; Chesterfield 6; Isle of Wight 5; Stafford 4; Loudoun 1) | two searches reached 76,000+ (Mar 11, 2025) and 81,000 cameras (Apr 29); Fairfax shares with 13 agencies | VCIJ via VPM, 'The feds' hidden immigration weapon: Virginia's surveillance network' |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery - misuse found | 2023 to 2025 | Instances of misuse NPD discovered through its oversight | 2 | Opening brief p.14. Norfolk admitted no one verifies case/call numbers are real. | IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - cameras | 2023 to 2025 | Norfolk-owned Flock cameras / additional third-party cameras NPD can access | 175 (172 + 3 active new) / 43 | Opening brief pp.1,7-8; ruling and WHRO cite 176. Grew from 20 to 172. Cost $2,500 per camera per year ($437,500). | IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery - audit practice | 2023 to 2025-05 | Date NPD first reviewed its Flock audit files | May 2025 (files first downloaded Feb 2025) | Opening brief p.13; ACLU/EFF amicus p.10 says audit files not downloaded until Feb 2025 and not reviewed until May 2025 (after suit filed Oct 2024). | IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery (NPD Flock audit logs) | 2023-05 to 2025-05 | Searches with top three generic reasons ('cj', 'stolen', 'inv') | nearly 75,000 (about one-third of 230,000) | Opening brief p.13: 'The top three reasons officers entered were cj, stolen, and inv, accounting for nearly 75,000 searches.' Other logged reasons included 'protestor identification' and 'la la la la'. | IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk, 4th Cir. No. 26-1227 |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery (NPD Flock audit logs) | 2023-05 to mid-2025 | Total searches of NPD Flock system | more than 230,000 | Testimony p.4; also opening brief p.13 (searches up to May 2025 when audit review began). | Institute for Justice (Alasdair Whitney) written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Counterterrorism hearing 'Always Watching' |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery - hotlist alert share | 2025 | Share of detections triggering any alert | fewer than 2% | Testimony p.2. | Institute for Justice (Alasdair Whitney) written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Counterterrorism hearing 'Always Watching' |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - retention | 2025 | Retention period | 30 days, reduced to 21 days (July 1, 2025 Virginia law) | Opening brief p.12; Norfolk says limit does not apply to downloaded data. | IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - search frequency (deposition) | 2025 | NPD Flock searches per week | thousands | Plaintiffs' MSJ opposition p.11 citing deposition PX4; audits 'just make sure all the boxes are checked'. | Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendants' MSJ, ECF 179-3, Schmidt v. Norfolk (E.D. Va.) |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - plaintiffs' expert route simulation | 2025 | Simulated routes passing at least one Flock camera | about 78% of 15,000+ simulated routes; 25% of routes at least 70% reconstructible | Plaintiffs' MSJ opposition p.19 (PX24). | Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendants' MSJ, ECF 179-3 |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - plaintiffs' captures (discovery) | 2025-02-19 to 2025-07-03 | Times plaintiffs' vehicles captured by Norfolk cameras / regional Flock cameras | Lee Schmidt 475 / 526; Crystal Arrington 324 / 849 | Opening brief pp.15-16; Cato amicus p.12 (526 and 849); district ruling (WHRO) cites 475 and 325. | IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery - capture volume | 2025-03-30 to 2025-04-27 | Total vehicle volume captured by Norfolk Flock cameras in a 29-day period | 41,148,215 | Opening brief p.9; testimony p.2 ('175 cameras logged more than 41 million captures in a 29-day period'). | IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk |
| Norfolk PD VA Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - district court ruling | 2026-01-27 | Ruling facts: cameras / retention / plaintiff captures | 176 cameras; 21 days; Schmidt 475, Arrington 325 in 4.5 months | Judge Mark S. Davis, E.D. Va., 51-page opinion granting summary judgment to Norfolk (819 F.Supp.3d 492); on appeal 4th Cir. No. 26-1227. | WHRO - A federal judge ruled Norfolk's Flock surveillance cameras don't invade people's privacy - yet |
| Norfolk PD VA Norfolk PD Flock Transparency Portal (cited in amicus) | 2026-03 | Vehicles detected / hotlist match share | over 1 million / less than 1% | Amicus p.6 citing Norfolk VA PD Flock Transparency Portal (Mar 31, 2026). Vendor portal statistic. | ACLU/EFF amicus brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk, 4th Cir. No. 26-1227 (second-hand) |
| Norfolk PD VA VCIJ analysis of Flock search logs | after 2025-07-01 | searches of one vehicle's plate | ~900 | after a July 1, 2025 incident; most searches covered prior 30 days | VCIJ at WHRO (second-hand) |
| Northampton County SO VA VCIJ analysis of Flock search logs | 2025-07 to 2025-10 | searches by one deputy for 'suspicious activity/vehicle' | 500+ | covering more than 100 plates; 4 of 5 statewide 'suspicious activity' searches came from this office | VCIJ at WHRO |
| Richmond PD VA Police review of Flock use | review reported 2026-04 | Policy violations found | 1 | Sergeant shared vehicle image from one Flock camera with FBI agent (DC homicide); lost ALPR access; not prosecuted; ~100 cameras | WTVR CBS 6 (second-hand) |
| Virginia (c.150 agencies) VA VCIJ analysis of Flock search logs, reason-field quality | 2025-07 to 2025-10 | searches using vague reasons ('suspicious', 'suspect') | 1800+ | VCIJ at WHRO | |
| Virginia (c.150 agencies) VA VCIJ analysis of Flock search logs (reason-field quality) obtained via records requests | 2025-07-01 to 2025-10 | search logs analyzed | 200,000 | nearly 150 Virginia agencies; post-HB 2724 law effective July 1, 2025 | VCIJ at WHRO, 'Virginia police search vehicle surveillance data 24/7. Why? isn't always clear.' |
| Virginia (statewide) VA Analysis of Virginia Flock network audit logs (VPM News, cited in amicus) | 12 months to 2025 | Searches of Virginia agencies' ALPR data for immigration enforcement | nearly 3,000 | Amicus p.21 citing VPM News (Oct 9, 2025); Read in the amicus brief. | ACLU/EFF amicus brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk, 4th Cir. No. 26-1227 (second-hand) |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC 2024 ALPR study; DCJS 2024 procurement survey | 2024 | Agencies that procured ALPR, by size | Large 14 of 17 (82%); medium 71 of 96 (74%); small 56 of 160 (35%); 275 respondents | Staff found no stories of ALPR errors/misuse in Virginia as of Nov 14, 2024; VSP retention 24 hours at time | VSCC 2024 Annual Report - Law Enforcement Use of ALPR |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC ALPR update; VDOT right-of-way permits and DGS approvals | 2025 | VDOT retroactive land-use permits for ALPR devices | 215 (18 to VSP, 197 to localities) | DGS had approved 8 ALPR systems as of report | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 (also VSCC 2025 Annual Report p.39) |
| Virginia (statewide) VA DCJS surveillance technology survey (summarized in VSCC report) | 2025-09 | DCJS survey ALPR use | 272 of 335 responded (81%); 48% reported ALPR use, 7% ALPR access | 85 respondents (31%) used/accessed/procured a third-party service | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 |
| Virginia (statewide) VA Virginia State Crime Commission ALPR update (statutory study under HB 2724 / Va. Code 2.2-5517), Nov 2025 survey of all LE agencies | 2025-11 | Survey response | 251 of 361 agencies (70%) | Survey disseminated to all 361 Virginia LE agencies in Nov 2025 | VSCC, Law Enforcement Use of ALPR Update, Jan 2026 |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC ALPR update survey | 2025-11 | Agencies using ALPR | 159 of 251 responding (63%) | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 | |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC ALPR update survey | 2025-11 | Flock Safety vendor share | 137 of 159 (86%) | 30% (47 of 159) reported two or more ALPR vendors | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC ALPR update survey | 2025-11 | Fixed cameras per agency (range) | 1 to 176; 143 of 159 agencies use fixed cameras | Mobile cameras ranged 1 to 1,066 (50 agencies); portable 1 to 15 (37 agencies) | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC ALPR update survey | 2025-11 | Agencies retaining data beyond statutory 21 days | 33 of 159 (21%) | Fixed: 106 of 143 at <=21 days; mobile 47 of 50; portable 31 of 37. Over-limit ranges: fixed 22-60 days, mobile 30-180 days | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC ALPR update survey | 2025-11 | Agencies giving out-of-state LE continuous access | 20 of 159 (13%) | Federal agencies continuous access: 9 of 159 (6%); other VA local agencies 123 of 159 (77%); VA state agencies 94 of 159 (59%) | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC ALPR update survey | 2025-11 | Agencies with a written ALPR policy | 112 of 159 (70%); 26 (16%) no policy; 14 (9%) in progress | 107 of 112 provided a copy; 55 of 159 (35%) took no public-awareness measures | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 |
| Virginia (statewide) VA VSCC ALPR update survey | 2025-11 | Agencies receiving FOIA requests for ALPR data | 35 of 159 (22%); 121 (76%) none; 33 (21%) denied a request | VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 | |
| Virginia (VCIJ, two agencies) VA Audit logs from Bridgewater PD and Mecklenburg County SO | 1 Jun 2024–21 Jun 2025 | Searches in the two logs | 12,713,808 | More than 4,000 agencies queried Virginia data; about 3,000 immigration-related searches statewide per VCIJ | WHRO / VCIJ (24 Sep 2025); HIBF data drop |
| Vermont (statewide) VT DPS annual ALPR report under 23 V.S.A. 1607 | 2015-07 to 2016-12 | Cumulative reads / units / requests | 8,818,811 cumulative statewide reads; 69 units; 242 requests to VIC; 52 in-state releases; 7 out-of-state/federal releases | Alerts/enforcement not tracked electronically | Vermont DPS 2016 ALPR Annual Report |
| Vermont (statewide) VT DPS annual ALPR report under 23 V.S.A. 1607 | CY2018 | Reads / units / requests | 682,151 reads (down 74% from 2017); 1,471,746 on 18-month database (down 83% since 2016); 13 units at start, 4 at end of 2018; in-state 105 requests, 8 released; out-of-state 59 requests, 4 released | VSP server cost $15,200 | Vermont DPS 2018 ALPR Annual Report (Jan 2019) |
| Vermont (statewide) VT DPS annual ALPR report under 23 V.S.A. 1607 | CY2019 | Reads / units / alerts | 136,983 reads submitted; 406,787 on 18-month database; 22 units (17 DMV, 5 LE); 3,196 alerts; 8 alerts led to enforcement action | 0 stationary units; 18-month retention; total cost $30,608 | Vermont DPS 2019 ALPR Annual Report |
| Vermont (statewide) VT DPS annual ALPR report under 23 V.S.A. 1607 | CY2019 | Historical data requests | In-state 50 requests, 1 released (avg age 49 days); out-of-state 38 requests, 0 released (avg age 57 days) | 0 historical releases contributed to investigation | Vermont DPS 2019 ALPR Annual Report |
| Vermont (statewide) VT Statutory annual report, 23 V.S.A. §1607 | CY2021 | Plate reads submitted to state database | 2,959 | One mobile unit (Essex County SD) was the only contributor; 16 alerts, 0 enforcement actions, 0 data requests | Vermont DPS annual ALPR report for 2021 |
| VSP, Berlin, Brattleboro, Colchester, Hartford, Barre, Rutland, Franklin County SO VT VTDigger analysis of public records of NESPIN Flock searches run for Vermont officers | 2023 to 2026-06 | Flock searches via NESPIN for Vermont police | 100+ (VSP ~30; local 57; unnamed 16) of ~5,000 NESPIN searches | Berlin 15, Brattleboro 12, Colchester 10, Hartford 8, Rutland 5, Barre 4, Franklin SO 3; Manchester VT cameras searched 'in the millions' nationwide since 2023 | VTDigger, 'Vermont lawmakers tried to curb license plate surveillance. Police found a way around it.' |
| Adams County SO WA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | 1 Jan to 12 Jun 2026 | Own searches as share of searches on own network / organisations | 0.08% (1,671 of 2,113,427) / 3,474 | County of about 19,000; none of the top 15 searchers is a Washington agency; case number on 35.8% | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Adams County WA SO (June 2026) (2026-06-22) |
| Adams County WA SO WA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | January 1 – June 12, 2026 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 2,113,427 records; 3,474 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Adams County WA SO (June 2026) (Jun 22, 2026) | |
| Chehalis PD network WA Monthly network and organisation audits released via MuckRock | Dec 2024–Mar 2025 | Network-audit rows per month on a city of about 7,500 people | 282,161–396,013 | The organisation audit for Dec 2024–Jan 2025 holds 258 rows; the network rows came from about 3,000 other organisations | Have I Been Flocked sources catalogue (read 2 Nov 2026) |
| Everett PD WA Everett PD statements on Flock audit after nationwide lookup disabled | 2025-07 to 2026-02 | out-of-state or federal inquiries since July 2025 | 0 | 250+ arrests credited; AI-assisted audit added; federal access to thousands of networks Apr-Jun 2025 | Everett Herald, 'Everett temporarily pauses Flock camera network' (second-hand) |
| Everett PD WA Monthly Flock report to council (legislative reporting requirement) | 2026-04 | ALPR system reads | 8,541,460 | Cameras not in use Feb 25-Apr 1, 2026; 2,600 total searches; 2,290 system alerts; 5 arrests; 1 vehicle recovered | Everett Police Department, Flock Report April 2026 |
| Everett PD WA Monthly Flock report - outside agency searches | 2026-04 | Outside-agency searches of Everett system | 2,092 | All Washington agencies; top: Yakima PD 433, Tulalip Tribal PD 417, SeaTac PD 310, Marysville PD 266, Snohomish County SO 135 | Everett PD Flock Report April 2026 |
| Lynnwood PD WA Released organisation audit log | 2025 | Share of lookups using standard timeframes | 98.8% | Santa Cruz: 96-98% before July 2025, ~75% from July 7 | Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs |
| Lynnwood PD WA Lynnwood Flock network records (Everett Herald) | 2025-06-29 to ~2025-07-08 (nine days) | immigration-related out-of-state searches / reason-field quality | at least 16 from two agencies; 6% of Lynnwood searches lacked sufficient info vs 33% statewide | 25 cameras; 10 stolen vehicles recovered in four months; contract terminated | Everett Herald, 'Lynnwood reconsiders Flock, discusses immigration resolution' (second-hand) |
| Lynnwood PD WA Flock audit records obtained by Everett Herald | 2025-06-29 to ~2025-07-09 (11 days, nationwide lookup on) | searches by out-of-state agencies | 100000+ | Jacksonville FL SO ~800 searches incl. 7 'immigration', 99 'investigation'; Franklin County PA 9 searches for immigration operations; no direct federal searches | Everett Herald, 'Records: Feds accessed Flock camera info thousands of times in Snohomish County' |
| Puyallup PD WA Transparency portal sharing list | 2025-06 | Data-sharing partner agencies listed | nearly 300 (in 35 other states) | Includes US Border Patrol, HSI (inactive), USPIS | Mountlake Terrace Musings |
| Redmond PD WA Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs | Nov 2024 to Oct 2025 | Network searches / organisations (all Washington) / own share | 60,250 / 110 / 7.5% | 'Daytime search for best result' 724 times; 'Gruener' 503 times as a reason | Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Redmond WA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-18) |
| Redmond WA PD WA Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked | Nov 12, 2024 – Oct 21, 2025 | Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records | 60,250 records; 110 organisations | Have I Been Flocked data update: Redmond WA PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026) | |
| Renton PD / Yakima PD / Richland PD WA Flock organization and network audits (UWCHR) | 2025-05 to 2025-06 | Renton sharing partners / Renton search reach / Yakima County ICE-reason search reach / Richland search reach | 91 organizations / up to 6,511 networks / 89 networks (appearing in 10+ other agencies' audits) / 82 networks | Yakima PD sharing list included 92 Lowe's stores incl. out of state. | UW Center for Human Rights, 'Leaving the Door Wide Open' |
| Seattle (SPD Parking Enforcement) WA OIG Consolidated Surveillance Usage Review (surveillance ordinance) | CY2025 | Parking Enforcement ALPR deployments | 2,026 | 3 data-sharing requests reported; $73,873.37 annual cost; reads deleted after 24h, hits after 90 days; PE ALPR use suspended March 2026 pending SB 6002 compliance | Seattle OIG, Consolidated Risk Surveillance Usage Review 2025 (second-hand) |
| Seattle Parking Enforcement (Genetec AutoVu ALPR) WA Seattle Office of Inspector General surveillance usage review, ALPR Parking Enforcement 2021-2022 | 2021 to 2022 | ALPR-equipped parking vehicles / internal audits / data-sharing records / hit retention / 2021 maintenance cost | 8; 0; 0; 90 days (non-hit reads deleted end of shift); $18,510 | OIG could not report usage because all data within scope had been purged; 'Needs Work' on usage/frequency, data management and civil-liberties provisions | Seattle OIG, Surveillance Technology Usage Review: Parking Enforcement ALPR Systems (2021 and 2022) (Sep 29, 2023) |
| Seattle PD WA City Office of Inspector General surveillance technology usage review, patrol ALPR | 2021-2022 | Scans / hits | 2021: 5,894,748 scans, 5,691 hits, 976 misreads; 2022: 4,595,145 scans, 4,683 hits, 948 misreads; 11 equipped vehicles | Unverified hits ~0.1% of valid reads; ~1 misread per 5 unverified hits | Seattle OIG, Surveillance Technology Usage Review: ALPR - Patrol (2021 and 2022), Sep 29, 2023 |
| Seattle PD WA City OIG surveillance technology usage review | 2021-2022 | Case file review compliance | 100 of 286 reports sampled (89 SPD); 89 conformed to purpose policy; 82 verified before action, 4 no evidence of verification; 2 erroneous high-risk stops; 0 OPA complaints | 90-day retention; 1 public disclosure request produced 93,497 records that could be re-identified | Seattle OIG ALPR Patrol review |
| Seattle PD (Parking Enforcement ALPR) WA OIG surveillance usage review (CY2024) | CY2024 | Share of hits accepted / misread share / accepted hits hotlist vs parking / Capitol Hill hits | 66% / about 25% / 8% hotlist, 92% parking / 9,458 | 15 ALPR vehicles (Jan 2025), 12 trained PEOs; reads retained 24 hours, hits 90 days. | Seattle Office of Inspector General, 'Automatic License Plate Readers (ALPR) Patrol Report 2024' |
| Seattle PD (Parking Enforcement ALPR) WA OIG surveillance usage review (CY2024) | CY2024 | Data-sharing requests / federal immigration requests / maintenance and licensing cost | 1 (from OIG) / 0 / $80,445.33 | Two of four prior recommendations implemented. | Seattle Office of Inspector General, 'ALPR Patrol Report 2024' |
| Shelton PD WA Shelton PD review of Flock network audit entries | 2025-04 to 2026-07-28 | Network audit entries reviewed / outside-agency searches with strong immigration connection / entries referencing HSI or immigration agency (purpose unclear) | about 2.67 million / 943 / 1,952 | All immigration-related entries fell between April and October 2025. | KIRO 7 - Shelton police audit finds hundreds of outside-agency searches tied to immigration (second-hand) |
| Shelton PD WA Shelton PD review of own 2026 searches | 2026-01-01 to 2026-07-28 | Entries reviewed / testing-training-demo / vague or generic justification / blank reason / immigration-related | 74,697 / 193 / 16 / 3 / 0 | KIRO 7 - Shelton police audit (second-hand) | |
| Snohomish County cities (Lake Stevens, Marysville, Mill Creek, Mukilteo) WA Flock audit records obtained by Everett Herald | 2025-01 to 2025-06 | federal agency searches (minimums) | USBP 200+ (May-Jun); DHS 175+ (Mar-May); USPIS 1,905+ (Apr-Jun) | Mukilteo alone >1,000 federal searches since Apr 30 go-live; Everett searches reached max 6,372 networks before July 11 nationwide lookup disable; Arlington 6,535 networks as of Sept 5 | Everett Herald |
| Spokane County SO WA Flock network audit (public records, RANGE analysis) | 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-23 | Immigration-related searches of county cameras / out-of-state agencies making them / Border Patrol searches / HSI searches / searches with reason 'ICE' only | more than 1,000 / at least 45 / 186 / 182 / more than 700 | Adds to covered 2M+ total searches; county has 60+ Flock cameras. | RANGE Media, 'Spokane County Flock cameras were searched for immigration enforcement' (second-hand) |
| Spokane County SO / Spokane PD WA Flock network audit (RANGE analysis) | 2025-01-01 to 2025-06-23 | Searches with 'investigation' as sole reason and no case number / SCSO+SPD vague searches / searches for ATF, DEA, US Marshals | almost 70,000 / at least 81 (+20 with reason '1') / at least 167 (1 with case number) | Hundreds of thousands including variants. | RANGE Media, 'Spokane County Flock cameras were searched for immigration enforcement' (second-hand) |
| Spokane County SO network WA Network audit released by RANGE Media | 1 Jan–23 Jun 2025 | Searches on Spokane County cameras | 2,000,000+ | Includes agencies nationwide and federal agencies; Border Patrol direct search on until July 2025; CSV published | RANGE Media public Flock data |
| Washington (31 agencies) WA University review of audit logs from records requests | Dec 2024–Aug 2025 | Agencies sharing networks directly with U.S. Border Patrol | 8 | Border Patrol ran thousands of searches 9 May–24 Aug 2025; 17 agencies searched in total, at least 10 without authorising it | UW Center for Human Rights (21 Oct 2025) |
| Washington (statewide portals) WA Transparency-portal survey | 2025-06 | Transparency portals found vs agencies reported to have Flock contracts | ~13 of ~100 | Only 5 portals offered downloadable audit logs | Mountlake Terrace Musings: Flock Transparency Portals: Inadequate, Incomplete - and Alarming |
| Washington (UWCHR records study) WA Public records from 31 agencies (Flock network/organization audits) | 2025-01 to 2025-08 | Agencies whose data Border Patrol searched / agencies with apparent back-door BP access / records requests filed / jurisdictions responding | at least 17 / at least 10 / 48 / 35 | Adds to covered '31 agencies / 8 sharing with USBP' rows; 7 requests pending incl. Spokane PD, Spokane County, King County SO. | UW Center for Human Rights, 'Leaving the Door Wide Open' |
| Green Bay PD WI Annual ALPR audit memo - sharing and reads | 2025 / early 2026 | Agencies with shared camera access | 299 | No one-to-one sharing with federal agencies; 9,447,030 vehicle reads Jan 1-Feb 7, 2026 | Green Bay PD 2025 ALPR Annual Audit |
| Green Bay PD WI Annual ALPR audit memo (Lexipol Policy 424) | CY2025 | Agency custom hotlist alerts | 18,638 | Plus 1,748 official hotlist alerts; 49 investigations used ALPR data; 31 stolen vehicles recovered; 42 fixed Flock cameras + 50 Axon Fleet 3 vehicles; no misuse reported | Green Bay PD 2025 Automated License Plate Reader Annual Audit (memo May 8, 2026) |
| Green Bay PD WI Green Bay PD 2025 ALPR annual audit memo | CY2025 (reads Jan 1-Feb 7 2026) | Flock cameras / Axon in-car ALPR vehicles / sharing agencies / reads / official hotlist alerts / custom hotlist alerts / investigations / recoveries / misuse | 42 / 50 / 299 / 9,447,030 / 1,748 / 18,638 / 49 / 31 / 0 | Green Bay PD - 2025 Automated License Plate Reader Annual Audit | |
| Marathon County SO WI USA TODAY Flock records | 2023 to 2026 | Searches in records / cameras / sharing agencies / one plate searched | 23,435 / 10 / 1,455 agencies in 40 states / 133 times over 48 days (reason: drugs) | Eight MCSO searches among 5,000 highest-frequency plate searches nationally; office joined 287(g) Nov 2025. | Wausau Pilot & Review, 'Have you been Flocked?...' (second-hand) |
| Milwaukee PD WI Monthly department audit | Apr 2026 | Outlier uses flagged for review | 24 | Listed as possible red flags, not confirmed misuse; one former officer separately charged for tracking a partner | FOX6 Milwaukee (28 May 2026) |
| Milwaukee PD WI Fire and Police Commission letter citing misuse case | ~2025 (one year) | Searches of current/former dating partners' plates by one officer | 175 | Officer charged March 2026; second officer (Internal Affairs) charged July 2026; third under investigation Aug 2026 | Milwaukee Fire and Police Commission letter, Aug 25, 2026 (second-hand) |
| Milwaukee PD Southeastern Threat Analysis Center (via Danville IL audit) WI Danville IL Flock network audit (404 Media dataset) showing Milwaukee STAC searches | 2024-07-15 and 2024-10-21 | searches of Danville network by Milwaukee STAC for 'HSI investigation' | 3 | July 15 search reached 4,893 networks; two Oct 21 searches reached 5,425 networks/devices; reasons 'HSI investigation', 'HSI vehicle loader' | Wisconsin Examiner (via Yahoo), 'Milwaukee PD accessed Illinois Flock cameras for classified investigation' (second-hand) |
| Multi-agency (Beaver Dam WI Amber Alert) WI Released network audit logs - searches for two Amber Alert plates | 2025-02-03 to 2025-03-27 | Searches for plates BBR 20L and KGW 5186 | 3,466 | Agencies in 23 states; >2,000 searches for the wrong (first-listed) plate; suspect found via truck-stop tip | Footnote4a: 3,466 Searches, Zero Hits: How Flock Failed an Amber Alert |
| Wausau PD WI Flock transparency portal / USA TODAY records | 30 days to 2026-09; 2023-2026 | Searches (30 days) / searches in USA TODAY records / cameras / sharing agencies | 231 / 20,020 / 20 / 205 WI agencies | Opted out of nationwide network in May 2026. | Wausau Pilot & Review, 'Have you been Flocked? A new Wausau Pilot tool lets you check your own plate' (second-hand) |
| Wisconsin (221 agencies) WI Audit data from Wauwatosa PD records request, analysed statewide | 1 Jan–31 May 2025 | Agencies using Flock | 221 | Milwaukee PD about 40,000 searches; 'investigation' the most common reason statewide; 11 of 13 287(g) sheriffs appear | Wisconsin Examiner (6 Aug 2025) |
| Wisconsin (per-agency, via Wauwatosa network audit) WI Wisconsin Examiner analysis of Flock audit data | 2025-01-01 to 2025-05-31 | Searches by agency | Milwaukee PD ~40,000; Brown County SO 13,000+ (to May 28); West Allis PD ~12,000 (1,200+ with reason '.'); Fond du Lac County SO ~12,000; Wauwatosa PD 10,372 (1,900+ 'investigation', 871 'stolen'); 11 of 13 287(g) sheriffs appear | PUBLISHED 2025-08 (outside window); covered set has only 221-agency total from this source | Wisconsin Examiner (via Yahoo), 'Analysis of Flock use by Wisconsin cops reveals trends' (Aug 2025) (second-hand) |
| Monongalia County SO WV Nine monthly Flock network audit CSV exports (FOIA received Oct 7, 2026) | 2026-01-01 to 2026-09-30 | Searches touching Mon County cameras / distinct organisations / portal's advertised 30-day search count / organisations with no entry in sharing export (share of searches) / share of searches that are sweeps of 5,000+ networks | 3,049,590 / 3,918 / 85 / 3,181 (~77%) / 99.8% | Sharing export lists 14 orgs Mon County shares with (12 WV, 2 PA); 838 orgs in export | DeFlock Monongalia, '3,918 agencies have searched our cameras 3,049,590 times' (Oct 8, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Monongalia County SO network WV Flock network audit reason fields | 2026-01-01 to 2026-09-30 | Share of searches with no case-specific content / 'Investigation' / 'Criminal Justice Purpose' / 'Traffic Infraction' / 'test' / 'tbd' / federal-tagged rows / AI moderation fired (blocked) | 81.38% / 158,518 / 95,435 / 362,452 (11.9%) / 8,466 / 487 / 127 / 16 (1) | Top reasons: Drugs/Narcotics 176,333; Traffic Infraction 147,742; Wanted Person 141,996; MV theft 116,708. One 'Drugs/Narcotics - ICE' search (Midwest HIDTA, Jan 27, 2026) hit 4,933 networks | DeFlock Monongalia (Oct 8, 2026) (second-hand) |
| Monongalia County SO network WV Flock network audit, top searching agencies | 2026-01-01 to 2026-09-30 | Top searching agencies (searches) | Texas DPS 92,073; Houston PD 88,895; Dallas PD 49,043; Coweta Co GA SO 39,475; Fort Worth PD 37,274; Kansas Highway Patrol 34,966; Hillsborough Co FL SO 33,046; Lake Co IN SO 27,991; Bay Co FL SO 26,415; Atlanta PD 24,217 | DeFlock Monongalia (Oct 8, 2026) (second-hand) |
Table 2: agencies whose Flock audit logs are public
Built from the 151-agency, 3,231-file catalogue that Have I Been Flocked maintains of audit logs obtained through records requests (its own, MuckRock users’, ACLU of Iowa, SASSI South and others) and from Flock transparency portals Have I Been Flocked sources catalogue (read 2 Nov 2026). We grouped files by agency, split them into network audits (every search that touched the agency’s cameras, mostly by other agencies) and organisation audits (searches by the agency’s own users), and kept the earliest and latest search timestamps. Row counts are raw and overlap where monthly files were re-requested; use them to see which agencies have released what, not as search totals. Top 40 by rows shown; the download has all 151.
| Agency | State | Files | Network-audit rows | Own-search rows | Period covered | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cobb County GA PD | GA | 35 | 32,535,418 | 0 | 2025-01-01 to 2026-05-08 | source |
| Forest Park OH PD | OH | 83 | 24,946,715 | 0 | 2023-01-02 to 2026-05-04 | source |
| Riverside County CA | CA | 108 | 19,271,563 | 2,253,701 | 2022-01-01 to 2026-08-14 | source |
| Tifton GA PD | GA | 78 | 18,339,644 | 12,810 | 2023-01-01 to 2026-05-11 | source |
| El Cajon CA | CA | 62 | 18,004,543 | 46,371 | 2023-07-26 to 2026-01-20 | source |
| Ward AR PD | AR | 92 | 17,574,865 | 0 | 2024-01-01 to 2025-12-13 | source |
| West Seneca NY | NY | 49 | 15,162,618 | 17,748 | 2024-07-01 to 2026-07-20 | source |
| Dunwoody GA | GA | 33 | 14,808,644 | 0 | 2025-01-01 to 2026-03-26 | source |
| Bryan TX | TX | 58 | 14,716,457 | 0 | 2024-01-01 to 2026-05-01 | source |
| Louisville Metro KY PD | KY | 90 | 13,931,916 | 128,463 | 2022-01-07 to 2025-07-16 | source |
| Woodland CA | CA | 108 | 14,326,602 | 18,364 | 2021-12-01 to 2026-04-30 | source |
| Cheektowaga NY | NY | 19 | 14,069,051 | 39,580 | 2025-01-01 to 2026-06-05 | source |
| Blount County Comm AL | AL | 61 | 13,663,034 | 8,429 | 2023-12-01 to 2026-05-31 | source |
| Desert Hot Springs CA | CA | 75 | 13,551,181 | 12,214 | 2021-08-04 to 2026-09-24 | source |
| Prescott AZ | AZ | 40 | 12,784,956 | 38,682 | 2025-01-01 to 2026-09-01 | source |
| Virginia agencies via Virginia Center for Investigative Journalism | VA | 52 | 12,268,395 | 4,995 | 2024-06-01 to 2025-06-30 | source |
| Salem MA PD | MA | 81 | 12,023,495 | 0 | 2023-01-01 to 2026-05-07 | source |
| Barrington IL | IL | 61 | 11,871,154 | 1,417 | 2024-01-01 to 2026-07-31 | source |
| Christian County MO SO | MO | 30 | 11,593,798 | 0 | 2025-01-01 to 2026-03-11 | source |
| Pearland TX | TX | 13 | 11,608,684 | 0 | 2025-07-01 to 2026-07-01 | source |
| Harris County TX | TX | 26 | 11,420,486 | 0 | 2023-01-01 to 2026-01-01 | source |
| Forest Park OH | OH | 21 | 11,399,664 | 0 | 2025-01-01 to 2025-09-23 | source |
| Manchester CT PD | CT | 41 | 11,176,706 | 1 | 2023-01-01 to 2026-04-21 | source |
| El Cerrito CA | CA | 76 | 10,305,499 | 0 | 2023-03-29 to 2026-03-01 | source |
| Cheshire CT PD | CT | 61 | 9,858,887 | 0 | 2023-05-04 to 2025-11-12 | source |
| Morton Grove IL | IL | 42 | 9,722,430 | 0 | 2024-06-01 to 2026-02-02 | source |
| New Castle PA PD | PA | 49 | 9,574,911 | 0 | 2023-08-16 to 2026-04-01 | source |
| Huffman ISD TX PD | TX | 29 | 9,163,607 | 0 | 2024-01-01 to 2026-01-14 | source |
| Village of Bloomingdale IL PD | IL | 46 | 8,348,630 | 0 | 2024-06-01 to 2026-04-05 | source |
| Panama City FL | FL | 24 | 8,252,099 | 33,103 | 2025-07-01 to 2026-07-01 | source |
| Navajo County AZ | AZ | 27 | 8,262,091 | 13,753 | 2025-01-01 to 2026-09-16 | source |
| Capitola CA | CA | 22 | 8,100,606 | 0 | 2024-01-01 to 2025-10-10 | source |
| Ridgefield CT PD | CT | 13 | 8,033,141 | 0 | 2025-03-01 to 2026-03-26 | source |
| Ukiah CA | CA | 34 | 7,836,498 | 0 | 2025-01-01 to 2026-06-01 | source |
| Waterford CT PD | CT | 61 | 0 | 0 | 2023-11-27 to 2026-04-20 | source |
| Liberty MO | MO | 18 | 7,120,997 | 2,171 | 2025-12-01 to 2026-08-10 | source |
| Stillwater MN PD | MN | 39 | 6,783,986 | 1 | 2025-01-01 to 2026-08-01 | source |
| Santa Cruz CA | CA | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2024-06-01 to 2025-11-01 | source |
| Parkland Community College IL | IL | 53 | 6,683,038 | 1,336 | 2024-01-01 to 2026-03-20 | source |
| Mcdonough County IL | IL | 28 | 6,139,291 | 0 | 2025-02-19 to 2026-04-21 | source |
Table 3: who is doing the searching
Have I Been Flocked resolves the searching organisation on every released row and publishes a per-agency total. We pulled all 6,688 agency totals from its public API on 2 November 2026 (an import was running that morning, so totals will have moved since). A high number means the agency’s searches show up in many other agencies’ released logs, which is a function of both how much it searches and how widely it searches. Top 50 shown.
| Searching agency | State | Searches in released logs | Distinct user names | First to last search |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Houston TX PD | TX | 14,040,618 | 2,001 | 2022-01-02 to 2026-09-16 |
| Riverside County CA SO | CA | 10,309,393 | 4,275 | 2021-09-17 to 2026-09-24 |
| Dallas TX PD | TX | 6,413,804 | 1,895 | 2022-04-01 to 2026-09-02 |
| California Highway Patrol | CA | 5,650,301 | 4,806 | 2023-09-14 to 2026-09-24 |
| San Francisco CA PD | CA | 4,682,747 | 1,061 | 2024-03-13 to 2026-09-24 |
| Orange County SO CA | CA | 3,227,208 | 624 | 2021-12-09 to 2026-09-24 |
| Louisville Metro KY PD | KY | 2,776,199 | 1,825 | 2022-01-07 to 2026-10-13 |
| Los Angeles CA PD | CA | 2,591,450 | 1,366 | 2023-08-18 to 2026-07-11 |
| Los Angeles County CA SD | CA | 2,003,275 | 1,093 | 2021-12-02 to 2026-09-24 |
| NCRIC | CA | 1,907,676 | 326 | 2021-12-10 to 2026-08-12 |
| Indianapolis Metro PD IN | IN | 1,726,221 | 926 | 2022-01-03 to 2026-09-16 |
| Cobb County GA PD | GA | 1,722,051 | 1,430 | 2022-01-03 to 2026-09-16 |
| Texas Department of Public Safety | TX | 1,720,487 | 1,943 | 2023-06-26 to 2026-09-03 |
| Palm Beach County FL SO | FL | 1,555,225 | 1,567 | 2023-07-06 to 2026-09-16 |
| Gwinnett County GA PD | GA | 1,550,309 | 645 | 2022-01-03 to 2026-08-24 |
| San Jose CA PD | CA | 1,508,332 | 1,343 | 2022-04-09 to 2026-09-24 |
| Missouri State Highway Patrol | MO | 1,455,914 | 1,258 | 2022-01-28 to 2026-09-16 |
| Harris County TX SO | TX | 1,440,317 | 1,169 | 2022-01-06 to 2026-09-02 |
| San Bernardino County CA SO | CA | 1,391,394 | 643 | 2023-03-02 to 2026-09-24 |
| Alameda County CA SO | CA | 1,269,212 | 307 | 2022-12-29 to 2026-09-24 |
| City of Riverside CA PD | CA | 1,254,544 | 492 | 2022-03-11 to 2026-10-12 |
| Hillsborough County FL SO | FL | 1,226,538 | 1,008 | 2022-05-31 to 2026-09-16 |
| Columbus OH PD | OH | 1,121,438 | 707 | 2022-09-26 to 2026-09-03 |
| Michigan State Police | MI | 1,101,064 | 651 | 2022-08-15 to 2026-09-16 |
| Indiana State Police IN PD | IN | 1,067,500 | 931 | 2022-04-13 to 2026-09-16 |
| San Diego County CA SD | CA | 1,049,397 | 653 | 2022-08-08 to 2026-08-14 |
| Atlanta GA PD | GA | 1,043,702 | 671 | 2022-07-17 to 2026-09-16 |
| Fort Worth TX PD | TX | 1,034,256 | 616 | 2022-01-01 to 2026-09-16 |
| Ontario CA PD | CA | 1,022,101 | 567 | 2021-12-20 to 2026-10-13 |
| Oakland CA PD | CA | 1,013,361 | 548 | 2023-03-03 to 2026-10-13 |
| Irvine CA PD | CA | 1,003,524 | 203 | 2022-01-07 to 2026-09-24 |
| Fairfax County VA PD | VA | 979,185 | 816 | 2022-09-22 to 2026-09-02 |
| Carmel IN PD | IN | 979,010 | 254 | 2022-01-05 to 2026-09-16 |
| Cleveland OH Division of Police | OH | 942,513 | 299 | 2023-07-15 to 2026-07-01 |
| Oklahoma City OK PD | OK | 939,592 | 820 | 2022-03-18 to 2026-08-29 |
| Joliet IL PD | IL | 914,023 | 226 | 2022-01-03 to 2026-09-16 |
| Illinois State Police | IL | 900,295 | 591 | 2022-01-01 to 2026-08-25 |
| Coweta County GA SO | GA | 878,386 | 209 | 2022-01-02 to 2026-09-16 |
| DeKalb County GA PD | GA | 874,605 | 385 | 2022-01-03 to 2026-09-16 |
| Cobb County GA SO | GA | 864,904 | 107 | 2022-01-03 to 2026-08-31 |
| Wichita KS PD | KS | 859,239 | 1,051 | 2022-01-01 to 2026-09-02 |
| Kansas Highway Patrol | KS | 840,599 | 466 | 2022-05-17 to 2026-09-16 |
| Fremont CA PD | CA | 837,470 | 134 | 2022-02-15 to 2026-09-24 |
| Vacaville CA PD | CA | 837,150 | 154 | 2021-12-01 to 2026-09-24 |
| San Diego CA PD | CA | 775,475 | 237 | 2023-12-27 to 2025-04-23 |
| Lakeland FL PD | FL | 745,685 | 219 | 2022-01-04 to 2026-09-16 |
| Contra Costa County CA SO | CA | 731,318 | 412 | 2021-12-07 to 2026-10-13 |
| Jacksonville FL SO | FL | 721,369 | 559 | 2023-02-23 to 2026-08-31 |
| San Joaquin County CA SO | CA | 710,581 | 392 | 2022-04-13 to 2026-10-13 |
| Fontana CA PD | CA | 708,720 | 315 | 2022-02-02 to 2026-10-12 |
By state of the searching agency, the attributed searches concentrate where the big departments are: CA 81.6M, TX 39.2M, GA 27.5M, IL 26.3M, FL 17.6M, OH 13.6M, IN 13.1M, MO 8.2M.
Federal agencies in the released logs
Matching on agency name only (CBP, Border Patrol, ICE, HSI, FBI, DEA, ATF, Marshals, “U.S.”), these federal entries appear as searchers. A federal agency searching through a local agency’s login shows under the local agency, so this is a floor.
| Agency | State | Searches in released logs | First to last |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Federal] US Postal Inspection Service | 624,580 | 2022-05-23 to 2026-09-02 | |
| [Federal] ATF Nashville TN [inactive] | TN | 112,644 | 2022-01-05 to 2025-06-19 |
| [Federal] Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) | 99,393 | 2026-03-26 to 2026-09-02 | |
| [Federal] FBI [Inactive] | 79,493 | 2022-01-11 to 2023-07-14 | |
| US Postal Inspection Service [Federal] | 57,403 | 2024-06-02 to 2025-07-16 | |
| [Federal] ATF Louisville KY [inactive] | KY | 38,150 | 2022-08-23 to 2025-05-19 |
| [Federal] US Border Patrol [Inactive] | 27,854 | 2025-05-09 to 2025-08-24 | |
| ATF Nashville TN [inactive] | TN | 25,144 | 2024-06-02 to 2025-06-19 |
| ATF Louisville KY [inactive] | KY | 11,128 | 2024-06-03 to 2025-05-19 |
| ATF Nashville TN | TN | 9,600 | 2024-06-01 to 2025-06-13 |
| [Federal] US GSA Office of Inspector General | 4,836 | 2022-02-10 to 2026-06-11 | |
| [Federal] US Border Patrol | 3,781 | 2025-05-09 to 2025-08-24 | |
| [Federal] Homeland Security Investigations [Inactive] | 3,350 | 2025-03-07 to 2025-05-01 | |
| [Federal] Wright Patterson OH Air Force Base | OH | 2,727 | 2024-09-25 to 2026-07-31 |
| [Federal] Naval Criminal Investigative Service [Inactive] | 2,482 | 2025-01-03 to 2025-04-04 |
Table 4: searches that name immigration, and out-of-state searches of California data
Have I Been Flocked classifies released rows by reason text. Two of its reports are robust enough to republish because the reason is explicit. The first is every search whose stated reason names immigration; since Flock introduced a reason dropdown, that is mostly the literal menu items “Immigration (criminal)” and “Immigration (civil/administrative)”. The API returns the most recent 10,000, which covers only 2026-02-25 to 2026-10-06, so the true 2026 count is higher. The second is searches of California networks by agencies outside California, 9,894 of them from 2026-01-20 to 2026-09-24; California’s SB 34 bars sharing ALPR data out of state. Both tables are by searching agency; the download has every agency.
| Searching agency (immigration-named reason, 2026-02-25 to 2026-10-06) | State | Searches |
|---|---|---|
| Jefferson Parish LA SO | LA | 2,021 |
| Florida Highway Patrol | FL | 1,643 |
| Fish and Wildlife Commission FL PD | FL | 588 |
| Midland TX PD | TX | 433 |
| Marshall County AL SO | AL | 347 |
| Bay County FL SO | FL | 343 |
| Galveston County TX SO | TX | 211 |
| Bourbon County KS SO | KS | 168 |
| Miami-Dade FL SO | FL | 150 |
| Brevard County FL SO | FL | 146 |
| Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) | FL | 145 |
| St. Lucie County FL SO | FL | 110 |
| Riverside County CA District Attorney | CA | 103 |
| Jefferson County MO SO | MO | 94 |
| Jefferson County AL SO | AL | 93 |
| Orange County FL SO | FL | 90 |
| Crowley TX PD | TX | 89 |
| Sevierville TN PD | TN | 86 |
| Gretna LA PD | LA | 86 |
| Grand Prairie TX PD | TX | 85 |
| Indiana State Police IN PD | IN | 83 |
| Riverside County CA SO | CA | 72 |
| Arizona Department of Public Safety | AZ | 71 |
| Barling AR PD | AR | 70 |
| Greene County OH SO | OH | 64 |
| Out-of-state agency searching California data (2026-01-20 to 2026-09-24) | State | Searches |
|---|---|---|
| Houston TX PD | TX | 1,721 |
| Dallas TX PD | TX | 904 |
| Louisville Metro KY PD | KY | 421 |
| Cleveland OH Division of Police | OH | 366 |
| Hillsborough County FL SO | FL | 286 |
| West Chester OH PD | OH | 257 |
| University of the Pacific (CA) | 224 | |
| Carmel IN PD | IN | 197 |
| Beaumont TX PD | TX | 191 |
| Amarillo TX PD | TX | 186 |
| Palm Beach County FL SO | FL | 147 |
| Pasadena TX PD | TX | 145 |
| Wichita KS PD | KS | 142 |
| Phoenix AZ PD | AZ | 134 |
| Missouri State Highway Patrol | MO | 129 |
| Colorado State Patrol | CO | 115 |
| Las Vegas Metro NV PD | NV | 111 |
| Chesterfield County VA PD | VA | 109 |
| Indiana State Police IN PD | IN | 108 |
| St. Charles City MO PD | MO | 87 |
HIBF also publishes keyword-matched “First Amendment” and “profiling” reports. We read 10,000 rows of each and did not republish them: the matches include “temple” in a street name and “gang investigation” as profiling, so they need a human read before they are counts.
Table 5: what the transparency portals said on 2 November 2026
Flock’s transparency portals show a rolling 30-day count of searches, vehicles detected and hot-list hits for agencies that opt in. We read 17 on 2 November 2026 and recorded what they said. Treat them as the vendor’s summary, not the log: Colleyville’s portal said 44 searches in 30 days while its released logs averaged more than 700,000 a month, and about 13 of roughly 100 Washington Flock customers had a portal at all in mid-2025 (Table 1). Eleven more portals we tried returned errors, consistent with cancellations.
| Agency | State | Cameras | Searches, 30 days | Vehicles detected, 30 days | Hot-list hits, 30 days | Retention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yuba County Sheriff's Office | CA | 30 | 501 | 209,341 | n/a | not stated |
| Oakland PD | CA | 293 | 1,672 | 1,450,058 | 92,964 | 30 days |
| Denton PD | TX | 10 | 220 | 347,878 (unique) | 940 | 30 days |
| Woodstock PD | GA | 8 | 77 | 317,134 | 15,021 | 30 days |
| Wyoming PD | MN | 4 | 17 | 160,327 (unique) | 1,799 | 30 days |
| Everett PD | WA | 75 | 620 | 648,799 | 6,178 | 30 days |
| Springfield PD | IL | 135 | 2,016 | 418,371 | 16,391 | 30 days |
| Frisco PD | TX | 99 | 596 | 1,437,812 | 17,175 | 30 days |
| Warren County SO | OH | 22 | 311 | 398,334 | 1,229 | 30 days |
| Nevada County SO | CA | 23 | 94 | 202,430 | 374 | 30 days |
| North Liberty PD | IA | 12 | 17 | 176,534 | n/a | 30 days |
| Del City PD | OK | 10 | 105 | 186,015 | 1,125 | 30 days |
| Oberlin PD | OH | 4 | 53 | 71,158 | n/a | 30 days |
| Alameda PD | CA | 36 | Data Unavailable | 498,578 | 4,987 | 30 days |
| South San Francisco PD | CA | 37 | 442 | 671,967 | 3,119 | 30 days |
| Foster City PD | CA | 20 | 111 | 314,786 | 1,265 | 30 days |
| Lincoln PD | CA | blank | blank | blank | blank | 30 days |
Method and caveats
- Table 1 is hand-collected in five passes on 2 November 2026: a first read of the audits we already cited; five parallel sweeps of state statutory reports, city auditor and privacy-commission reports, press analyses of released logs, records repositories and open-data portals, and academic, advocacy and litigation records; then three more on under-covered states and cities, non-Flock vendors and federal programmes, and September–November 2026 reporting; and finally a browser read of 99 Have I Been Flocked per-agency data-update posts (structured record counts, case-number shares, immigration-term counts, access restrictions) and Lexington PD’s quarterly audit memos for 2025–2026, which the fetch tools could not reach. A handful of UK and Canadian rows are included for scale comparison and labelled by country. Every row carries the sentence the number came from (the
quotecolumn) and a confidence flag: high means read in the primary document; medium means read in a press or secondary report, or the period is approximate. - Numbers we kept but flag. Thornton’s December 2025 network audit of 1,048,576 rows is exactly Excel’s row limit, so the export was truncated; Dunwoody’s five truncated monthly files (2,097,151 rows each) and two of DeFlock ILM’s North Carolina files have the same problem. San Diego’s 2024 report says “more than 140,000” searches in its text and 10,536 in a table. Columbus’s audit coverage reports zero ICE searches and 15,577 possibly immigration-related searches by other agencies; one outlet’s ranking conflates the two. Illinois State Police’s expressway figures carry no period label and look cumulative. KCUR’s Kansas City, Kansas story says six months in its headline and describes a 30-day window in its body. The FlockWatch corpus release gives 153,953,051 records in its text and 99.4 million in its metadata. The notes say so on each row.
- Vendor statements (Flock’s letter to the Senate, its guardrails post, and the historical Vigilant, DRN, MVTRAC and Rekor press releases that state database sizes) are included only where they state a number about audit behaviour or data scale, and are labelled as such; marketing claims about crimes solved are not in this table.
- Table 2 derives agency names from file names and request URLs in the catalogue. We merged obvious duplicates and dropped nine entries with no identifiable agency. Raw rows double-count where overlapping months were released twice; the de-duplicated figure is HIBF’s 291 million.
- Table 3 comes from HIBF’s per-agency endpoint. The attributed total exceeds HIBF’s de-duplicated count because a search that touched several released networks is attributed once per network. An agency that searches a lot in states where nobody has filed a request will be undercounted.
- Table 4 comes from two HIBF report endpoints, capped at the most recent 10,000 rows for the immigration report; counts are by the agency that ran the search, as HIBF resolved it.
- Table 5 is a one-day read of vendor pages that change daily. The read date is in every row.
- Audit types matter. A network audit lists searches that touched a network’s cameras; an organisation audit lists an agency’s own users’ searches. A small town’s network audit can run to millions of rows because every nationwide search by every agency touches it.
- What is not here: plate numbers (redacted at source); most Axon, Motorola and Genetec logs; Maryland’s 2019–2021 and 2024–2025 compilations and Vermont’s 2022–2025 reports, which we could not find published; New Jersey audits before 2023, which do not exist; and any agency that has not had a records request filed. We could not read Have I Been Flocked’s 124 per-agency data-update posts (robots-excluded), so Table 2 relies on its API instead.
- Refresh: quarterly. Send corrections through the about page.
Frequently asked questions
What is in this dataset?
Five tables built from licence-plate-reader audit records that reached the public: 799 audit findings from 475 sources, each read at the source with a quote (state statutory reports, auditor and inspector-general reports, agency audit memos, litigation records, and released logs analysed by press, academics and advocates); an index of 151 agencies whose Flock audit logs have been released; 6,688 searching agencies with attributed search counts; the searches whose stated reason names immigration; and a one-day snapshot of 17 Flock transparency portals. All five download as CSV and JSON. A few UK and Canadian ANPR rows are included for scale comparison and labelled by country.
Where does the data come from?
Table 1 from the linked reports, filings and articles, read on 2 November 2026 in five research sweeps. Tables 2, 3 and 4 from the catalogue and public API of Have I Been Flocked, a volunteer project that collects Flock audit logs obtained through public-records requests. Table 5 from Flock's own transparency portals. We grouped, cleaned and credited; we did not alter counts.
What is the difference between a network audit and an organisation audit?
A network audit lists every search that touched an agency's cameras, including searches run by other agencies through statewide or national sharing. An organisation audit lists searches run by the agency's own users. For the agencies that released both, outside searches outnumber their own by a median of about 550 to 1; Dunwoody, Georgia logged 23.4 million outside rows against 54,148 of its own in 2025.
How many plates do these systems read?
Where agencies reported it: Maryland's fusion centre retained 830 million reads in 2023 and local press counted 4.8 billion scans across 26 Maryland agencies in 2025; Oakland's 290 cameras read 639 million plates in 2025; LAPD's cameras read 211 million in August and September 2025; Westchester County logged 264 million in 2024; Norfolk's 175 cameras logged 41 million in 29 days. Hot-list alerts run at a fraction of a percent of reads.
Why do raw row counts not match Have I Been Flocked's total?
Because agencies often release overlapping months, and the same search appears in every network it touched. The catalogue holds about 610 million raw rows; HIBF de-duplicates them to about 291 million unique searches. Some exports are also truncated at Excel's row limit, which makes the raw figures undercounts for those months.
Does a high number in Table 3 mean an agency is misusing the system?
No. It means the agency's searches appear often in the logs that have been released, which reflects how much it searches, how widely it searches (a nationwide search touches thousands of networks), and where records requests have been filed. Misuse is established by reading the reason field and the case numbers, which is what the findings in Table 1 and the analysis article do.
How do I get my own agency's audit log?
Request the Flock 'network audit' and 'organisation audit' exports for a date range under your state's public-records law, along with the data-sharing settings and the search policy. Our records-request guide has templates and the tracker has deadlines by state. Plate numbers will be redacted; reasons and case numbers usually are not.
How often is this updated?
Quarterly, or when a new statutory report or audit is published. The page shows its last-updated date at the top and the changelog records each refresh.
Related
What the audit logs showThe analysis: outside searches, empty reason fields, immigration queries, tiny hit rates and the misuse tallies, across every audit in this dataset.
ALPR cameras by stateOur other dataset: 144,893 mapped cameras, per-capita by state, reproducible query.
Documented misuse casesThe individual officers, many of them found in these audit logs.
Records-request guideHow to get your agency's network and organisation audits, with templates.
Have I Been FlockedThe volunteer project whose catalogue and API tables 2 to 4 are built on. Search your own plate there.
Footnote4aLog-integrity work: the missing Santa Cruz logs, records that change between downloads, FreeForm searches.