{ "name": "ALPR audit findings 2026", "read_date": "2026-11-02", "rows": 799, "columns": [ "id", "jurisdiction", "state", "category", "scope", "period", "metric", "value", "note", "source_type", "source", "source_url", "source_date", "quote", "confidence", "sweep" ], "data": [ { "id": 1, "jurisdiction": "All released logs (catalogue)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Have I Been Flocked sources catalogue", "period": "2021–Oct 2026", "metric": "Audit files catalogued", "value": "3,339", "note": "617.5 million raw records before de-duplication; 2,293 files from HIBF's own requests, 981 from MuckRock; 1,438,248 rows from Flock transparency portals", "source_type": "FOIA aggregate", "source": "Have I Been Flocked API (read 2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/sources", "source_date": "2026-11-02", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 2, "jurisdiction": "All released logs (de-duplicated)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Have I Been Flocked public totals", "period": "2021–Oct 2026", "metric": "Unique searches", "value": "291,163,650", "note": "4,717,973 distinct plates; totals move with each import", "source_type": "FOIA aggregate", "source": "Have I Been Flocked home page (read 2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/", "source_date": "2026-11-02", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 3, "jurisdiction": "All released logs (FlockWatch corpus)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Deduplicated corpus of released ALPR search records", "period": "2019-12 to 2026-10", "metric": "Share of searches with no case number / distinct reason strings / identifiable vehicles in earlier builds / max departments searching one vehicle", "value": "84.9% / 2,164,768 / 4,776,681 / 243", "note": "Plates tokenized from 2026-09-15", "source_type": "Public dataset release notes", "source": "rhowardstone/flockwatch-data, corpus-2026-10-31 release", "source_url": "https://github.com/rhowardstone/flockwatch-data/releases/tag/corpus-2026-10-31", "source_date": "2026-10-31", "quote": "absent on 84.9% of searches", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 4, "jurisdiction": "All released logs (FlockWatch corpus)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Deduplicated corpus of released ALPR search records (GitHub release)", "period": "2019-12-19 to 2026-10-08", "metric": "Deduplicated search records / agencies / released rows before dedup", "value": "153,953,051 / 6,696 / 887,928,694", "note": "Release page metadata elsewhere says 99.4M; body text says 153,953,051", "source_type": "Public dataset release notes", "source": "rhowardstone/flockwatch-data, corpus-2026-10-31 release", "source_url": "https://github.com/rhowardstone/flockwatch-data/releases/tag/corpus-2026-10-31", "source_date": "2026-10-31", "quote": "153,953,051 deduplicated ALPR search records from 6,696 law-enforcement agencies, 2019-12-19 to 2026-10-08.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 5, "jurisdiction": "Digital Recognition Network (DRN) - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor press release (repossession industry collection)", "period": "2017 (to 2017-11)", "metric": "Live LPR hotlist assignments / affiliate scans per month / live LPR recoveries per month / asset value recovered", "value": "over 315,000; about 150 million per month; average 15,000 per month in 2017; over $8 billion (Oct 2017)", "note": "Vendor statement; headline says 300,000 while body says 315,000", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "DRN press release, 'DRN Vehicle Recovery Hotlist Hits All-Time High of 300,000 LPR Assignments' (Nov 20, 2017)", "source_url": "https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/drn-vehicle-recovery-hotlist-hits-all-time-high-of-300000-license-plate-recognition-lpr-assignments-asset-value-of-vehicles-recovered-exceeds-eight-billion-dollars-300559469.html", "source_date": "2017-11-20", "quote": "an average of 15,000 Live LPR recoveries per month in 2017", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 6, "jurisdiction": "Digital Recognition Network (DRN) - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor press release (repossession industry collection)", "period": "2018-08", "metric": "Live vehicle pick-ups facilitated in one month / affiliate revenue share", "value": "20,122 (Aug 2018); ~$6 million paid to affiliates in 2018, largest monthly payout $534,524", "note": "Vendor statement; 2017 had nearly 90% more live LPR pick-ups than 2016", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "DRN press release, 'Digital Recognition Network Marks Key Milestone: More Than 20,000 Live LPR Recoveries in One Month' (Oct 26, 2018)", "source_url": "https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/digital-recognition-network-marks-key-milestone-more-than-20-000-live-lpr-recoveries-in-one-month-facilitated-by-its-technology-and-data-300738661.html", "source_date": "2018-10-26", "quote": "facilitating the recovery of 20,122 live vehicle pick-ups", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 7, "jurisdiction": "Drug Enforcement Administration National License Plate Reader Program", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "DEA FOIA documents released to ACLU (slideshow and emails)", "period": "2008 to 2014 (documents undated/redacted)", "metric": "Readers deployed / monitoring stations (2010) / records in database / non-hit retention", "value": "at least 100 readers in 8 states; 41 stations in TX, NM, CA (2010); over 343 million records; 6 months", "note": "Jan 2015 update: contract documents list 53 fixed cameras, 24 barrel cameras and 47 LPR trailers across 45 sites in TX, NM, AZ, CA; date of 343M figure unconfirmable due to redactions", "source_type": "FOIA records analysis (ACLU)", "source": "ACLU, 'FOIA Documents Reveal Massive DEA Program to Record Americans' Whereabouts With License Plate Readers' (Jan 26, 2015; updated Jan 28)", "source_url": "https://www.aclu.org/news/smart-justice/foia-documents-reveal-massive-dea-program-record-americans-whereabouts-license", "source_date": "2015-01-26", "quote": "the DEA had deployed at least 100 license plate readers across the United States", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 8, "jurisdiction": "Drug Enforcement Administration National License Plate Reader Program", "state": "US", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "DEA NLPRP Privacy Impact Assessment", "period": "2019-04", "metric": "Retention of LPR reads in NLPRP / alert window", "value": "90 days; 30 days", "note": "Wildcard searches require SES-level supervisor approval; non-federal users vetted through EPIC; no counts of cameras, records or users disclosed", "source_type": "Federal privacy impact assessment", "source": "DEA, National License Plate Reader Program PIA (approved Apr 19, 2019)", "source_url": "https://dea.gov/sites/default/files/2023-03/DEA%20NLPRP%20PIA%20r1.pdf", "source_date": "2019-04-19", "quote": "is maintained in the NLPRP system for 90 days from the date it is captured", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 9, "jurisdiction": "Drug Enforcement Administration National License Plate Reader Program", "state": "US", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "DEA NLPRP/DEASIL Privacy Impact Assessment revision", "period": "2024-12", "metric": "Law-enforcement agencies and hubs with NLPRP MOUs / default deletion", "value": "over 250; 90 days", "note": "User accounts restricted after 30 days of inactivity; PIA states number of cameras 'remains limited' without a figure", "source_type": "Federal privacy impact assessment", "source": "DEA, NLPRP DEASIL PIA Revision (approved Dec 20, 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2025-01/DEA%20NLPRP%20DEASIL%20PIA%20Revision%20-%20Final%2020241220.pdf", "source_date": "2024-12-20", "quote": "the NLPRP has established MOUs with over 250 law enforcement agencies and hubs.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 10, "jurisdiction": "EFF national sample", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Reason-field analysis", "period": "2023–May 2026", "metric": "Searches with reason 'TBD'", "value": "6,300+", "note": "By more than 30 agencies; Priceville AL PD alone 1,954; joke reasons such as LOL and LMAO documented", "source_type": "FOIA aggregate", "source": "EFF, The High Crime of LMAO (Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/09/high-crime-lmao-how-cops-are-treating-mass-surveillance-joke", "source_date": "2026-09", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 11, "jurisdiction": "EFF national sample", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Audit logs from records requests to many agencies", "period": "Dec 2024–Oct 2025", "metric": "Searches logged", "value": "12,000,000+", "note": "Logged by more than 3,900 agencies; hundreds of searches tied to protests; 80+ agencies used anti-Roma terms as reasons", "source_type": "FOIA aggregate", "source": "EFF 2025 in review (Dec 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/12/effs-investigations-expose-flock-safetys-surveillance-abuses-2025-review", "source_date": "2025-12", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 12, "jurisdiction": "Eight university police departments (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Peer-reviewed study of partial Flock records (Policing and Society)", "period": "2025-2026", "metric": "Immigration-related searches found in partial records of eight college PDs", "value": "11,935", "note": "Primary (tandfonline DOI 10.1080/10439463.2026.2702635) not fetchable; number read in The Conversation/Fortune summary", "source_type": "Academic analysis of released records (via press)", "source": "The Conversation (Fradella) via Fortune, Oct 3, 2026", "source_url": "https://fortune.com/2026/10/03/flock-cameras-cbp-access-data-sharing/", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "11,935 immigration-related searches in partial records from eight college police departments", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 13, "jurisdiction": "Flock Safety (vendor claim)", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor review of customer audit logs for protest-related searches", "period": "2025-2026", "metric": "Agencies whose searches explicitly referenced protest activity", "value": "19 of ~3,900 customers (~0.48%)", "note": "Flock blog claim as cited by Footnote4a", "source_type": "vendor blog via analysis", "source": "Footnote4a: Flock Would Rather Jail Cops Than Turn Off the Cameras", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/abuse-findings", "source_date": "2026-07-18", "quote": "19 agencies out of about 3,900 Flock customers ran searches that explicitly referenced protest activity.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 14, "jurisdiction": "Flock Safety (vendor response to Senate)", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Letter from Flock Chief Legal Officer Dan Haley to Sen. Hawley", "period": "2026-09-08", "metric": "Customers voluntarily adopting Audit Assistance / LE customers with retention >30 days / partial-plate searches completed within a week / reported inaccuracies per million alerts / consolidated misuse count maintained", "value": "more than one-third / ~3% / over 90% / ~9 / none", "note": "Records produced Bates FLOCK-SEN-JH00000001-366; July 2026 accuracy tests >99% capture, >96% OCR", "source_type": "Vendor letter to Congress (primary)", "source": "Flock Safety letter to Chairman Hawley, Sep 8, 2026 (hawley.senate.gov)", "source_url": "https://www.hawley.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FILE_3387.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-08", "quote": "presently only approximately 3% of law enforcement customers have a retention period greater than 30 days", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 15, "jurisdiction": "Flock Safety - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor press release", "period": "2026-07", "metric": "Flock customers / first publicly confirmed Audit Assistance-driven misuse case", "value": "more than 12,000 customers; 1 (Albany GA, five officers)", "note": "Vendor statement; Albany officer count already in dataset; customer total and 'first confirmed' claim are new", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "Flock Safety via GlobeNewswire, 'Flock's Audit Assistance Surfaces License Plate Reader Misuse in Albany, Georgia' (Jul 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/07/08/3324138/0/en/Flock-s-Audit-Assistance-Surfaces-License-Plate-Reader-Misuse-in-Albany-Georgia-Five-Officers-Arrested.html", "source_date": "2026-07-08", "quote": "Flock, a leading public safety technology platform with more than 12,000 customers", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 16, "jurisdiction": "Flock Safety - vendor statement (audit behaviour)", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor blog post announcing guardrails", "period": "2026-08", "metric": "Share of customers that voluntarily adopted Audit Assistance (16 weeks after launch) / agencies with Transparency Portal / human-reported errors per million alerts / new default retention", "value": "more than one-third; more than 1,500; fewer than 9; 7 days (from 30)", "note": "Vendor statement; also claims over 90% of partial-plate searches are completed within a week; case-code requirement introduced Jul 2025; Audit Assistance mandatory for all LE customers by end of 2026 per GovTech", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "Flock Safety blog, 'Flock Guardrails Address LPR Privacy Concerns and Police Transparency' (Aug 13, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.flocksafety.com/blog/flock-guardrails-address-lpr-privacy-concerns-and-police-transparency", "source_date": "2026-08-13", "quote": "More than one-third of our customers have voluntarily adopted Audit Assistance.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 17, "jurisdiction": "Flock Safety federal pilots (vendor statement)", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor statement listing concluded federal pilot programs with dates", "period": "2021-07 to 2025-08", "metric": "Federal pilots and their dates", "value": "7 pilots, 6 agencies: FBI Jul 21 2021-Jul 14 2023; NPS (TN) Sep 17 2021-Dec 4 2024; ATF Louisville Aug 23 2022-May 19 2025; ATF Nashville Feb 2023-Jun 23 2025; NCIS Jan 2-Apr 5 2025; HSI Mar 3-May 1 2025; CBP May 9-Aug 24 2025", "note": "Vendor statement. Flock says federal agencies were removed from statewide/national lookup networks in Aug 2025 and limited to one-to-one sharing; single federal-sharing toggle added Jan 2026", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "Flock Safety blog, 'Does Flock Share Data With ICE? Here's Flock's Answer' (published Jan 6, 2026)", "source_url": "https://flocksafety.com/blog/does-flock-share-data-with-ice", "source_date": "2026-01-06", "quote": "In August of 2025, Flock publicly announced it would no longer conduct pilot projects with federal agencies.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 18, "jurisdiction": "ICE Homeland Security Investigations (Flock national network)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock disclosure to Sen. Wyden (letter shared with 404 Media)", "period": "pilot period 2025", "metric": "HSI searches in Flock system", "value": "~200", "note": "HSI, Secret Service, Navy NCIS had access; CBP previously reported 80,000+ cameras", "source_type": "press (senator letter)", "source": "404 Media, 'ICE, Secret Service, Navy All Had Access to Flock's Nationwide Network of Cameras'", "source_url": "https://www.404media.co/ice-secret-service-navy-all-had-access-to-flocks-nationwide-network-of-cameras/", "source_date": "2025-10-16", "quote": "HSI performed 'nearly two hundred searches' in the system, according to the letter", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 19, "jurisdiction": "Motorola Solutions Vigilant (LEARN) - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor press release", "period": "2015-10", "metric": "Agency-to-agency LPR data-sharing relationships in LEARN / agencies / users / vehicles of interest on shared hotlists", "value": "217,751; over 1,000 agencies; 30,000 users; over 17 million", "note": "Vendor statement", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "Vigilant Solutions press release, 'Vigilant Solutions Enables Over 217,000 Law Enforcement Data Sharing Relationships' (Oct 23, 2015)", "source_url": "https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/vigilant-solutions-enables-over-217000-law-enforcement-data-sharing-relationships-300165405.html", "source_date": "2015-10-23", "quote": "LEARN is now used by over 1,000 agencies and 30,000 users.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 20, "jurisdiction": "Motorola Solutions Vigilant (LEARN) - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor sole-source justification letter to City of Elmira NY", "period": "2021-09", "metric": "LPR scans in LEARN / monthly growth", "value": "over 33 billion; over 175 million per month", "note": "Vendor statement. An undated 2021 version of the same letter template (DocumentCloud 21564359) states 'over 30 billion LPR scans ... over 450 million monthly scans'", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "Motorola Solutions, Vigilant Sole Source Letter to City of Elmira (Sep 18, 2021)", "source_url": "https://public.destinyhosted.com/elmirdocs/2021/CC/20211101_146/1020_Vigilant_Sole_Source_Letter.pdf", "source_date": "2021-09-18", "quote": "LEARN consists of over 33 billion LPR scans, and is growing at a rate of over 175 million monthly scans.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 21, "jurisdiction": "Motorola Solutions Vigilant / DRN commercial database - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor press release (MVTRAC data agreement)", "period": "2015-05", "metric": "Historical commercial LPR scans / new scans added monthly", "value": "well over 3 billion; over 100 million per month", "note": "Vendor statement", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "Vigilant Solutions press release, 'Vigilant Solutions Bolsters Commercial LPR Database through Agreement with MVTRAC' (May 20, 2015)", "source_url": "https://prnewswire.com/news-releases/vigilant-solutions-bolsters-commercial-lpr-database-through-agreement-with-mvtrac-300086183.html", "source_date": "2015-05-20", "quote": "well over 3 billion historical LPR scans and over 100 million new LPR scans monthly", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 22, "jurisdiction": "Motorola Solutions Vigilant commercial database - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor product description quoted in press (Irvine Company malls data-sharing story)", "period": "2018-07", "metric": "Vehicle detections in Vigilant commercial LPR database / agencies sharing real-time data", "value": "over 5 billion; over 1,000 agencies", "note": "Vendor statement; Irvine Company said Vigilant ran LPR at its three Orange County regional shopping centers", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "TechCrunch, 'California malls are sharing license plate tracking data with an ICE-linked database' (Jul 10, 2018)", "source_url": "https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/10/alpr-license-plate-recognition-ice-irvine-company", "source_date": "2018-07-10", "quote": "exclusive commercial LPR database of over 5 billion vehicle detections", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 23, "jurisdiction": "Multi-agency (121 agencies)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit logs - FreeForm searches", "period": "2025", "metric": "FreeForm searches in 2025", "value": "6,736", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: Flock's FreeForm Free-For-All", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/freeform-freeforall", "source_date": "2026-03-09", "quote": "A separate query found 6,736 FreeForm searches in 2025 across 121 agencies.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 24, "jurisdiction": "Multi-agency (124 agencies)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit logs - FreeForm (natural-language) searches with moderation outcome", "period": "through 2026-03", "metric": "FreeForm search log entries analysed", "value": "3,217", "note": "3,184 allowed, 19 blocked, 14 warned; only 85 (2.6%) had a plate field", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: Flock's FreeForm Free-For-All", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/freeform-freeforall", "source_date": "2026-03-09", "quote": "Of those 3,217 searches, 3,184 were allowed, 19 were blocked, and 14 triggered a warning.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 25, "jurisdiction": "MVTRAC (private repossession ALPR network) - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor claims quoted in press", "period": "2026-09", "metric": "New LPR data points collected per month / recovery affiliates", "value": "more than 500 million per month; more than 600 affiliates", "note": "Vendor statement as quoted by CarScoops; MVTRAC mainly serves lenders and repossession firms", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "CarScoops, 'Flock Cameras Are Under Fire, But The Private Networks You Can't See May Be Worse' (Sep 10, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.carscoops.com/2026/09/flock-cameras-are-under-fire-but-the-private-networks-you-cant-see-may-be-worse/", "source_date": "2026-09-10", "quote": "collects more than 500 million new LPR data points every month", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 26, "jurisdiction": "Nationwide (EFF-collated Flock lookups)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "404 Media analysis of Flock lookup cache collated by EFF; protest-related searches", "period": "2024-11 to 2025-11", "metric": "agencies running protest-related searches (No Kings etc.)", "value": "as many as 50 agencies; 'hundreds' of searches", "note": "paywalled beyond intro", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "404 Media, 'Cops Used Flock to Monitor No Kings Protests Around the Country'", "source_url": "https://www.404media.co/cops-used-flock-to-monitor-no-kings-protests-around-the-country/", "source_date": "2025-11-20", "quote": "more than 50 agencies 'ran hundreds of searches' in connection with protest activity", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 27, "jurisdiction": "Rekor Systems (Rekor Public Safety Network) - vendor statement", "state": "US", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Vendor press release", "period": "2019-08", "metric": "Plate reads captured per month across Rekor network / states / Westchester County PD cameras and reads", "value": "approximately 150 million per month; over 30 states; Westchester 84 cameras capturing 25 million reads per month", "note": "Vendor statement; Westchester reported 'hundreds' of hotlist hits per month", "source_type": "Vendor statement", "source": "Rekor Systems, 'Rekor Systems Launches Public Safety Network' (Aug 24, 2019)", "source_url": "https://www.rekor.ai/post/rekor-systems-launches-public-safety-network", "source_date": "2019-08-24", "quote": "has 84 cameras deployed that are capturing 25 million reads per month", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 28, "jurisdiction": "Released logs, immigration-flagged (HIBF)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Searches whose reason text names immigration, most recent 10,000 in released logs", "period": "25 Feb–6 Oct 2026", "metric": "Searches", "value": "10,000+ (capped)", "note": "Top searchers Jefferson Parish LA SO 2,021, Florida Highway Patrol 1,643, Florida Fish and Wildlife 588, Midland TX PD 433; reasons now use Flock's dropdown 'Immigration (civil/administrative)' and 'Immigration (criminal)'", "source_type": "FOIA aggregate via API", "source": "Have I Been Flocked immigration report API (read 2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/immigration-records", "source_date": "2026-11-02", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 29, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Border Patrol (nationwide)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "AP investigation of records incl. Flock access/audit data", "period": "2025 (at one point in time)", "metric": "Flock cameras Border Patrol had access to", "value": "1600+ across 22 states", "note": "AP; Flock paused Border Patrol/HSI pilots", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "Associated Press via Reform Austin, 'Border Patrol's surveillance system tracking millions of U.S. drivers'", "source_url": "https://www.reformaustin.org/border/border-patrols-surveillance-system-tracking-millions-of-u-s-drivers/amp", "source_date": "2025-11", "quote": "at least 1,600 cameras across 22 states", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 30, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Customs and Border Protection (border LPR)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "CBP FOIA response to ACLU (Jan 2014)", "period": "2009-05 to 2013-05", "metric": "License plates logged by CBP readers", "value": "more than 793.5 million", "note": "CBP reported collecting nearly 100% of land border traffic; ACLU analysis of DEA/CBP FOIA documents", "source_type": "FOIA records analysis (ACLU)", "source": "ACLU, 'FOIA Documents Reveal Massive DEA Program to Record Americans' Whereabouts With License Plate Readers' (Jan 26, 2015)", "source_url": "https://www.aclu.org/news/smart-justice/foia-documents-reveal-massive-dea-program-record-americans-whereabouts-license", "source_date": "2015-01-26", "quote": "collects nearly 100 percent of land border traffic", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 31, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Flock pilot)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs released by three police departments; Flock statements", "period": "2025 (pilot May 9 to Aug 24, 2025 per Flock)", "metric": "Flock ALPR cameras CBP regularly searched", "value": "more than 80,000", "note": "At least one department said it did not know it was sharing with CBP; Loveland CO shared directly via 'one-to-one' agreement; Flock then paused all federal pilots", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "404 Media, 'CBP Had Access to More than 80,000 Flock AI Cameras Nationwide' (Aug 25, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.404media.co/cbp-had-access-to-more-than-80-000-flock-ai-cameras-nationwide/", "source_date": "2025-08-25", "quote": "regularly searched more than 80,000 Flock automated license plate reader (ALPR) cameras", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 32, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Customs and Border Protection (LPR program)", "state": "US", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "DHS/CBP Privacy Impact Assessment PIA-049 (CBP LPR technology)", "period": "2017-12", "metric": "Retention of mobile/covert LPR reads / border-crossing LPR data / hot lists and investigative data", "value": "no more than 2 years; 15 years; up to 75 years", "note": "Mobile/covert readers operate within 100 miles of the border; DEA receives real-time CBP feed under MOU with monthly statistical reports (plates seen 4+ and 7+ times)", "source_type": "Federal privacy impact assessment", "source": "DHS/CBP/PIA-049, CBP License Plate Reader Technology (Dec 11, 2017)", "source_url": "https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/4336067/ALPR-PIA-CBP.pdf", "source_date": "2017-12-11", "quote": "LPR information is retained for 15 years consistent with the BCI SORN.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 33, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (commercial LPR data)", "state": "US", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "DHS/ICE Privacy Impact Assessment PIA-039 (commercial LPR service)", "period": "2015-03", "metric": "Vendor-estimated new plates added per month from private sources / ICE field offices with existing subscriptions / query look-back", "value": "70 million per month; 2 field offices; 5 years (ERO/administrative)", "note": "Immigration enforcement case files retained 75 years; supervisory audit log review quarterly", "source_type": "Federal privacy impact assessment", "source": "DHS/ICE/PIA-039, Acquisition and Use of License Plate Reader Data from a Commercial Service (Mar 19, 2015)", "source_url": "https://www.securityindustry.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/privacy-pia-ice-lpr-march2015.pdf", "source_date": "2015-03-19", "quote": "One vendor estimates that it adds 70 million new license plates per month from private sources.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 34, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Vigilant LEARN access)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "FOIA-released ICE/Vigilant contract and training records (ACLU of Northern California lawsuit)", "period": "2017-12 to 2020-09 (contract term)", "metric": "ICE employees with Vigilant database accounts / contract value", "value": "more than 9,200 employees; $6.1 million contract", "note": "Access via Thomson Reuters contract; database covered 50 largest metro areas (~60% of US population); ICE could search five years of history for civil immigration cases", "source_type": "FOIA records analysis (ACLU)", "source": "ACLU, 'Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data From Local Police for Deportations' (Mar 13, 2019)", "source_url": "https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/documents-reveal-ice-using-driver-location-data", "source_date": "2019-03-13", "quote": "Over 9,000 ICE officers have gained access to the Vigilant system under a $6.1 million contract", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 35, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Vigilant LEARN access)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ICE internal report listing local agencies that granted ICE ongoing LEARN access", "period": "2018", "metric": "Local law-enforcement agencies sharing ALPR data with ICE via Vigilant", "value": "80 agencies in more than a dozen states", "note": "Agencies could provide 'hundreds of millions more' scans for ICE to search", "source_type": "FOIA records analysis (ACLU)", "source": "ACLU, 'Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data From Local Police for Deportations' (Mar 13, 2019)", "source_url": "https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/documents-reveal-ice-using-driver-location-data", "source_date": "2019-03-13", "quote": "Over 80 local law enforcement agencies, from over a dozen states", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 36, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Vigilant LEARN access)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "FOIA-released ICE Vigilant search logs (seven months of 2018)", "period": "2018-02 to 2018-08 (seven months)", "metric": "ICE queries of Vigilant LEARN database per month (estimated from logs)", "value": "over 30,000 per month", "note": "Redactions prevent confirming whether queries were unique; one 'Stakeout Browsing Mobile' query in March 2018 returned almost 10,000 results", "source_type": "FOIA records analysis (ACLU)", "source": "ACLU of Northern California, 'Records Reveal ICE Agents Run Thousands of License Plate Queries a Month' (Jun 5, 2019)", "source_url": "https://www.aclunorcal.org/news/records-reveal-ice-agents-run-thousands-license-plate-queries-month-massive-location-database/", "source_date": "2019-06-05", "quote": "it appears that ICE performed over 30,000 such queries of this database per month", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 37, "jurisdiction": "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (Vigilant LEARN access)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "FOIA-released ICE/Vigilant records", "period": "2018-2019", "metric": "Commercial location data points accessible to ICE / additional law-enforcement records available", "value": "over 5 billion private-sector data points; 1.5 billion law-enforcement records", "note": "Vigilant database described as adding 150-200 million unique plate scans per month; 500 million LE-collected plate locations cited in records", "source_type": "FOIA records analysis (ACLU)", "source": "ACLU, 'Documents Reveal ICE Using Driver Location Data From Local Police for Deportations' (Mar 13, 2019)", "source_url": "https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/documents-reveal-ice-using-driver-location-data", "source_date": "2019-03-13", "quote": "ICE has access to over 5 billion data points of location information collected by private businesses", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 38, "jurisdiction": "United States (30 agencies surveyed)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA Today public records requests for audit reports", "period": "2026", "metric": "Agencies asked for audits / responded / no responsive records / denied / provided (audits began only in 2026)", "value": "30 / 14 / 4 / 5 / 5", "note": "", "source_type": "Press survey", "source": "USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://lufkindailynews.com/news/community/frequent-flockers-repeat-searches-prompt-officer-firings-arrests/article_ec4bec95-707f-5b13-be1f-851e2bcf191a.html", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "USA TODAY submitted public records requests to 30 police agencies", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 39, "jurisdiction": "United States (five states)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA Today tally of personnel actions", "period": "summer 2026 (two months to Sep 4)", "metric": "Police/sheriff employees arrested, fired, put on leave or investigated / GBI arrests since July 6", "value": "at least 19 in five states / 14", "note": "At least six more agencies opened investigations after USA Today inquiries", "source_type": "Press tally", "source": "USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://lufkindailynews.com/news/community/frequent-flockers-repeat-searches-prompt-officer-firings-arrests/article_ec4bec95-707f-5b13-be1f-851e2bcf191a.html", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "Since July 6, the bureau announced arrests of 14 of them.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 40, "jurisdiction": "United States (multi-agency)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - searches using Roma/'gypsy' terms", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-10", "metric": "Agencies running searches with Roma-targeting terms", "value": "more than 80 (hundreds of searches)", "note": "About 400 further searches targeted Traveller communities. Examples: Fairfax County PD VA 150+ searches (Dec 2024-Apr 2025); Irvine PD 8 searches across 1,420 networks/29,364 devices; Lake County SO IL 3 searches across 1,233 networks/14,467 devices; Sacramento PD 6 searches/468 networks/12,885 devices.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "EFF - License Plate Surveillance Logs Reveal Racist Policing Against Romani People", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/11/license-plate-surveillance-logs-reveal-racist-policing-against-romani-people", "source_date": "2025-11-03", "quote": "More than 80 law enforcement agencies across the United States", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 41, "jurisdiction": "United States (multi-agency)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - noise complaints and background checks", "period": "2025 to 2026", "metric": "Agencies that ran ALPR searches for noise complaints", "value": "26 (some across 6,500+ networks)", "note": "Background-check examples: Jefferson County SO MO 6 searches/2,853 networks; Little Elm PD TX 10/6,306; Ridgeland PD MS 2/6,000+; Texas City PD 3/728; Zion PD IL 1/585.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "EFF - More License Plate Reader Mission Creep", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/05/more-license-plate-reader-mission-creep-school-residency-verification-background", "source_date": "2026-05-26", "quote": "Some of these agencies searched upwards of 6,500 networks", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 42, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "IJ database total as of Senate testimony", "period": "2018 to 2026-09", "metric": "ALPR abuse incidents catalogued", "value": "more than 240", "note": "Testimony p.4.", "source_type": "litigation/advocacy (congressional testimony)", "source": "Institute for Justice (Alasdair Whitney) written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Counterterrorism hearing 'Always Watching'", "source_url": "https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/09/23/2026/2026-09-23-pm_testimony_whitneypdf", "source_date": "2026-09-23", "quote": "IJ's Database of ALPR Abuse catalogs more than 240 incidents nationwide", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 43, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "IJ documented ALPR error cases", "period": "2018 to 2026-09", "metric": "Innocent motorists stopped, detained or jailed due to ALPR errors", "value": "at least 33", "note": "Testimony p.5. Gizmodo (31 Jul 2026) quoted IJ at 'at least 27' earlier.", "source_type": "advocacy (congressional testimony)", "source": "Institute for Justice (Alasdair Whitney) written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Counterterrorism hearing 'Always Watching'", "source_url": "https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/09/23/2026/2026-09-23-pm_testimony_whitneypdf", "source_date": "2026-09-23", "quote": "IJ has documented at least 33 cases since 2018 in which innocent motorists were stopped, detained, or jailed", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 44, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "IJ Database of ALPR Abuse (media reports + public records compilation)", "period": "2018-11 to 2026-09", "metric": "ALPR abuse incidents catalogued (version read)", "value": "197", "note": "Header read 'incidents shown'. Page is updated continuously; Four categories: Stalking, Error, Non-law-enforcement use, Other misuse.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "Institute for Justice - IJ Database of ALPR Abuse", "source_url": "https://ij.org/the-ij-database-of-alpr-abuse/", "source_date": "2026-08-12", "quote": "Incidents of abuse were identified using media reports and public records.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 45, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "IJ Database of ALPR Abuse - entries by type (tally of the 197-entry version)", "period": "2018-11 to 2026-09", "metric": "Stalking / Non-law-enforcement use / Error / Other misuse entries", "value": "56 / 89 / 31 / 21", "note": "Page publishes no totals; counts are a tally of the 197 entries shown in the version read. Georgia had the most entries (68); 33 states represented.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "Institute for Justice - IJ Database of ALPR Abuse", "source_url": "https://ij.org/the-ij-database-of-alpr-abuse/", "source_date": "2026-08-12", "quote": "197 incidents shown", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 46, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "IJ stalking list - earlier version", "period": "2021 to 2026-05", "metric": "Officers reportedly using ALPRs to stalk romantic interests", "value": "18 cases (10 states)", "note": "Version 'updated May 28, 2026'. WI 3, FL 3, KS 3, CA 2, GA 2, PA/TN/KY/ID/IL 1 each. Nearly all charged and lost jobs.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "Institute for Justice - stalking list (May 2026 version)", "source_url": "https://ij.org/police-have-reportedly-used-license-plate-readers-to-stalk-romantic-interests-at-least-14-times-in-recent-years/", "source_date": "2026-05-28", "quote": "identified at least 18 cases nationwide of officers allegedly abusing ALPR data this way", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 47, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "IJ running list of ALPR romantic-stalking cases (version read)", "period": "2021-09 to 2026-07", "metric": "Officers reportedly using ALPRs to stalk romantic interests (cases listed)", "value": "51 cases in 19 states", "note": "Version 'updated August 3, 2026'. 38 of 51 entries mention fired/resigned/charged/convicted/pleaded. Cases span GA, TX, FL, MA, NC, AZ, MO, LA, SC, OH, KY, WI, IL, KS, IN, ID, CA, TN, PA.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "Institute for Justice - Police Have Reportedly Used License Plate Readers to Stalk Romantic Interests Dozens of Times", "source_url": "https://ij.org/police-have-reportedly-used-license-plate-readers-to-stalk/", "source_date": "2026-08-03", "quote": "The dozens of cases listed below are almost certainly an undercount.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 48, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Sen. Wyden / Rep. Krishnamoorthi letter to FTC on Flock security", "period": "2025", "metric": "Flock customer accounts with stolen passwords", "value": "at least 35", "note": "Also: ~75% of law-enforcement customers opted into National Lookup; 5,000+ police departments and 1,000+ businesses as customers (reported).", "source_type": "congressional letter", "source": "Wyden-Krishnamoorthi letter to FTC", "source_url": "https://www.wyden.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/wyden_letter_to_ftc_on_flockpdf.pdf", "source_date": "2025-11-03", "quote": "passwords for at least 35 Flock customer accounts have been stolen", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 49, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock National Lookup opt-in (Wyden letter, vendor figure)", "period": "2025", "metric": "Share of law-enforcement customers opted into National Lookup", "value": "about 75%", "note": "Vendor figure relayed in congressional letter.", "source_type": "congressional letter", "source": "Wyden-Krishnamoorthi letter to FTC", "source_url": "https://www.wyden.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/wyden_letter_to_ftc_on_flockpdf.pdf", "source_date": "2025-11-03", "quote": "About 75% of law enforcement customers have opted in", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 50, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Flock network audit obtained by ACLU of Massachusetts (Data for Justice)", "period": "spring 2025 (30 days)", "metric": "Searches of the nationwide Flock database in a 30-day period", "value": "over 450,000", "note": "", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "ACLU of Massachusetts Data for Justice - Flock Gives Law Enforcement All Over the Country Access to Your Location", "source_url": "https://data.aclum.org/2025/10/07/flock-gives-law-enforcement-all-over-the-country-access-to-your-location/", "source_date": "2025-10-07", "quote": "over 450,000 searches of the nationwide database in just a 30-day period in the spring of 2025", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 51, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Washington Post review of police/court records on ALPR misuse", "period": "to 2026-08", "metric": "Officers charged or accused / cases using Flock / cases targeting partners, exes or women officer wanted to meet", "value": "at least 50 / 46 / 26", "note": "the 26 partner-target figure and example counts (Hall 192 searches; Steffman ~600 over 13 months; Wisconsin 179) are new. Seven victims interviewed.", "source_type": "press", "source": "Washington Post (via Anchorage Daily News) - How rogue officers turned a nationwide camera network into a tool for stalking", "source_url": "https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2026/08/02/how-rogue-officers-turned-a-nationwide-camera-network-into-a-tool-for-stalking/", "source_date": "2026-08-02", "quote": "26 (targets were wives, girlfriends, exes, exes' new partners, or women the officer wanted to meet)", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 52, "jurisdiction": "United States (national)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Washington Post investigation of police audits", "period": "to 2026-08", "metric": "Officials accused, charged or convicted of ALPR misuse / cases first detected by outsiders / share of ~7,000 Flock agencies using Audit Assistance", "value": "at least 69 / at least 15 / about one-third", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-08-19 (before slice window) but not in covered set; cited by Oct 2026 reports", "source_type": "Press investigation", "source": "Washington Post (via Spokesman-Review), 'Police departments weren't looking for officers abusing Flock' (Aug 19, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2026/aug/19/police-departments-werent-looking-for-officers-abu/", "source_date": "2026-08-19", "quote": "At least 69 police officials have been accused, charged with or convicted", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 53, "jurisdiction": "United States (national) / Georgia", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Tally of documented ALPR misuse cases", "period": "2021 to 2026-11", "metric": "Misuse cases in US / in Georgia", "value": "at least 85 / 21", "note": "CNN tally", "source_type": "Press tally", "source": "CNN (via KQ2), Nov 1, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.kq2.com/cnn/cnn-national/2026/11/01/flock-was-founded-in-atlanta-thousands-of-cameras-later-the-company-is-getting-pushback-in-its-hometown/", "source_date": "2026-11-01", "quote": "Since 2021, there have been at least 85 cases in the United States – including 21 in Georgia", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 54, "jurisdiction": "United States (USA Today corpus)", "state": "US", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA Today analysis of released Flock audit logs", "period": "2023-01 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches analysed / agencies whose searches appear / agencies whose logs obtained / states / officers' usage covered / fully unredacted records / users flagged for frequent persistent searches / agencies contacted about flagged users", "value": "75,000,000+ / 6,300+ / 120+ / 24 / 208,000+ / 14,000,000 / 240 / 67", "note": "About half of the 67 led to confirmed or launched investigations", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://lufkindailynews.com/news/community/frequent-flockers-repeat-searches-prompt-officer-firings-arrests/article_ec4bec95-707f-5b13-be1f-851e2bcf191a.html", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "USA TODAY analyzed more than 75 million searches of Flock license plate reader data spanning three-and-a-half years", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 55, "jurisdiction": "Vigilant-contracting agencies nationwide (EFF/MuckRock 'Data Driven')", "state": "US", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Public records from 200 agencies contracting with Vigilant Solutions", "period": "2016 to 2017", "metric": "Plate scans / share of scanned plates not under suspicion / minimum sharing partners per agency", "value": "more than 2.5 billion; 99.5%; at least 160 (many over 800)", "note": "Records obtained via hundreds of public records requests; dataset published with per-agency hot-list hit data", "source_type": "Public records analysis (EFF/MuckRock)", "source": "EFF, 'EFF and MuckRock Release Records and Data from 200 Law Enforcement Agencies' Automated License Plate Reader Programs' (Nov 15, 2018)", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/11/eff-and-muckrock-release-records-and-data-200-law-enforcement-agencies-automated", "source_date": "2018-11-15", "quote": "accounting for more than 2.5-billion license plate scans in 2016 and 2017", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 56, "jurisdiction": "Blount County Commission", "state": "AL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Dec 2023 to May 2026", "metric": "Network searches / organisations / Houston PD share / case-number share", "value": "13,723,155 / 5,457 / 10.4% / 20.2%", "note": "Weekly volume grew about seven-fold, from 34,381 to 230,000+; 6,410 immigration-term records; 62,341 test or training records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Blount County Commission AL (Dec 2023 – May 2026) (2026-08-07)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/blount-county-comm-al-dec2023-may2026", "source_date": "2026-08-07", "quote": "Houston TX PD alone accounts for more than one in ten searches across the entire dataset.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 57, "jurisdiction": "Blount County Commission AL", "state": "AL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Dec 1, 2023 – May 31, 2026 (30 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "13,723,155 records; 5,457 organisations", "note": "Case number: 2,770,107 (20.2%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Blount County Commission AL (Dec 2023 – May 2026) (August 7, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/blount-county-comm-al-dec2023-may2026", "source_date": "August 7, 2026", "quote": "Records: 13,723,155; Organizations: 5,457", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 58, "jurisdiction": "Priceville PD", "state": "AL", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - 'TBD' reason field", "period": "2023 to 2026-05", "metric": "Searches by Priceville PD with reason 'TBD'", "value": "1,954", "note": "Part of the 6,300+ 'TBD' searches by 30+ agencies already in dataset.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "EFF - The High Crime of 'LMAO'", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/09/high-crime-lmao-how-cops-are-treating-mass-surveillance-joke", "source_date": "2026-09-14", "quote": "The Priceville Police Department alone ran 1,954 searches with 'TBD' as the reason.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 59, "jurisdiction": "Fort Smith PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log", "period": "2024-01 to 2025-12 (24 months)", "metric": "Network audit records", "value": "7,623,215", "note": "97.9% contain plates", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: December 2025 Data update from Arkansas (The Big One)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/arkansas-dec2025", "source_date": "2025-12-29", "quote": "Fort Smith PD: Network audit ... 7,623,215 records, 97.9% of which contain license plates.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 60, "jurisdiction": "Little Rock PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal Flock audit", "period": "2026 (10 days)", "metric": "Officers relieved of duty / searches of same plate by one officer in 10 days / audit frequency change", "value": "3 / 28 / quarterly to monthly", "note": "Secondary report cites 687,332 unique vehicles read in 30 days (portal)", "source_type": "Press report on agency audit", "source": "KATV, 'Three Little Rock police officers relieved of duty after Flock camera system misuse' (Oct 13, 2026)", "source_url": "https://katv.com/news/local/three-little-rock-police-officers-relieved-of-duty-after-flock-camera-system-misuse", "source_date": "2026-10-13", "quote": "an officer conducted 28 searches of the same license plate through the department's Flock Safety camera system over 10 days.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 61, "jurisdiction": "Lowell AR PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 29 – Jul 27, 2026 (4 weeks)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "104 records", "note": "Case number: 77 (74.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Lowell AR PD (Jul 2026) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/lowell-ar-jul2026", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 104", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 62, "jurisdiction": "Lowell AR PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 29 – Jul 29, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "387,924 records; 2,957 organisations", "note": "Case number: 149,770 (38.6%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Lowell AR PD (Jul 2026) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/lowell-ar-jul2026", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 387,924; Organizations: 2,957", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 63, "jurisdiction": "Lowell PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "29 Jun to 29 Jul 2026", "metric": "Own searches vs network searches in one month / organisations / case-number share", "value": "104 vs 387,924 / 2,957 / 38.6%", "note": "Texas DPS 14,864 searches led all agencies", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Lowell AR PD (Jul 2026) (2026-08-08)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/lowell-ar-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-08-08", "quote": "Case number coverage sits at 38.6%, meaning roughly six in ten searches across all agencies were filed without a case number attached.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 64, "jurisdiction": "Pea Ridge PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-12 (19 months)", "metric": "Network audit records", "value": "9,978,105", "note": "93.0% contain plates; files provided privately to HIBF", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: December 2025 Data update from Arkansas (The Big One)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/arkansas-dec2025", "source_date": "2025-12-29", "quote": "Pea Ridge PD: Network audit ... 9,978,105 records, 93.0% of which contain license plates.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 65, "jurisdiction": "Rogers AR", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Nov 12, 2025 – Feb 20, 2026 (with Jan 1–19 gap)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "1,975,743 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Rogers AR (Mar 2026) (March 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rogers-ar-mar2026", "source_date": "March 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,975,743", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 66, "jurisdiction": "Rogers AR PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 27 – Jul 1, 2026 (approx. 10 weeks)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "2,204,042 records; 3,494 organisations", "note": "Case number: 1,015,667 (46.1%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Rogers AR PD (Apr–Jul 2026) (July 29, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rogers-ar-apr-jul2026", "source_date": "July 29, 2026", "quote": "Records: 2,204,042; Organizations: 3,494", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 67, "jurisdiction": "Rogers AR PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 20 – Apr 27, 2026 (overlaps with prior batch through Feb 20)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "1,799,970 records; 3,446 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Rogers AR PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rogers-ar-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,799,970; Organizations: 3,446", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 68, "jurisdiction": "Rogers PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "20 Jan to 27 Apr 2026", "metric": "Own searches as share of network searches / daily network searches before and after 25 Mar 2026 access restriction / organisations per week before and after", "value": "0.16% / 20,000–30,000 to 3,000–4,000 / 2,350 to 550", "note": "1,799,970 records from 3,446 organisations; 1,433 immigration-term records (Crowley TX PD 301); network shared with 1,031 agencies as of 4 May 2026", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Rogers AR PD (June 2026) (2026-06-18)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rogers-ar-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-18", "quote": "Network search volume dropped sharply on March 25, 2026, from roughly 20,000–30,000 searches per day to approximately 3,000–4,000 per day — a reduction of roughly 85%.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 69, "jurisdiction": "Rogers PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "27 Apr to 1 Jul 2026", "metric": "Network searches in ten weeks / organisations / case-number share / Houston and Dallas share", "value": "2,204,042 / 3,494 / 46.1% / 13%", "note": "All plates redacted; 2,223 empty rows in the export", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Rogers AR PD (Apr–Jul 2026) (2026-07-29)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rogers-ar-apr-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-07-29", "quote": "Houston TX PD and Dallas TX PD together account for 13% of all searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 70, "jurisdiction": "Texarkana AR PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock transparency-portal search log (prior analysis)", "period": "30 days, 2026-06", "metric": "Searches analyzed", "value": "226", "note": "Portal audit log since taken offline.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Texarkana Today, 'Texarkana, Texas police ran 305 license plate reader searches...'", "source_url": "https://txktoday.com/news/texarkana-texas-police-ran-305-license-plate-reader-searches-during-a-recent-30-day-stretch-two-thirds-of-them-reached-beyond-texarkana-to-more-than-1000-law-enforcement-agencies-across-the-country/", "source_date": "2026-08-06", "quote": "226 Texarkana, Arkansas (TAPD) searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 71, "jurisdiction": "Tontitown PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log", "period": "2025-11 to 2025-12", "metric": "Organisation audit records", "value": "186", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: December 2025 Data update from Arkansas (The Big One)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/arkansas-dec2025", "source_date": "2025-12-29", "quote": "Tontitown PD: Organization audit ... 186 records", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 72, "jurisdiction": "Van Buren AR PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Feb 1, 2025 – Aug 19, 2026 (about 18.5 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "23,363 records", "note": "Case number: 7,685 (32.9%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Van Buren AR PD (Feb 2025 – Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/van-buren-ar-feb2025-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 23,363", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 73, "jurisdiction": "Ward PD", "state": "AR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-12 (19 months)", "metric": "Organisation audit records", "value": "574", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: December 2025 Data update from Arkansas (The Big One)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/arkansas-dec2025", "source_date": "2025-12-29", "quote": "Ward PD: Organization audit ... 574 records", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 74, "jurisdiction": "Arizona (Tolleson/Avondale network audit)", "state": "AZ", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit provided by Avondale PD (KOLD analysis)", "period": "2026-07-14 to 2026-08-14", "metric": "Network searches / AZ DPS searches / Mesa and Scottsdale searches; reason shares", "value": "more than 50,000 / more than 8,500 / more than 5,000 each; property crime ~25%, drugs 17%+, traffic ~10%, wanted person ~10%", "note": "", "source_type": "press (agency audit)", "source": "KOLD - Inside Arizona's license plate reader audits: who's searching and why", "source_url": "https://www.kold.com/2026/09/03/inside-arizonas-license-plate-reader-audits-whos-searching-why/", "source_date": "2026-09-02", "quote": "more than 50,000 searches were conducted between those days in mid-July through mid-August.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 75, "jurisdiction": "Avondale AZ PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2023 – Dec 31, 2025 (36 monthly files)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "23,558 records", "note": "Case number: 4,896 (20.8%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/avondale-az-jan2023-dec2025", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 23,558", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 76, "jurisdiction": "Avondale AZ PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Oct 1, 2023 – Dec 31, 2025 (37 files; 242 of 823 days not covered)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "4,895,091 records; 5,139 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 365,604 records; blank on 4,529,487", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/avondale-az-jan2023-dec2025", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 4,895,091; Organizations: 5,139", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 77, "jurisdiction": "Avondale PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "2023 to 2025", "metric": "Network records with 'MYOC' or 'get PC' (develop probable cause) reasons / agencies", "value": "1,868 / 119", "note": "Downers Grove IL PD 214, Oconee County GA SO 190, Chesterton IN PD 170", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/avondale-az-jan2023-dec2025", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "1,868 network records from 119 agencies match the report’s terms. “MYOC” appears in 1,089 and “get PC” in 289.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 78, "jurisdiction": "Avondale PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Oct 2023 to Dec 2025", "metric": "Share of network searches covering 1,000+ networks / median networks per search", "value": "94.7% / 5,777", "note": "Org audit: median 13 networks; 9.6% of own searches reached 1,000+", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/avondale-az-jan2023-dec2025", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "The median network search covered 5,777 networks. 94.7% covered 1,000 networks or more.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 79, "jurisdiction": "Avondale PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Oct 2023 to Dec 2025", "metric": "Network records matching immigration terms / agencies / one-word 'ICE' only", "value": "2,136 / 137 / 1,060", "note": "Top three: Lowndes County GA SO 426, Florida Highway Patrol 294, Hoover AL PD 257; Border Patrol and HSI inactive accounts ran 209 and 140 searches", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/avondale-az-jan2023-dec2025", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "2,136 network records from 137 agencies match the immigration report’s terms. The org audit has no matches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 80, "jurisdiction": "Avondale PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Oct 2023 to Dec 2025", "metric": "Days not covered by released network files", "value": "242 of 823", "note": "Twelve gaps; 14,407 duplicate network rows in one file", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Avondale AZ PD (Jan 2023 – Dec 2025) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/avondale-az-jan2023-dec2025", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "The gaps total 242 of 823 days. The org audit has no gaps by month.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 81, "jurisdiction": "Chandler PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal and external Flock audit logs released to press", "period": "2026-01", "metric": "Outside-agency search entries touching Chandler data (one month)", "value": "40,000", "note": "'nearly 40,000' entries, >500 pages; internal audit 454 searches for ~70 investigations; 40 cameras; Aug 2026: one officer resigned after anomaly/misuse found, program discontinued", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "ABC15 Arizona", "source_url": "https://www.abc15.com/news/local-news/investigations/your-car-is-being-tracked-heres-who-can-access-that-data-in-arizona", "source_date": "2026-06-08", "quote": "nearly 40,000 entries and was more than 500 pages long", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 82, "jurisdiction": "Chandler PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal Flock audit log", "period": "2026-01", "metric": "Chandler PD searches", "value": "454", "note": "Related to about 70 investigations", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "ABC15 Arizona", "source_url": "https://www.abc15.com/news/local-news/investigations/your-car-is-being-tracked-heres-who-can-access-that-data-in-arizona", "source_date": "2026-06-08", "quote": "454 searches related to about 70 investigations", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 83, "jurisdiction": "Coconino County SO", "state": "AZ", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Sheriff's Flock network audit logs reported by press", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-07-22", "metric": "Outside-agency searches of CCSO cameras", "value": "3,000,000", "note": "'more than three million'; CCSO own searches 3,501 (~17/day vs >16,000/day outside); ~3,815 agencies; top 10 agencies 957,176 (29.4%). Article undated on page; approx. Aug 2026", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Williams-Grand Canyon News / Arizona Daily Sun", "source_url": "https://www.williamsnews.com/news/ccso-flock-cameras-searched-more-than-three-million-times-this-year/article_47dba660-3648-573b-900a-055175c70048.html", "source_date": "2026-08", "quote": "the cameras were searched by outside agencies more than three million times between Jan. 1 and July 22 of this year", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 84, "jurisdiction": "Navajo County AZ SO", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Aug 1 – Aug 31, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "317 records", "note": "Case number: 317 (100.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Navajo County AZ SO (Jan 2025 – Sep 2026) (October 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/navajo-county-az-network-jan2025-sep2026", "source_date": "October 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 317", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 85, "jurisdiction": "Navajo County AZ SO", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Jul 31, 2026 (19 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "14,623 records", "note": "Case number: 4,495 (30.7%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Navajo County AZ SO (Jan 2025 – Jul 2026) (August 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/navajo-county-az-jan2025-jul2026", "source_date": "August 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 14,623", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 86, "jurisdiction": "Navajo County AZ SO", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Sep 16, 2026, in seven separate windows (see below)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "8,293,522 records; 5,130 organisations", "note": "Case number: 2,015,561 (24.3%), all masked as ***", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Navajo County AZ SO (Jan 2025 – Sep 2026) (October 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/navajo-county-az-network-jan2025-sep2026", "source_date": "October 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 8,293,522 ; Organizations: 5,130", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 87, "jurisdiction": "Navajo County SO", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2025 to Jul 2026", "metric": "Own searches / case-number share / records with ICE ERO reasons", "value": "14,623 / 30.7% / 7", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Navajo County AZ SO (Jan 2025 – Jul 2026) (2026-08-23)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/navajo-county-az-jan2025-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-08-23", "quote": "7 records match immigration-related terms, including entries logged as “Immigration Violation ICE ERO,” “ICE ERO Operations,”", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 88, "jurisdiction": "Prescott AZ PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (546 days; Oct 28–31, 2025 not covered)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "36,601 records", "note": "Case number: 13,180 (36.0%); redacted on 5 records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/prescott-az-jan2025-jun2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 36,601", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 89, "jurisdiction": "Prescott AZ PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (546 days; Oct 28–31, 2025 not covered), plus five records from the first minute of July 1, 2026", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "11,803,378 records; 4,921 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 9,595,301 records; blank on 2,206,703", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/prescott-az-jan2025-jun2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 11,803,378; Organizations: 4,921", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 90, "jurisdiction": "Prescott AZ PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 1 – Aug 31, 2026 (2 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "2,587 records", "note": "Case number: 2,587 (100.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jul – Aug 2026) (October 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/prescott-az-jul-aug2026", "source_date": "October 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 2,587", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 91, "jurisdiction": "Prescott AZ PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 1 – Aug 31, 2026 (2 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "1,079,415 records; 609 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 656,555 records; blank on 422,860", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jul – Aug 2026) (October 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/prescott-az-jul-aug2026", "source_date": "October 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,079,415; Organizations: 609", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 92, "jurisdiction": "Prescott PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2025 to Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number in 2025 / after 10 Nov 2025", "value": "15.8% / 100%", "note": "36,601 own searches; 11,803,378 network searches; 99.1% of 2026 reasons use the category form", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Prescott AZ PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/prescott-az-jan2025-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "In 2025, 15.8% of records carry a case number. After 7:45 a.m. on November 10, 2025, no record leaves it blank.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 93, "jurisdiction": "Scottsdale PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Press analysis of Flock network audit records released by Yakima PD (WA)", "period": "2024-12 to 2025-05", "metric": "Scottsdale PD searches of Flock network", "value": "12,527", "note": "~22% of Arizona agency searches in records; AZ DPS 16,481; two agencies = half of AZ searches; records 'likely incomplete'", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Arizona Mirror", "source_url": "https://azmirror.com/2026/01/20/scottsdale-pds-massive-use-of-ai-license-plate-tracking-cameras-raises-privacy-concerns/", "source_date": "2026-01-20", "quote": "Scottsdale Police Department conducted 12,527 searches of the database", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 94, "jurisdiction": "Tolleson PD and Avondale PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audits (public records)", "period": "2026-07-14 to 2026-08-14", "metric": "Searches of the two agencies' networks in 30 days", "value": "over 50,000", "note": "Arizona DPS >8,500 (top); Mesa and Scottsdale >5,000 each", "source_type": "analysis of released log (press)", "source": "AZFamily: Inside Arizona's license plate reader audits: who's searching and why", "source_url": "https://www.azfamily.com/2026/09/03/inside-arizonas-license-plate-reader-audits-whos-searching-why/", "source_date": "2026-09-02", "quote": "more than 50,000 searches were conducted from mid-July to mid-August", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 95, "jurisdiction": "Tolleson PD and Avondale PD", "state": "AZ", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audits", "period": "2026-07-14 to 2026-08-14", "metric": "Stated reason shares: property crime / drug-narcotics / traffic infraction / wanted person", "value": "~25% / >17% / ~10% / ~10%", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (press)", "source": "AZFamily: Inside Arizona's license plate reader audits", "source_url": "https://www.azfamily.com/2026/09/03/inside-arizonas-license-plate-reader-audits-whos-searching-why/", "source_date": "2026-09-02", "quote": "Property crime was the stated reason for nearly 25% of searches ... Drug/narcotics ... more than 17%", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 96, "jurisdiction": "Berkeley PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual Surveillance Technology Report - fixed ALPR alerts", "period": "2024-10-01 to 2025-09-30", "metric": "Stolen license plate alerts", "value": "48,398", "note": "Also 643 stolen vehicle alerts, 73 felony vehicle alerts, 253 hotlist alerts; 52 fixed cameras; 0 ALPR complaints", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "BPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Technology Report, PAB packet Nov 5, 2025", "source_url": "https://dev.berkeleyca.gov/sites/default/files/legislative-body-meeting-attachments/2025-11-05%20PAB%20Regular%20Meeting%20Agenda%20Packet_final%20%281%29.pdf", "source_date": "2025-11-05", "quote": "48,398 stolen license plate alerts", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 97, "jurisdiction": "Berkeley PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Bay Area ALPR transparency report - Berkeley PD audit logs (CPRA)", "period": "2024-12-13 to 2025-11-06", "metric": "Berkeley PD internal searches", "value": "642,527", "note": "Report lists an external-network figure of 899,907,717 for the same period, unexplained and implausible as searches; treat as unverified.", "source_type": "academic", "source": "Solis et al., 'ALPR and AI Surveillance Transparency in the Bay Area' (Stanford McCoy Family Center for Ethics in Society practitioner fellowship report)", "source_url": "https://assets.super.so/1ded1b4e-4454-41ae-b7c5-30d0febe07b6/files/8fb7d2c3-8e26-4c4c-b86c-d1a5099bfcce/ai_surveillance_project__report_final.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01", "quote": "642527 internal searches (12/13/2024 to 11/06/2025)", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 98, "jurisdiction": "Berkeley PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual Surveillance Technology Report - Flock ALPR audit, reason-field review", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30", "metric": "External-agency searches with 'ICE' in reason field", "value": "1", "note": "Plus 2 unique searches with 'CBP' and 5 with 'DHS' (the latter referring to Desert Hot Springs PD). No federal or out-of-state agencies searched BPD network (0). After access revocations, 0 searches referenced ICE/CBP", "source_type": "agency annual report / internal audit", "source": "BPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Technology Report, PAB packet Nov 5, 2025", "source_url": "https://dev.berkeleyca.gov/sites/default/files/legislative-body-meeting-attachments/2025-11-05%20PAB%20Regular%20Meeting%20Agenda%20Packet_final%20%281%29.pdf", "source_date": "2025-11-05", "quote": "1 search included the term \"ICE\", and 2 unique searches included the term \"CBP\".", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 99, "jurisdiction": "Berkeley PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual Surveillance Technology Report (Ch. 2.99) incl. Flock ALPR audit", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2025-06-30 (audit scope)", "metric": "Compliance with permitted search reasons by external agencies", "value": "99.81%", "note": "Audit reviewed all access records; 100% BPD personnel compliance; 100% compliance with authorized access by external agencies; 0.19% of searches referenced a federal agency acronym", "source_type": "agency annual report / internal audit (PAB agenda packet)", "source": "BPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Technology Report, Attachment 8, Police Accountability Board packet Nov 5, 2025", "source_url": "https://dev.berkeleyca.gov/sites/default/files/legislative-body-meeting-attachments/2025-11-05%20PAB%20Regular%20Meeting%20Agenda%20Packet_final%20%281%29.pdf", "source_date": "2025-11-05", "quote": "The audit also found 99.81% compliance with permitted search reasons by external agencies.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 100, "jurisdiction": "Berkeley PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "BPD Flock ALPR audit memo, Jan-Jun 2026 (PAB packet Item 9.b.ii)", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "Searches referencing 'ICE' or 'CBP' / searches related to federal immigration enforcement / search patterns flagged by Flock Audit Assistance / internal random sample size", "value": "0 / 0 / 35 / 100", "note": "Sharing restricted to nine Bay Area counties + Sacramento; Secure Justice letter (Sep 19, 2026) estimates ~160,000 third-party queries/month vs ~1,000 BPD", "source_type": "Agency audit memo (primary, in oversight-board packet)", "source": "Berkeley Police Accountability Board agenda packet, Oct 7, 2026", "source_url": "https://berkeleyca.gov/sites/default/files/legislative-body-meeting-attachments/2026-10-07%20PAB%20AGENDA%20PACKET.pdf", "source_date": "2026-10-07", "quote": "Flock's audit assistance tools flagged 35 search patterns during the audit period.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 101, "jurisdiction": "Berkeley PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City Manager update to 2025 Annual Surveillance Technology Report", "period": "reporting period (2024-10 to 2025-09)", "metric": "Arrests in which fixed ALPR system was instrumental", "value": "55", "note": "'at least 55'; at least 43 stolen vehicles recovered; assisted >100 other investigations", "source_type": "council information item", "source": "Berkeley City Council Item 27, Jan 20, 2026", "source_url": "https://berkeleyca.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/2026-01-20%20Item%2027%20Surveillance%20Technology%20Ordinance.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-20", "quote": "the system was instrumental in at least 55 arrests", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 102, "jurisdiction": "Calexico PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "21 Jun to 20 Jul 2026", "metric": "Network searches / organisations / case-number share", "value": "394,630 / 290 / 80.4%", "note": "All operator names redacted", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Calexico CA PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (2026-08-23)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/calexico-ca-jun-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-08-23", "quote": "Case # present: 317,200 (80.4%)", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 103, "jurisdiction": "California (81 agencies with transparency portals)", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Transparency-portal public audit logs aggregated", "period": "2025-07 to 2025-08", "metric": "Searches from 81 CA portals (daily, approx.)", "value": "~5,000", "note": "Stayed flat while Santa Cruz network logs dropped 4-5x", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/august-2025-drop", "source_date": "2025-12-09", "quote": "Searches from the 81 transparency portals stayed around 5,000.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 104, "jurisdiction": "California (four agencies)", "state": "CA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "State Auditor review of Fresno, LAPD, Marin, Sacramento", "period": "2019", "metric": "Agencies operating or planning ALPR", "value": "70%", "note": "Survey of agencies statewide; three of four reviewed agencies shared images widely; no retention limits considered", "source_type": "State auditor report", "source": "California State Auditor, Report 2019-118 (13 Feb 2020)", "source_url": "https://information.auditor.ca.gov/reports/2019-118/index.html", "source_date": "2020-02-13", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 105, "jurisdiction": "California Highway Patrol", "state": "CA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "CHP MVTPA annual report, ALPR section (Veh. Code 2413)", "period": "FY2020/21", "metric": "ALPR data disclosures / units", "value": "80 disclosures (incl. 1 to Department of Homeland Security); 35 ALPR-equipped patrol vehicles; 60-day retention", "note": "Annex G table lists 33 entries, 21 to CHP", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "CHP 2021 Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act Report", "source_url": "https://www.chp.ca.gov/siteassets/files/2021-motor-vehicle-theft-prevention-act-report.pdf", "source_date": "2021-08", "quote": "During the 2020/2021 reporting period, there were 80 data disclosures from the CHP ALPR system.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 106, "jurisdiction": "California Highway Patrol", "state": "CA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "CHP Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act annual report to Legislature, ALPR section under Veh. Code 2413", "period": "FY2021/22", "metric": "ALPR data disclosures / units / retention", "value": "13 disclosures (incl. 1 to ATF, 1 to Reno PD NV); 41 ALPR-equipped patrol vehicles; 60-day retention; no privacy policy changes", "note": "Annex G lists disclosures by agency", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "CHP 2022 Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act Report", "source_url": "https://www.chp.ca.gov/siteassets/files/2022-motor-vehicle-theft-prevention-act-report.pdf", "source_date": "2022-10", "quote": "During the 2021/2022 reporting period, there were 13 data disclosures from the CHP ALPR system.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 107, "jurisdiction": "Capitola PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records (Jan 1, 2024 - Sep 30, 2025) analyzed by Santa Cruz Local and a retired analyst", "period": "2024 to early 2025", "metric": "searches by federal and out-of-state agencies / on behalf of ICE", "value": "3M+ searches; at least 190 for ICE", "note": "200+ immigration-related searches by dozens of out-of-state agencies Jan 2024-Feb 2025; e.g. Lowndes County GA SO Dec 19, 2024 searched 5,770 agencies with reason 'ICE'", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Santa Cruz Local, 'ICE accessed Capitola license plate data. Police say it was a mistake.'", "source_url": "https://santacruzlocal.org/2025/11/07/ice-accessed-capitola-license-plate-data-police-say-it-was-a-mistake/", "source_date": "2025-11-07", "quote": "more than three million times ... At least 190 were run by sheriffs' offices and police departments for ICE", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 108, "jurisdiction": "Cathedral City CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 18 – Feb 17, 2026 (31 days) and Jul 27 – Aug 26, 2026 (31 days)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "922,758 records; 323 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 656,412 records; blank on 265,982; present on 364", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Cathedral City CA PD (Jan–Feb and Jul–Aug 2026) (October 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cathedral-city-ca-jan-aug2026", "source_date": "October 4, 2026", "quote": "Records: 922,758 ; Organizations: 323", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 109, "jurisdiction": "Cathedral City PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan–Feb and Jul–Aug 2026", "metric": "Agency's rank among agencies searching its own cameras / three agencies' share", "value": "119th of 323 / 24.9%", "note": "All agencies in the logs are in California; Irvine PD 19 searches 'veh seen at protest' on 7 Feb 2026", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Cathedral City CA PD (Jan–Feb and Jul–Aug 2026) (2026-10-04)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cathedral-city-ca-jan-aug2026", "source_date": "2026-10-04", "quote": "It ranks 119th of the 323 agencies by search count.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 110, "jurisdiction": "Desert Hot Springs CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Aug 1, 2021 – Sep 23, 2026 (1,880 days; Jul 31 and Aug 31, 2026 not covered)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "13,593,476 records; 389 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 4,731,777 records; blank on 8,861,699", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Desert Hot Springs CA PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (October 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/desert-hot-springs-ca-aug2021-sep2026", "source_date": "October 4, 2026", "quote": "Records: 13,593,476; Organizations: 389", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 111, "jurisdiction": "Desert Hot Springs CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Mar 1 – Sep 23, 2026 (207 days; Apr 30, May 31, Jun 30, Jul 31, and Aug 31 not covered; Mar 31 covered until 3:30 a.m.)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "12,227 records", "note": "Case number: 2,277 (18.6%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Desert Hot Springs CA PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (October 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/desert-hot-springs-ca-aug2021-sep2026", "source_date": "October 4, 2026", "quote": "Records: 12,227", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 112, "jurisdiction": "Desert Hot Springs PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "2025", "metric": "Protest-related searches on the day of the 'No Kings' protests (Riverside County SO)", "value": "46", "note": "Escondido PD ran 28 searches citing a protest on 2 Feb 2025; San Bernardino County SO 'ICE PROTEST' twice", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Desert Hot Springs CA PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (2026-10-04)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/desert-hot-springs-ca-aug2021-sep2026", "source_date": "2026-10-04", "quote": "On June 14, 2025, the day of the nationwide “No Kings” protests, Riverside County CA SO ran 46 searches with reasons such as “pprotest”, “city protests”, and “cat city protests”.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 113, "jurisdiction": "Desert Hot Springs PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2024 to Sep 2025", "metric": "Houston PD searches on a California network / share / searches with reason 'immigration'", "value": "954,531 / 7.0% / 121", "note": "Houston was the only non-California police agency in the network audit; case numbers appear only from 29 Jul 2026", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Desert Hot Springs CA PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (2026-10-04)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/desert-hot-springs-ca-aug2021-sep2026", "source_date": "2026-10-04", "quote": "Houston TX PD is the only police agency outside California in the network audit. It ran 954,531 searches between January 10, 2024 and September 30, 2025.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 114, "jurisdiction": "Digital Recognition Network (DRN) - litigation record", "state": "CA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "California Court of Appeal published opinion, Mata v. Digital Recognition Network (No. D084781)", "period": "2024-05 (as of)", "metric": "Historical license plate images in DRN's ALPR system", "value": "over 9 billion", "note": "Opinion affirmed dismissal for lack of standing under Civil Code 1798.90.54; named plaintiff's two vehicles each captured at least 15 times", "source_type": "Litigation record", "source": "Mata v. Digital Recognition Network, Inc., 121 Cal.App.5th 1075 (Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist., Jul 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/license-plate-recognition-suit-dismissed-for-standing-problems.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07-20", "quote": "In May 2024, DRN's ALPR system contained 'over 9 billion historical license plate images.'", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 115, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo", "period": "2024-12-10 to 2024-12-31", "metric": "Plate reads since go-live", "value": "1,961,174", "note": "23 of 25 cameras live; no search count given", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD Flock audit December 2024", "source_url": "https://cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_december_2024.pdf", "source_date": "2025-01-02", "quote": "a total of 1,961,174 reads since December 10th", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 116, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2025-01", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "1,286 searches / 4,006,782 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 23 of 25 cameras live", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_jan_2025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-01-31", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 1,286 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 117, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2025-02", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "1,149 searches / 3,814,465 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 24 of 25 cameras live; memo phrases reads as 'for 2025' but values are monthly-scale", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_feb_2025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-02-28", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 1,149 searches.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 118, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2025-03", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "546 searches / 4,533,648 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 24 of 25 cameras live", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_march_2025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-03-31", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 546 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 119, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2025-04", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "840 searches / 4,938,937 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_april_2025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-04-30", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 840 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 120, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2025-05", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "850 searches / 5,313,956 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_may_2025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-05-31", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 850 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 121, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2025-06", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "804 searches / 5,337,366 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_june_2025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-06-30", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 804 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 122, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2025-08", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "844 searches / 4,562,013 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_aug_2025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-08-31", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 844 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 123, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2025-12", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "739 searches / 3,882,985 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 cameras live; sharing partners all CA agencies", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_dec_2025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-31", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 739 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 124, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2026-04-01 to 2026-04-30", "metric": "Searches by EPA officers", "value": "969", "note": "5,100,568 plates captured; 25 cameras; all searches found within policy with valid case numbers/reasons; sharing limited to CA agencies", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD Flock Audit April 2026 (memo May 1, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_april_2026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-05-01", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 969 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 125, "jurisdiction": "East Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock audit memo (Policy 428)", "period": "2026-05", "metric": "Officer searches in month / plate reads", "value": "768 searches / 3,172,413 reads", "note": "All searches reported within policy with case number or reason; 25 live, 5 in permitting", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "East Palo Alto PD monthly Flock audit (Inv. Peardon to Chief Liu)", "source_url": "https://www.cityofepa.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/police_department/page/24262/flock_audit_may_2026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-06-01", "quote": "During the audit period East Palo Alto Officers conducted 768 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 126, "jurisdiction": "El Cajon PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "2023 to 2025", "metric": "Records with reason and plate redacted / distinct agencies per month through Mar 2025", "value": "100% of 46,371 / about 3,000–3,500", "note": "Florida Highway Patrol entered 'ICE INVESTIGATION' and 'ICE ASSIST' in the case-number field in July 2025; El Cajon appears to have run searches on HSI's behalf", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: ICE and SB34 in El Cajon, CA (Feb 2026) (2026-02-28)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/el-cajon-ca-feb2026", "source_date": "2026-02-28", "quote": "Across all 46,371 records, every reason and every license plate has been redacted — 0% disclosure on both fields.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 127, "jurisdiction": "El Cajon PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock records obtained by KPBS", "period": "2025 (to 2025-11)", "metric": "Outside-agency searches of El Cajon data for immigration purposes / cameras owned / cameras accessible via networks", "value": "over 550 / about 80 / more than 50,000", "note": "KPBS obtained records from 10 county agencies; 150+ previously undisclosed private LPRs accessible.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "KPBS, 'San Diego County police agencies access many private license plate readers with minimal oversight'", "source_url": "https://www.kpbs.org/news/public-safety/2025/11/20/san-diego-county-police-agencies-access-many-private-license-plate-readers-with-minimal-oversight", "source_date": "2025-11-20", "quote": "searched El Cajon's data for immigration purposes over 550 times this year", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 128, "jurisdiction": "El Cerrito CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 1, 2023 – Mar 1, 2026 (~35 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "27,071 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: El Cerrito CA PD (Mar 2026) (Apr 30, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/el-cerrito-ca-feb2026", "source_date": "Apr 30, 2026", "quote": "Records: 27,071", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 129, "jurisdiction": "El Cerrito CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 1, 2023 – Mar 1, 2026 (~35 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "10,384,763 records; 2,739 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: El Cerrito CA PD (Mar 2026) (Apr 30, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/el-cerrito-ca-feb2026", "source_date": "Apr 30, 2026", "quote": "Records: 10,384,763; Organizations: 2,739", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 130, "jurisdiction": "El Cerrito PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency audit (per press)", "period": "2025-26", "metric": "Federal agency accesses of El Cerrito cameras found", "value": "2", "note": "", "source_type": "agency audit via press", "source": "KTVU/Fox: SFPD audit shows Flock cameras accessed...", "source_url": "https://www.fox10phoenix.com/news/sfpd-audit-shows-flock-cameras-accessed-behalf-federal-out-of-state-agencies", "source_date": "2026-06-17", "quote": "Federal agencies were found to have accessed El Cerrito's cameras twice.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 131, "jurisdiction": "El Cerrito PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "to Mar 2026", "metric": "Network searches referencing immigration or HSI (California agencies only) / by San Francisco PD", "value": "7,677 / 575", "note": "Post-shutdown restriction means California state and local agencies only; CHP leads, NCRIC second", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: El Cerrito CA PD (Mar 2026) (2026-04-30)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/el-cerrito-ca-feb2026", "source_date": "2026-04-30", "quote": "7,677 network audit searches reference immigration or HSI (Homeland Security Investigations) in their reason field.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 132, "jurisdiction": "Fresno PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Fresno PD monthly Flock audit (GV Wire)", "period": "2025-09-14 to 2025-10-13", "metric": "Searches in audit month / searches sampled for review / plates scanned / active users / cameras", "value": "8,318 / 3 (of 100 selected) / over 21 million / 506 / 70", "note": "Chief claims Flock contributed to 71% of murders solved and 39% of shootings (vendor-adjacent claim).", "source_type": "press (agency audit)", "source": "GV Wire - Fresno Police Make Monthly Flock Searches by the Thousands. Audit Looks at Only 3", "source_url": "https://gvwire.com/2026/07/21/fresno-police-make-monthly-flock-searches-by-the-thousands-audit-looks-at-only-3/", "source_date": "2026-07-21", "quote": "the audit consists of choosing 100 searches and then randomly selecting three searches to analyze.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 133, "jurisdiction": "Hayward / Palo Alto / Fremont / Sunnyvale", "state": "CA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Bay Area ALPR transparency report - detections and hotlist hits (CPRA responses)", "period": "2025", "metric": "Detections / hotlist hits", "value": "Hayward 7,113,871 / 260,389; Palo Alto 11,394,619 total (4,300,953 unique) May 13-Jun 10 2025; Fremont 3,454,919 (May 14-Jun 11 2025) / 6,679 hits (Jan-May 2025); Sunnyvale 7,965,615 (Aug 20-Sep 17 2025) / 18,885 hits (Jan 1-Sep 18 2025)", "note": "Report pp.7-8; column alignment partly unclear in extracted table. Sunnyvale 16 ALPRs; Fremont 19 BOSS + 9 Flock.", "source_type": "academic", "source": "Solis et al., 'ALPR and AI Surveillance Transparency in the Bay Area' (Stanford McCoy Family Center for Ethics in Society practitioner fellowship report)", "source_url": "https://assets.super.so/1ded1b4e-4454-41ae-b7c5-30d0febe07b6/files/8fb7d2c3-8e26-4c4c-b86c-d1a5099bfcce/ai_surveillance_project__report_final.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01", "quote": "some detections do not specify unique or total plate detections unless specified by the department.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 134, "jurisdiction": "Indio CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "May 1 – Jun 30, 2026 (61 days)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "1,112,619 records; 324 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 873,852 records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Indio CA PD (May–Jun 2026) (October 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/indio-ca-may-jun2026", "source_date": "October 4, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,112,619 ; Organizations: 324", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 135, "jurisdiction": "La Mesa PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records (7 months)", "period": "2025-07-01 to 2026-02-02", "metric": "Searches touching La Mesa cameras / per day / scans / shared network entities", "value": "over 3.13 million / 14,412 / more than 3 million / 306 CA entities", "note": "La Mesa's own use ~6 searches/day; CHP >8% and Riverside County ~8% of searches.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Times of San Diego, 'La Mesa license plate readers scan city intersections every few seconds, generating millions of hits'", "source_url": "https://timesofsandiego.com/tech/2026/10/22/la-mesa-police-license-plate-readers-flock-scan-seconds/", "source_date": "2026-10-22", "quote": "over 3.13 million searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 136, "jurisdiction": "Lincoln PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Biannual Flock audit memo (Policy 460)", "period": "2025 H2 (audit dated 2026-01-30)", "metric": "Randomly selected browsing inquiries reviewed / lacking case number", "value": "15 / 2", "note": "All 15 deemed legitimate; corrective action taken", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lincoln PD Biannual Flock Audit (Sgt. Goin to Chief Alves)", "source_url": "https://www.lincolnca.gov/media/ieanavli/flock-audit-012026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-30", "quote": "The audit consisted of 15 randomly selected detection browsing inquiries ... users on two occasions failed to include a case or incident number", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 137, "jurisdiction": "Long Beach PD (ICE/CBP searches via Vigilant)", "state": "CA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Long Beach PD Vigilant LEARN search records released to EFF", "period": "2016-11 to 2017-08 (nine months)", "metric": "Plate searches by ICE / by two CBP officers through Long Beach's system", "value": "278 (ICE); 578 (CBP)", "note": "ICE access points were HSI offices in Newark, New Orleans and Houston plus the Bulk Cash Smuggling Center; 14 California agencies listed as sharing with ICE", "source_type": "Public records analysis (EFF)", "source": "EFF, 'ICE Accesses a Massive Amount of License Plate Data. Will California Take Action?' (Jan 29, 2018)", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/node/97950", "source_date": "2018-01-29", "quote": "ran 278 license plate searches over nine months", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 138, "jurisdiction": "Los Altos PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency audit practice", "period": "2025-07 onward", "metric": "First network audit run after a PRA request; nationwide lookup on Aug 2024-Mar 2025 without approval", "value": "first network audit 2025-07", "note": "Quarterly network audits added; sharing limited to 4 counties after Nov 2025", "source_type": "agency statement", "source": "Los Altos PD community message", "source_url": "https://www.losaltosca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2543/Community-Message-Regarding-Flock-Safety-Automated-License-Place-Reader-ALPR-Data", "source_date": "2026-03-09", "quote": "The department first ran a network audit, after receiving a Public Records Act request.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 139, "jurisdiction": "Los Altos PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Los Altos Flock sharing (reported, cited in class action coverage)", "period": "n/a", "metric": "Searches by out-of-state agencies of Los Altos data", "value": "more than 1 million", "note": "SFist 28 Feb 2026 citing class-action complaint (Gibbs Mura). Read in a secondary report.", "source_type": "litigation (press)", "source": "SFist - Lawsuit says Flock allowed out-of-state agencies access to SFPD database 1.6 million times", "source_url": "https://sfist.com/2026/02/28/lawsuit-says-flock-allowed-out-of-state-agencies-access-to-sfpd-database-1-6-million-times", "source_date": "2026-02-28", "quote": "Los Altos's readers reportedly shared information to out-of-state agencies more than a million times.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 140, "jurisdiction": "Los Angeles PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "LAPD OIG review - oversight and sharing", "period": "2022 to 2025", "metric": "Formal ALPR audits by Audit Division / MOA partner agencies / ICE-term inspection results (Jul 2025) / retention", "value": "1 (2022) / 15 California agencies / none found / 5 years stored (2 years searchable)", "note": "ITB monthly search-term inspections not documented; MOAs require no compliance audits.", "source_type": "oversight report", "source": "LAPD Office of the Inspector General - Review of the Department's ALPR System and Use in the Field (BPC #26-184)", "source_url": "https://www.lapdpolicecom.lacity.org/071426/BPC_26-184x.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07-10", "quote": "July 2025 ITB inspection of Flock and Motorola for 'ICE' and 'immigration': no instances found", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 141, "jurisdiction": "Los Angeles PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police community message on Flock network audit", "period": "2024-03 to 2026-03", "metric": "Out-of-state agency searches listing 'immigration' or 'ICE' as reason", "value": "148", "note": "All but 10 had own-state filter; remaining: Miami PD 1, Raleigh PD 2, Milford MA 1, Auburn MA 1, Lowndes County GA SO 5 (CA filter, zero devices); nationwide lookup on without permission Aug 2024-Mar 2025; no out-of-state agencies in past year", "source_type": "agency statement", "source": "Los Altos PD Community Message Regarding Flock Safety ALPR Data", "source_url": "https://www.losaltosca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2543/Community-Message-Regarding-Flock-Safety-Automated-License-Place-Reader-ALPR-Data", "source_date": "2026-03-09", "quote": "there were 148 searches from out-of-state agencies that listed either 'immigration' or 'ICE'.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 142, "jurisdiction": "Los Angeles PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "Office of the Inspector General review of ALPR system and field use (BPC #26-184)", "period": "2025-08-01 to 2025-09-30", "metric": "License plate reads", "value": "210,568,103", "note": "Two-month OIG review period; 140 mobile Axon/Motorola cameras, 60 fixed", "source_type": "inspector general report", "source": "LAPD OIG, Review of the Department's ALPR System and Use in the Field, BPC 26-184", "source_url": "https://www.lapdpolicecom.lacity.org/071426/BPC_26-184x.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07-10", "quote": "The Department's ALPR cameras generated 210,568,103 license plate reads between August 1 and September 30, 2025.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 143, "jurisdiction": "Los Angeles PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "OIG review of ALPR hot-list alerts", "period": "2025-08-01 to 2025-09-30", "metric": "Hot-list hits reported to field officers", "value": "50,180", "note": "5,911 unique plates; officers verified match accurate for 4,575; 1,182 confirmed correct", "source_type": "inspector general report", "source": "LAPD OIG BPC 26-184", "source_url": "https://www.lapdpolicecom.lacity.org/071426/BPC_26-184x.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07-10", "quote": "The raw data indicated that 50,180 ALPR hits through Axon were reported to field officers during the review period.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 144, "jurisdiction": "Los Angeles PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "OIG review of ALPR hot-list alerts - false positives", "period": "2025-08-01 to 2025-09-30", "metric": "Alerts acknowledged as accurate plate match but vehicle later found not stolen", "value": "161", "note": "Innocent-driver stops risk; 46 stops used high-risk tactics; 9 pursuits from hot-list alerts", "source_type": "inspector general report", "source": "LAPD OIG BPC 26-184", "source_url": "https://www.lapdpolicecom.lacity.org/071426/BPC_26-184x.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07-10", "quote": "officers acknowledged 161 alerts as accurate license plate matches; however, subsequent investigations determined the vehicles were not stolen.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 145, "jurisdiction": "Los Angeles PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "OIG review of ALPR outcomes", "period": "2025-08-01 to 2025-09-30", "metric": "Arrests resulting from hot-list alert stops", "value": "74", "note": "From 68 stops; 337 stolen vehicles recovered; 24 stolen plates recovered; data shared with 15 CA agencies under MOA; Audit Division issued only one ALPR audit (2022); ITB July 2025 inspection found no 'immigration'/'ICE' query terms; no regular inspection of partner-agency queries", "source_type": "inspector general report", "source": "LAPD OIG BPC 26-184", "source_url": "https://www.lapdpolicecom.lacity.org/071426/BPC_26-184x.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07-10", "quote": "The OIG identified 74 arrests resulting from 68 stops generated by Hot List alerts.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 146, "jurisdiction": "Marin County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Marin County Sheriff Flock audit (EFF records demand)", "period": "2024-11", "metric": "Searches of Marin Sheriff ALPR data in November 2024", "value": "254,131", "note": "Sharing with out-of-state (AL, IN, KY, FL, TX) and federal agencies in final months of 2024, despite 2021 settlement.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "EFF - We Demand More Information on How Marin Cops Illegally Shared Flock ALPR Data", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/10/we-demand-more-information-how-marin-cops-illegally-shared-flock-alpr-data", "source_date": "2026-10-01", "quote": "254,131 times in November 2024 alone", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 147, "jurisdiction": "Menlo Park PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "June 2026 audit of NCRIC searches of city ALPR data", "period": "2025-02 to 2026-06", "metric": "NCRIC searches examined / noncompliant with policy / immigration-related", "value": "214,147 / about 700 (0.33%) / 0", "note": "35 cameras; all sharing agreements revoked 2026-07-09; previously 242 CA agencies, now 5; two out-of-state depts (Houston TX, IL town) had been mistakenly granted access in 2025.", "source_type": "press report of agency audit", "source": "The Almanac, 'Menlo Park overhauls license plate reader sharing after discovering more improper searches'", "source_url": "https://www.almanacnews.com/public-safety/2026/08/27/menlo-park-overhauls-license-plate-reader-sharing-after-discovering-more-improper-searches/", "source_date": "2026-08-27", "quote": "About 0.33%, or roughly 700 searches, did not comply with department policy", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 148, "jurisdiction": "Menlo Park PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "First quarterly ALPR audit / Aug 11 report", "period": "2026-04 to 2026-06", "metric": "External-agency searches reviewed (all compliant) / internal officer searches reviewed (no noncompliance) / 2025 outcomes", "value": "122,450 / 377 / 8 stolen vehicles, 6 wanted persons, 3 weapons incidents", "note": "", "source_type": "press report of agency audit", "source": "The Almanac, 'Menlo Park overhauls license plate reader sharing...'", "source_url": "https://www.almanacnews.com/public-safety/2026/08/27/menlo-park-overhauls-license-plate-reader-sharing-after-discovering-more-improper-searches/", "source_date": "2026-08-27", "quote": "reviewed 122,450 searches by external agencies and found they were all compliant", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 149, "jurisdiction": "Monterey Park PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit logs (CPRA) analysed by DeFlock MPK", "period": "2025-05 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches run on behalf of outside agencies", "value": "428", "note": "53 of those agencies now blocked from city data", "source_type": "analysis of released log (press report)", "source": "Colorado Boulevard: DeFlock MPK analysis questions Monterey Park police use of Flock data", "source_url": "https://www.coloradoboulevard.net/deflock-mpk-analysis-questions-monterey-park-police-use-of-flock-license-plate-reader-data/", "source_date": "2026-09-06", "quote": "The logs showed the department ran 428 searches for outside agencies.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 150, "jurisdiction": "Monterey Park PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit logs (CPRA) analysed by DeFlock MPK", "period": "2025-05 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches lacking a case number", "value": "4,799 (nearly one-third)", "note": "City says case numbers required", "source_type": "analysis of released log (press report)", "source": "Colorado Boulevard: DeFlock MPK analysis", "source_url": "https://www.coloradoboulevard.net/deflock-mpk-analysis-questions-monterey-park-police-use-of-flock-license-plate-reader-data/", "source_date": "2026-09-06", "quote": "4,799 (nearly one-third of those reviewed) ... lacked case numbers", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 151, "jurisdiction": "Monterey Park PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit logs (CPRA) analysed by DeFlock MPK", "period": "2025-05 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches tied to traffic enforcement (prohibited by contract)", "value": "188", "note": "281 searches with no justification; 5 'Nova Investigation' searches", "source_type": "analysis of released log (press report)", "source": "Colorado Boulevard: DeFlock MPK analysis", "source_url": "https://www.coloradoboulevard.net/deflock-mpk-analysis-questions-monterey-park-police-use-of-flock-license-plate-reader-data/", "source_date": "2026-09-06", "quote": "The group identified 188 searches tied to traffic enforcement ... 281 searches contained no justification.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 152, "jurisdiction": "Mountain View PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Department-initiated audit of Flock sharing settings", "period": "2024-08 to 2024-11", "metric": "Federal entities that accessed one MVPD camera via nationwide lookup", "value": "6", "note": "ATF (KY, Nashville), Langley AFB, GSA OIG, Lake Mead NRA, Ohio AFB; Flock did not retain records for the period", "source_type": "agency statement", "source": "City of Mountain View: City Statement on Flock Safety ALPR System", "source_url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CAMOUNTAINVIEW/bulletins/406f640", "source_date": "2026-01-30", "quote": "Six federal entities are listed as accessing one camera's data", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 153, "jurisdiction": "Mountain View PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Department-initiated audit", "period": "2024-08 to 2026-01-05", "metric": "Cameras exposed to unapproved CA agencies via 'statewide' setting", "value": "29 of 30", "note": "Disabled 2026-01-05", "source_type": "agency statement", "source": "City of Mountain View statement", "source_url": "https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/CAMOUNTAINVIEW/bulletins/406f640", "source_date": "2026-01-30", "quote": "exposed 29 of the City's 30 ALPR cameras to California agencies not approved by MVPD", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 154, "jurisdiction": "Mountain View PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs reviewed by city after discovering statewide/national lookup", "period": "2024-12 to 2025-12", "metric": "searches by unauthorized agencies", "value": "~600000 by 250+ unauthorized agencies", "note": "~75 authorized agencies; El Cajon PD ~7,000 searches; national lookup on one camera Aug 14-Nov 2024; statewide lookup ~17 months until Jan 5, 2026; reasons redacted", "source_type": "press (city review of audit)", "source": "Mountain View Voice, 'Amid immigration crackdown, Mountain View discovers unauthorized access to license plate data'", "source_url": "https://www.mv-voice.com/police/2026/01/30/amid-immigration-crackdown-mountain-view-discovers-unauthorized-access-to-license-plate-data/", "source_date": "2026-01-30", "quote": "About 600,000 searches of the city's ALPR data by unauthorized agencies from December 2024 through December 2025 ... More than 250 additional agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 155, "jurisdiction": "Napa County CA SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2023 – Aug 10, 2026 (about 43 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "121,955 records", "note": "Case number: 4,215 (3.5%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Napa County CA SO (Jan 2023 – Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/napa-county-ca-jan2023-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 121,955", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 156, "jurisdiction": "Napa County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2023 to Aug 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / reason 'work'", "value": "3.5% / 25,022 (20.5%)", "note": "121,955 searches; 752 records tell operators to 'develop own PC'", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Napa County CA SO (Jan 2023 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/napa-county-ca-jan2023-aug2026", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "“work” is the most common reason. It appears 25,022 times in any capitalization, or 20.5% of all records.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 157, "jurisdiction": "Oakland CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Aug 8, 2024 – Jun 19, 2025 (11 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "72,878 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Oakland CA PD (Aug 2024 – Jun 2025) (July 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/oakland-ca-aug2024-jun2025", "source_date": "July 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 72,878", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 158, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Aug 2024 to Jun 2025", "metric": "Own searches / operators / records with a case-number pattern / monthly growth", "value": "72,878 / 222 / 76.0% / 789 to 11,470", "note": "Reasons mostly Penal Code section plus case number", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Oakland CA PD (Aug 2024 – Jun 2025) (2026-07-20)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/oakland-ca-aug2024-jun2025", "source_date": "2026-07-20", "quote": "Search volume grew steadily from 789 records in August 2024 to 11,470 in May 2025, a roughly 14-fold increase over the period.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 159, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "ALPR annual report + justification audit", "period": "CY2020", "metric": "Queries audited / without plate characters / without purpose", "value": "3,996 / 166 / 1", "note": "Scans 2,591,990; hits 4,150; 29 operational cameras", "source_type": "privacy-commission annual report", "source": "OPD ALPR 2020 Annual Report (Attachment D)", "source_url": "https://www.oaklandca.gov/files/assets/city/v/1/boards-amp-commissions/documents/pac/automated-license-plate-reader-annual-report-2020.pdf", "source_date": "2021-03-24", "quote": "the 2020 data consisted of 3996 queries ... 166 queries had no license plate ... only 1 query had no purpose of access", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 160, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "ALPR annual report", "period": "CY2020", "metric": "Outside-agency data requests", "value": "12", "note": "Berkeley 2, Daly City 1, Fremont 5, Livermore 2, SFPD 1, San Jose 1; accuracy audit: 2,843 of 2,592,055 captures (0.111%) >7 characters", "source_type": "privacy-commission annual report", "source": "OPD ALPR 2020 Annual Report", "source_url": "https://www.oaklandca.gov/files/assets/city/v/1/boards-amp-commissions/documents/pac/automated-license-plate-reader-annual-report-2020.pdf", "source_date": "2021-03-24", "quote": "Outside agency data requests (12 total): Berkeley PD 2; Daly City PD 1; Fremont PD 5; Livermore PD 2; San Francisco PD 1; San Jose PD 1", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 161, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "ALPR annual report to Privacy Advisory Commission (vehicle-mounted 3M/BOSS system)", "period": "CY2021", "metric": "Scans / hotlist hits", "value": "1,980,132 / 2,503", "note": "24 operational cameras, 8 inoperable; software could no longer report queries or audits", "source_type": "privacy-commission annual report", "source": "OPD ALPR 2021 Annual Report (memo to Chief Armstrong)", "source_url": "https://oaklandca.prelive.opencities.com/files/assets/city/v/1/boards-amp-commissions/documents/pac/automated-license-plate-reader-annual-report-2021.pdf", "source_date": "2022-03-22", "quote": "Table 1 ... Total 1,980,132 ... 2,503", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 162, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "ALPR annual report", "period": "CY2021", "metric": "Outside-agency data requests; FBI access revoked", "value": "0; FBI access revoked 2021-09-28", "note": "FBI had access without following request protocols; audit found no queries by the FBI personnel", "source_type": "privacy-commission annual report", "source": "OPD ALPR 2021 Annual Report", "source_url": "https://oaklandca.prelive.opencities.com/files/assets/city/v/1/boards-amp-commissions/documents/pac/automated-license-plate-reader-annual-report-2021.pdf", "source_date": "2022-03-22", "quote": "FBI access was revoked effective 9/28/2021 ... OPD has not received requests from outside agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 163, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "ALPR annual report", "period": "CY2021", "metric": "Stolen vehicles recovered using ALPR", "value": "39 ($227,337)", "note": "2 new ALPR PRRs in 2021; 5 open", "source_type": "privacy-commission annual report", "source": "OPD ALPR 2021 Annual Report", "source_url": "https://oaklandca.prelive.opencities.com/files/assets/city/v/1/boards-amp-commissions/documents/pac/automated-license-plate-reader-annual-report-2021.pdf", "source_date": "2022-03-22", "quote": "39 stolen vehicles recovered using ALPR, with an estimated value of $227,337", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 164, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police Flock ALPR annual report to Privacy Advisory Commission (surveillance ordinance)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "License plate reads by OPD Flock cameras", "value": "638,747,333", "note": "290 cameras; 2024 (Jul-Dec) comparison: 188,964,975", "source_type": "agency annual report (PAC agenda packet)", "source": "OPD 2025 ALPR Annual Report, Oakland Privacy Advisory Commission June 4, 2026 packet", "source_url": "https://oaklandca.gov/files/assets/city/v/1/public-meetings/privacy-advisory-commission/2026/june-4-pac-agenda-packet.pdf", "source_date": "2026-06-04", "quote": "there was a total of 638,747,333 license plate reads by Flock cameras assigned to OPD.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 165, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police Flock ALPR annual report to Privacy Advisory Commission", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Hotlist alerts (total)", "value": "1,099,837", "note": "vs 247,024 in Jul-Dec 2024. Breakdown: official hotlist 657,345; OPD custom 111,587; other-department custom 330,905. Stolen plate 620,331; felony vehicle 92,326; stolen vehicle 33,235. Stolen vehicle/plate alerts deactivated due to volume", "source_type": "agency annual report (PAC agenda packet)", "source": "OPD 2025 ALPR Annual Report, PAC June 4, 2026 packet", "source_url": "https://oaklandca.gov/files/assets/city/v/1/public-meetings/privacy-advisory-commission/2026/june-4-pac-agenda-packet.pdf", "source_date": "2026-06-04", "quote": "there was a total of 1,099,837 vs 247,024 (2024) hotlist alerts in 2025.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 166, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police Flock ALPR annual report - internal audit of search records", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Audit sample pass rate for report/incident number in search reason", "value": "98% (488 of 496)", "note": "Random audit of 500 records, 4 excluded; crime type included in 496/496 (100%); 25 of 25 sampled users had completed training (~353 trained)", "source_type": "agency annual report (PAC agenda packet)", "source": "OPD 2025 ALPR Annual Report, PAC June 4, 2026 packet", "source_url": "https://oaklandca.gov/files/assets/city/v/1/public-meetings/privacy-advisory-commission/2026/june-4-pac-agenda-packet.pdf", "source_date": "2026-06-04", "quote": "This audit was done by doing a randomized audit of 500 records.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 167, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police Flock ALPR annual report - outcomes and records requests", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Arrests attributed to ALPR", "value": "162", "note": "vs 98 (2024); 174 vehicles recovered (vs 32), 51 guns (vs 29), 425 success stories (vs 240); 16 Public Records Requests in 2025; OPD 'not aware of any violations' of use policy", "source_type": "agency annual report (PAC agenda packet)", "source": "OPD 2025 ALPR Annual Report, PAC June 4, 2026 packet", "source_url": "https://oaklandca.gov/files/assets/city/v/1/public-meetings/privacy-advisory-commission/2026/june-4-pac-agenda-packet.pdf", "source_date": "2026-06-04", "quote": "OPD made 162 vs 98 (2024) arrests.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 168, "jurisdiction": "Oakland PD / SFPD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs obtained by SF Standard (OPD data searched with federal-agency keywords)", "period": "2024-09 to 2025-04", "metric": "searches of OPD data by other CA departments citing federal agencies", "value": "200+ (SFPD at least 100; OPD staff 2)", "note": "seven federal agencies cited (FBI, ICE, ATF, DEA, USMS, Park Police, USPIS); one CHP 'ICE case' search Apr 22", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "SF Standard, 'Oakland, San Francisco police shared license plate data with ICE, FBI'", "source_url": "https://sfstandard.com/2025/07/14/oakland-san-francisco-ice-license-plate-readers/", "source_date": "2025-07-14", "quote": "more than 200 times ... SFPD searches of OPD data tied to federal agencies: At least 100", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 169, "jurisdiction": "Oakley PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency data-sharing audit (Flock + Vigilant) prompted by Oakland Privacy records request", "period": "2026-07", "metric": "Federal agencies found receiving data", "value": "2 (incl. San Diego Sector Border Patrol)", "note": "Missed in 2024 audit because agency names ended in 'CA'; 11 other CA agencies listed by Oakland Privacy; Vigilant sharing report on DocumentCloud", "source_type": "agency audit via press", "source": "Contra Costa News: Oakley police illegally shared license plate reader data", "source_url": "https://contracosta.news/2026/07/17/oakley-police-illegally-shared-license-plate-reader-data/", "source_date": "2026-07-17", "quote": "found they were sharing data with the San Diego Sector Border Control and another federal agency", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 170, "jurisdiction": "Palo Alto PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Chief's statement on Nationwide Lookup review", "period": "2023 late to 2024-10", "metric": "Searches by ICE/CBP/DHS found; improper-purpose searches found", "value": "0 / 0", "note": "Nationwide Lookup disabled for PAPD by late Oct 2024; PAPD learned Dec 2025; monthly redacted log posting planned", "source_type": "agency statement", "source": "Palo Alto PD Chief Reifschneider statement (Palo Alto Daily Post)", "source_url": "https://padailypost.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/4-21-26-Reifschneider.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-21", "quote": "no searches had been performed by ICE, Customs and Border Patrol, or the Department of Homeland Security", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 171, "jurisdiction": "Redwood City PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Police ALPR audit reported to council", "period": "reported 2026-08", "metric": "Improper searches of city ALPR data by non-law-enforcement/unauthorized entities", "value": "99", "note": "'at least 99' by 4 entities: Grand Oaks HOA, Flock Real-Time Crime Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare police, Beverly Hills USD police", "source_type": "press (quoting police audit)", "source": "Redwood City Pulse", "source_url": "https://www.rwcpulse.com/redwood-city/2026/10/05/redwood-city-to-review-license-plate-reader-program-report-host-public-forums/", "source_date": "2026-10-05", "quote": "city license plate reader data was improperly searched at least 99 times by four entities.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 172, "jurisdiction": "Riverside County CA SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2022 – Aug 13, 2026 (1,686 days; Feb 1, 2022 and Dec 24–31, 2025 not covered)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "2,440,287 records", "note": "Case number: not in the files", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Riverside County CA SO (Jan 2022 – Aug 2026) (October 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/riverside-county-ca-jan2022-aug2026", "source_date": "October 4, 2026", "quote": "Records: 2,440,287", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 173, "jurisdiction": "Riverside County CA SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2022 – Aug 14, 2026 (1,687 days; Dec 24–31, 2025 not covered)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "19,919,381 records; 4,622 organisations", "note": "Case number: not in the files", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Riverside County CA SO (Jan 2022 – Aug 2026) (October 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/riverside-county-ca-jan2022-aug2026", "source_date": "October 4, 2026", "quote": "Records: 19,919,381; Organizations: 4,622", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 174, "jurisdiction": "Riverside County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2022 to Aug 2026", "metric": "Own searches / network searches / organisations / reason 'Investigation' share", "value": "2,440,287 / 19,919,381 / 4,622 / 98.8%", "note": "Files lack ID, plate, case-number and search-type columns; own searches are 12.1% of network records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Riverside County CA SO (Jan 2022 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-04)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/riverside-county-ca-jan2022-aug2026", "source_date": "2026-10-04", "quote": "The Reason column reads “Investigation” on all but 29,752 records across both audits.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 175, "jurisdiction": "Riverside County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2022 to Nov 2024", "metric": "Out-of-state share of network searches / out-of-state agencies / states / federal-named searches", "value": "34.0% (3,328,645 of 9,777,512) / 4,126 / 46 / 88,170", "note": "Out-of-state searches stop after Nov 2024; Houston 191,528, Dallas 88,857; USPIS 56,915, FBI 21,112", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Riverside County CA SO (Jan 2022 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-04)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/riverside-county-ca-jan2022-aug2026", "source_date": "2026-10-04", "quote": "agencies whose Flock names carry another state’s abbreviation ran 3,328,645 of 9,777,512 network searches (34.0%).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 176, "jurisdiction": "Roseville CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 4, 2021 – Aug 31, 2026 (about 5 years, 8 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "208,915 records", "note": "Case number: blank on all 208,915 records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Roseville CA PD (Jan 2021 – Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/roseville-ca-jan2021-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 208,915", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 177, "jurisdiction": "Roseville PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Roseville PD review of Flock alerts (Business Insider; cited in Whitson complaint and IJ testimony)", "period": "2023 to 2024", "metric": "Stolen-vehicle/felony alerts reviewed / alerts with misread plate / failure rate", "value": "1,427 / 1,011 / over 70% (71%)", "note": "Roseville spent ~$450,000; reported issues for four years; IJ testimony adds a supervisor's report that 16 of 17 flagged plates in one week were wrong.", "source_type": "litigation (citing press analysis)", "source": "Whitson v. Flock Group Inc., N.D. Ga. putative class action complaint", "source_url": "https://www.classaction.org/media/whitson-v-flock-group-inc.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-11", "quote": "found a misread plate in 1,011 of them, a failure rate above seventy percent.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 178, "jurisdiction": "Roseville PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2021 to Aug 2026", "metric": "Records with name, plate, reason, case number, filters and prompt all blank", "value": "208,915 (all)", "note": "Only search type, time, window and network count released", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Roseville CA PD (Jan 2021 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/roseville-ca-jan2021-aug2026", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "The name, plate, reason, case number, filters, text prompt, and moderation fields are blank on all 208,915 records.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 179, "jurisdiction": "Sacramento County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "Sacramento County Civil Grand Jury report (2023-24)", "period": "2022 to 2024", "metric": "Plates scanned in one week / retention / internal audit sample", "value": "1.7 million / 2 years / 10 searches on each of 10 days in 2022 (~100)", "note": "Grand jury found SSO and SPD out of compliance with SB 34; SPD shared with WA, OR, NV, AZ agencies.", "source_type": "grand jury report", "source": "Sacramento County Civil Grand Jury, 'Criminal Justice' final report 2023-24 (ALPR section)", "source_url": "https://www.sacgrandjury.org/docs/reports/23-24/gj-cjj-final-report-062624.pdf", "source_date": "2024-06-26", "quote": "The SSO reportedly scanned 1.7 million plates in one week.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 180, "jurisdiction": "Sacramento County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "Sacramento County Civil Grand Jury report (2023-24)", "period": "first 30 days of ALPR use", "metric": "Hits: stolen vehicles / carjacked / other felony vehicles / suspects taken into custody", "value": "495 / 5 / 19 / 45", "note": "Figures as reported by SSO to grand jury.", "source_type": "grand jury report", "source": "Sacramento County Civil Grand Jury, 2023-24 final report (ALPR section)", "source_url": "https://www.sacgrandjury.org/docs/reports/23-24/gj-cjj-final-report-062624.pdf", "source_date": "2024-06-26", "quote": "495 stolen vehicles, five carjacked vehicles, and 19 other vehicles involved in felonies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 181, "jurisdiction": "San Diego County SO / National City PD / Escondido PD / Chula Vista PD / El Cajon PD / Oceanside PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "La Mesa PD Flock audit records (7 months)", "period": "2025-07-01 to 2026-02-02", "metric": "Accesses of La Mesa data by agency", "value": "57,879 / 15,853 / 12,390 / 11,303 / 5,139 / 4,589", "note": "Harbor Police, Coronado, Carlsbad 900 or fewer each.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Times of San Diego, 'La Mesa license plate readers scan city intersections every few seconds...'", "source_url": "https://timesofsandiego.com/tech/2026/10/22/la-mesa-police-license-plate-readers-flock-scan-seconds/", "source_date": "2026-10-22", "quote": "San Diego County Sheriff's Office: 57,879 accesses", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 182, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police ALPR annual surveillance report - unauthorized access during launch", "period": "2023-12-29 to 2024-01-17", "metric": "Searches by other California state agencies that inadvertently included SDPD cameras (unauthorized)", "value": "12,914", "note": "Discovered via internal audit; 12,202 were for a specific/partial plate; ~50% repeat plates; plus 795 more searches on Dec 28, 2023. Largest: Riverside County SO 2,037, Orange County SO 1,225", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/pab-alpr-report-revised-251023.pdf", "source_date": "2025-10-23", "quote": "SDPD's ALPR camera system was inadvertently included in 12,914 searches conducted by other state agencies.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 183, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police ALPR annual surveillance report - audit of search metadata", "period": "2024 (after Jan 26, 2024 Department Order)", "metric": "Share of searches missing required metadata (case number/reason)", "value": "<1%", "note": "Weekly audits by Sergeant system administrator; quarterly SME audits added Apr 25, 2025", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/pab-alpr-report-revised-251023.pdf", "source_date": "2025-10-23", "quote": "After the Department Order was issued, fewer than one percent of searches were missing the required metadata.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 184, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police ALPR annual surveillance report (Trusted Technology Ordinance) - revised CY2024 report", "period": "CY2024", "metric": "Investigative ALPR searches by SDPD officers", "value": "140,000", "note": "Stated as 'more than 140,000'; a separate statistics table in the same report lists 10,536 searches for 2024 (internal discrepancy)", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD Revised Annual Report: Automated License Plate Recognition (revised Oct 23, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/pab-alpr-report-revised-251023.pdf", "source_date": "2025-10-23", "quote": "Officers conducted more than 140,000 investigative searches of ALPR data, which played a key role in 294 cases.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 185, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police ALPR annual surveillance report - revised CY2024 report", "period": "CY2024", "metric": "Hotlist alerts received (total)", "value": "82,159", "note": "81,909 official hotlist + 250 custom; monthly from 622 (Jan) to 10,189 (Oct)", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/pab-alpr-report-revised-251023.pdf", "source_date": "2025-10-23", "quote": "The 2024 Hotlist Alert Chart in this report shows the number of alerts received by SDPD each month.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 186, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police ALPR annual surveillance report - data sharing with out-of-state/federal", "period": "CY2024", "metric": "Searches shared with out-of-state agency (Portsmouth PD, NH)", "value": "2", "note": "Only out-of-state entry; federal/task-force entries listed e.g. Narcotics Task Force 60, DEA 20, Secret Service 14 (listed sum ~132). SDPD ended such sharing after CA DOJ guidance", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/pab-alpr-report-revised-251023.pdf", "source_date": "2025-10-23", "quote": "Portsmouth Police (New Hampshire) 2", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 187, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police ALPR annual surveillance report - outcomes", "period": "CY2024", "metric": "Arrests supported by ALPR", "value": "208", "note": "Also 223 stolen vehicles recovered, 10 guns, 1 missing person, 294 total events, est. $3,055,400 recovered property; 500 smart streetlight ALPR cameras; 5 PRA requests in 2024", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD Revised Annual Report: ALPR (Oct 23, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2025-10/pab-alpr-report-revised-251023.pdf", "source_date": "2025-10-23", "quote": "The technology supported the arrest of 208 suspects", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 188, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Investigative ALPR searches / cases advanced", "value": "more than 244,000 / 361", "note": "Flock cameras at about 500 streetlight locations; 30-day retention", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/sdpd-annual-surveillance-report-2025.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02", "quote": "Officers conducted more than 244,000 investigative searches of ALPR data, which played a key role in advancing 361 cases.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 189, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Arrests supported / stolen vehicles recovered / firearms / property value", "value": "269 / 259 / 12 / about $3.1 million", "note": "ALPR aided 9 of 28 homicide cases", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/sdpd-annual-surveillance-report-2025.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02", "quote": "The technology supported the arrest of 269 suspects and the recovery of 12 firearms and approximately $3.1 million in stolen property", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 190, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "California agencies shared with / federal and out-of-state agencies shared with before May 2025 order / after", "value": "36 / 8 / 1", "note": "Department Order 25-19 ended federal and out-of-state sharing in May 2025 after CA DOJ guidance; the one later instance was flagged and the officer retrained", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/sdpd-annual-surveillance-report-2025.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02", "quote": "In 2025, SDPD shared with 36 such entities.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 191, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Suspected Use Policy violations found in weekly audits", "value": "4", "note": "Three invalid search reasons in the case/event-number field; one sharing with an Arizona department; none related to immigration; weekly audits began in 2025", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/sdpd-annual-surveillance-report-2025.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02", "quote": "During the weekly audit process, four suspected violations of the Use Policy were identified.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 192, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual surveillance report under the TRUST ordinance (ALPR section)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Public Records Act requests about ALPR", "value": "34", "note": "", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/sdpd-annual-surveillance-report-2025.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02", "quote": "There were 34 Public Records Act requests related to ALPR in calendar year 2025.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 193, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock usage comparison cited by Times of San Diego", "period": "nine months (2025-2026)", "metric": "SDPD searches", "value": "114,692", "note": "Cited for comparison with La Mesa; period endpoints not stated.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "Times of San Diego, 'La Mesa license plate readers...'", "source_url": "https://timesofsandiego.com/tech/2026/10/22/la-mesa-police-license-plate-readers-flock-scan-seconds/", "source_date": "2026-10-22", "quote": "114,692 searches over nine months", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 194, "jurisdiction": "San Diego PD (Vigilant)", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual surveillance report, Vigilant ALPR section", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Case numbers audited by Inspection and Control Unit / unauthorised uses found", "value": "40 / 0", "note": "Vigilant used for commercial (towing) ALPR data access", "source_type": "agency annual report", "source": "SDPD 2025 Annual Surveillance Report (Feb 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/2026-02/sdpd-annual-surveillance-report-2025.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02", "quote": "This technology was audited on 40 different case numbers, event numbers, or use statistics", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 195, "jurisdiction": "San Francisco PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "SFPD Flock audit logs obtained by SF Standard via records request", "period": "2024-08 to 2025-02-11", "metric": "searches of SFPD Flock data by out-of-state agencies (illegal under SB 34)", "value": "1.6M+", "note": "nearly 4,000 out-of-state agencies; one Dec 26 search queried 5,757 agencies; ~400 cameras", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "SF Standard, 'SFPD let outside cops search city surveillance data for ICE'", "source_url": "https://sfstandard.com/2025/09/08/sfpd-flock-alpr-ice-data-sharing/", "source_date": "2025-09-08", "quote": "more than 1.6 million illegal searches ... Nearly 4,000 out-of-state law enforcement agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 196, "jurisdiction": "San Francisco PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "SFPD Flock audit logs obtained by SF Standard", "period": "2024-10-23 to 2024-12-27 (most)", "metric": "searches marked ICE-related ('ICE Fugitive', 'Assist ICE', ICE detention numbers)", "value": "19+", "note": "by Franklin County SO (GA), Dallas PD, Milford PD (MA); Danville IL PD 'ICE FUGOPS'; CHP 'ICE case' Apr 22, 2025 separate; reasons cross-referenced with 35M+ unredacted MuckRock searches", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "SF Standard", "source_url": "https://sfstandard.com/2025/09/08/sfpd-flock-alpr-ice-data-sharing/", "source_date": "2025-09-08", "quote": "At least 19 searches were marked 'ICE Fugitive,' 'Assist ICE,' or with specific ICE detention numbers", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 197, "jurisdiction": "San Francisco PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "SFPD routine compliance audit (May 2026) of Flock queries routed via NCRIC/WSIN", "period": "~2025-05 to 2026-05", "metric": "improper inquiries by out-of-state/federal agencies via NCRIC", "value": "299 (0.005% of all queries)", "note": "analysts simultaneously queried 531-763 other agencies' databases; zero immigration/reproductive-rights inquiries; NCRIC & WSIN access disabled", "source_type": "press (police audit)", "source": "SF Standard, 'Audit reveals hundreds of illegal searches of SFPD's license plate reader system'; KQED 2026-06-18", "source_url": "https://sfstandard.com/2026/06/18/sfpd-license-plate-reader-illegal-searches/", "source_date": "2026-06-18", "quote": "299 ... 0.005% of all queries during that period ... the audit found no inquiries referencing immigration enforcement", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 198, "jurisdiction": "San Jose CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Mar 1, 2025 – Feb 27, 2026 (~12 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "~5.3M records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: San Jose CA PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 12, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/san-jose-ca-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 12, 2026", "quote": "Records: ~5.3M", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 199, "jurisdiction": "San Jose CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Mar 1, 2025 – Jan 26, 2026 (~11 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "~238 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: San Jose CA PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 12, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/san-jose-ca-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 12, 2026", "quote": "Records: ~238", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 200, "jurisdiction": "San Jose PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "SJPD Flock system (complaint)", "period": "2024", "metric": "Photographs collected / hotlist alert share", "value": "360 million+ / roughly one-quarter of one percent", "note": "Complaint paras 1, 47. 474 cameras (up from 149 end-2023, 4 in 2021 pilot).", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Tan v. City of San Jose, No. 5:26-cv-03181 (N.D. Cal.), class-action complaint (IJ)", "source_url": "https://clearinghouse-umich-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media/doc/170060.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-15", "quote": "roughly one-quarter of one percent triggered a hotlist alert", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 201, "jurisdiction": "San Jose PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Bay Area ALPR transparency report - SJPD audit logs (CPRA)", "period": "2024-06-04 to 2025-06-10 / to 2025-09-30", "metric": "SJPD internal searches / external-network searches", "value": "268,047 / 954,376", "note": "Report p.17; SJPD listed 1,251 current users (Jun 18, 2025) and 485 ALPRs; shares with 285 outgoing networks.", "source_type": "academic", "source": "Solis et al., 'ALPR and AI Surveillance Transparency in the Bay Area' (Stanford McCoy Family Center for Ethics in Society practitioner fellowship report)", "source_url": "https://assets.super.so/1ded1b4e-4454-41ae-b7c5-30d0febe07b6/files/8fb7d2c3-8e26-4c4c-b86c-d1a5099bfcce/ai_surveillance_project__report_final.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01", "quote": "268047 internal searches (06/04/2024 to 06/10/2025); 954376 external searches (06/04/2024 to 09/30/2025)", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 202, "jurisdiction": "San Jose PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "SJPD Flock audit records - federal-purpose searches (complaint)", "period": "2025", "metric": "Cases where California agencies searched SJPD data for federal agencies / additional searches listing ICE, CBP or HSI", "value": "20 / over a dozen", "note": "Complaint para 70; also IJ Senate testimony p.7.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Tan v. City of San Jose, No. 5:26-cv-03181 (N.D. Cal.), class-action complaint (IJ)", "source_url": "https://clearinghouse-umich-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media/doc/170060.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-15", "quote": "20 cases where California agencies reportedly searched SJPD data for federal agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 203, "jurisdiction": "San Jose PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "SJPD Flock audit records cited in complaint", "period": "2025-07-01 to 2025-12-09", "metric": "Searches of SJPD ALPR data by SJPD employees / by all government users", "value": "over 130,000 / nearly 2.5 million (over 15,000 per day)", "note": "Complaint paras 1, 66, 69. Also 'over 180,000' SJPD searches in 2024 (para 66).", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Tan v. City of San Jose, No. 5:26-cv-03181 (N.D. Cal.), class-action complaint (IJ)", "source_url": "https://clearinghouse-umich-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media/doc/170060.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-15", "quote": "nearly 2.5 million times", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 204, "jurisdiction": "San Jose PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "SJPD Flock access and sharing (complaint)", "period": "2026", "metric": "SJPD employees with access / other entities with access", "value": "over 1,000 / nearly 300", "note": "Complaint paras 58, 68. Retention cut from one year to 30 days.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Tan v. City of San Jose, No. 5:26-cv-03181 (N.D. Cal.), class-action complaint (IJ)", "source_url": "https://clearinghouse-umich-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media/doc/170060.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-15", "quote": "over 1,000 SJPD employees", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 205, "jurisdiction": "San Jose PD network", "state": "CA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Figure in EFF/ACLU lawsuit complaint", "period": "5 Jun 2024–17 Jun 2025", "metric": "Searches of San Jose's database by SJPD and other California agencies", "value": "3,965,519", "note": "Cited in the complaint; EFF 2025 review", "source_type": "Litigation record", "source": "EFF 2025 in review (Dec 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/12/effs-investigations-expose-flock-safetys-surveillance-abuses-2025-review", "source_date": "2025-12", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 206, "jurisdiction": "San Mateo County (18 agencies)", "state": "CA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "Civil Grand Jury report on Flock ALPR oversight", "period": "2025-12 to 2026-04", "metric": "Cameras / sharing / audit quality", "value": "582+ ALPR cameras across 18 agencies (SMCSO 109, San Mateo 66, San Bruno 54, Atherton 53); sharing relationships 3 to 335 per agency; 0 operators sharing outside California (Dec 2025); 17 assessed: 7 strong audits, 4 partial, 2 weak, 4 no audit reports; 5 inconsistent retention", "note": "13.1% of one agency's 2025 network queries used only 'Investigation' as reason; network audit upwards of 25,000/month", "source_type": "civil grand jury report", "source": "San Mateo County Civil Grand Jury, 'Is Our Flock of ALPR Cameras Properly Tended?', Aug 3, 2026", "source_url": "https://sanmateo.courts.ca.gov/system/files/grand-jury/auto-license-plate-readers-report.pdf", "source_date": "2026-08-03", "quote": "As of December 2025, no SMC operators were found to be sharing ALPR data with entities outside California.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 207, "jurisdiction": "San Mateo PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Public-records investigation (transparency portal + PRA responses)", "period": "as of 2026-02-18", "metric": "Organisations with access to SMPD Flock data", "value": "283", "note": "Grand jury later cited 280 network shares; 10 DA offices, 11 campus police, 4 state agencies", "source_type": "independent records analysis", "source": "none-below/sm-alpr: SMPD ALPR Investigation - Findings", "source_url": "https://none-below.github.io/sm-alpr/SMPD_ALPR_Findings.md", "source_date": "2026-07", "quote": "283 Organizations with SMPD access, statewide", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 208, "jurisdiction": "San Mateo PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "PRA response on search-activity compliance audits", "period": "through 2026-04", "metric": "Search-activity compliance audits ever conducted", "value": "0", "note": "City says no such records exist; 4 captains 2018-2026 received no quarterly audits", "source_type": "independent records analysis", "source": "none-below/sm-alpr: SMPD ALPR Investigation - Findings", "source_url": "https://none-below.github.io/sm-alpr/SMPD_ALPR_Findings.md", "source_date": "2026-07", "quote": "0 Search-activity compliance audits ever conducted", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 209, "jurisdiction": "Santa Ana PD network (NCRIC searches for federal DOJ agencies)", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Santa Ana PD Flock network audit log released under public records request", "period": "2025-06 to 2026-03", "metric": "NCRIC fusion-center searches touching Santa Ana network / searches run for DOJ agencies (FBI, ATF, USMS, DEA) / federal agencies named in reasons", "value": "over 27,000; at least 80; at least 7", "note": "NCRIC searches were about 2.5% of activity; ~1 million queries by other state and local agencies; SFPD cut off NCRIC access in June 2026", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit log", "source": "CALÓ News, 'Fusion center ran Flock searches on behalf of Feds, Santa Ana records show' (Aug 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.calonews.com/communities/orange-county/fusion-center-ran-flock-searches-on-behalf-of-feds-santa-ana-records-show/article_ff159d28-810a-4d24-9232-54a5722b6fc4.html", "source_date": "2026-08-20", "quote": "NCRIC ran at least eighty searches for the Department of Justice and other agencies underneath it.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 210, "jurisdiction": "Santa Clara County CA SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Dec 6, 2021 – Sep 4, 2025 (with a gap from Jun 2024 – Jun 23, 2025)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "23,860 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Santa Clara County CA SO (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/santa-clara-co-ca-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 23,860", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 211, "jurisdiction": "Santa Clara County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Dec 2021 to Sep 2025", "metric": "Own searches with any reason or case number", "value": "0 of 23,860", "note": "115 named users; 93.2% attribute searches rather than plate lookups; about a year of records absent from the production", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Santa Clara County CA SO (June 2026) (2026-06-18)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/santa-clara-co-ca-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-18", "quote": "No record in the dataset carries a reason or a case number. Across all 23,860 entries, the Reason and Case # fields are uniformly blank.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 212, "jurisdiction": "Santa Cruz PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Flock audit records compiled by GTFO (Get The Flock Out) via public records", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-08", "metric": "in-state agency searches of SCPD data with reason 'HSI' / 'ICE'", "value": "HSI 2,700+; ICE ~900 (of 3,700+ searches)", "note": "searching agencies incl. Newport Beach, LA County, San Diego County, Anaheim, Riverside County, Mountain View, Baldwin Park, Bakersfield, Orange County", "source_type": "press (advocacy analysis of released audit)", "source": "Lookout Santa Cruz, 'Anti-Flock group finds that state agencies accessed SCPD camera data thousands of times on feds' behalf'", "source_url": "https://lookout.co/anti-flock-group-finds-that-state-agencies-accessed-scpd-camera-data-thousands-of-times-on-feds-behalf-since-mid-2024/story", "source_date": "2025-12-11", "quote": "'HSI' was the search reason for 'more than 2,700' searches ... 'ICE' ... 'nearly 900 others'", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 213, "jurisdiction": "Santa Cruz PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records obtained via public records (Santa Cruz Local analysis)", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-10", "metric": "searches of SCPD data with immigration-related reason terms", "value": "~4000 by 32 agencies", "note": "California agencies searching on behalf of ICE/HSI/CBP; ~a quarter of searches used extremely general reasons; few immigration-term searches after July 2025", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Santa Cruz Local, 'Dozens of California agencies shared license plate data with feds, Santa Cruz records show'", "source_url": "https://santacruzlocal.org/2025/12/09/dozens-of-california-agencies-shared-license-plate-data-with-feds-santa-cruz-records-show/", "source_date": "2025-12-09", "quote": "Nearly 4,000 searches by 32 law enforcement agencies, for reasons that included immigration-related terms", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 214, "jurisdiction": "Santa Cruz PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit logs", "period": "2025", "metric": "Organisations appearing in Santa Cruz logs (before vs after)", "value": "~250 -> ~200", "note": "175 organisations disappeared from Lookup logs", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/august-2025-drop", "source_date": "2025-12-09", "quote": "Organizations in Santa Cruz's logs fell from about 250 to about 200.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 215, "jurisdiction": "Santa Cruz PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network/portal audit logs", "period": "2025 (pre/post 2025-08-08)", "metric": "Share of Santa Cruz search logs missing", "value": "~80%", "note": "Search traffic cliff on 2025-08-08; lookups fell ~98% in August", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs (Update: Logs Still Missing, Presumed Dead)", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/august-2025-drop", "source_date": "2025-12-09", "quote": "80% of Santa Cruz's logs are missing", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 216, "jurisdiction": "Santa Cruz PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit logs", "period": "2025-01 to 2025-07-11", "metric": "Daily searches of Santa Cruz network before 2025-07-11", "value": "7,000-15,000 per day", "note": "Lookups spiked to ~20,000/day after that date", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/august-2025-drop", "source_date": "2025-12-09", "quote": "Before July 11, 2025, Santa Cruz searches ran at 7,000-15,000 per day.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 217, "jurisdiction": "Stanford University DPS", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual Flock/ALPR report", "period": "2024-09-01 to 2025-08-31", "metric": "Unique ALPR searches / investigations using ALPR / personnel conducting searches / employee-violation investigations / complaints", "value": "1,742 / 129 / 20 / 0 / 0", "note": "Next report due 2026-12-31.", "source_type": "agency report", "source": "Stanford University Department of Public Safety, 'Flock Annual Report 2024-25'", "source_url": "https://police.stanford.edu/pdf/Flock Annual Report 2024-25.pdf", "source_date": "2025", "quote": "Total unique ALPR searches: 1,742", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 218, "jurisdiction": "Tiburon PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Press audit of released Flock network logs - federal references", "period": "2025-05 to 2025-08", "metric": "Searches citing federal agencies", "value": "475", "note": "By nine agencies (Ark Feb 2026 investigation); Tiburon policy audits at least five external searches/month (~0.0025% of activity)", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "The Ark (Tiburon)", "source_url": "https://www.thearknewspaper.com/live/ark-investigation-follow-up-audit-finds-far-broader-access-to-tiburon-license-plate-data", "source_date": "2026-03-24", "quote": "nine agencies had conducted 475 searches from May through August citing federal agencies", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 219, "jurisdiction": "Tiburon PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Press follow-up audit of released Flock network logs", "period": "2025-07 to 2025-12", "metric": "Potentially illegal searches by California agencies not on share list", "value": "16,029", "note": "By 41 CA agencies; Riverside County SO 10,707 and Orange County SO 4,771 = 96%; total 1.22 million external searches Jul-Dec (>200,000/month); town's own keyword audit flagged ~500 federally-entangled records; external shares grew 132 (Jul) to 199 (Mar 23, 2026)", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "The Ark (Tiburon)", "source_url": "https://www.thearknewspaper.com/live/ark-investigation-follow-up-audit-finds-far-broader-access-to-tiburon-license-plate-data", "source_date": "2026-03-24", "quote": "41 California law-enforcement agencies conducted 16,029 potentially illegal searches of Tiburon's camera logs", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 220, "jurisdiction": "Ukiah CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Apr 30, 2026 (16 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "15,016 records", "note": "Case number: 425 (2.8%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Ukiah CA PD (Jan 2025–Apr 2026) (July 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/ukiah-ca-jul2026", "source_date": "July 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 15,016", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 221, "jurisdiction": "Ukiah CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – May 31, 2026 (17 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "7,858,079 records; 3,414 organisations", "note": "Case number: 3,060,189 (38.9%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Ukiah CA PD (Jan 2025–Apr 2026) (July 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/ukiah-ca-jul2026", "source_date": "July 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 7,858,079; Organizations: 3,414", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 222, "jurisdiction": "Ukiah PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2025 to May 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / 'invest' share of own reasons / network searches / organisations", "value": "2.8% / 52.7% / 7,858,079 / 3,414", "note": "City of about 16,000; '.' as reason 7.6%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Ukiah CA PD (Jan 2025–Apr 2026) (2026-07-20)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/ukiah-ca-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-07-20", "quote": "Only 425 of 15,016 org audit records (2.8%) include a case number.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 223, "jurisdiction": "Ventura CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 1, 2023 – Apr 28, 2026", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "94,295 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Ventura CA PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/ventura-ca-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 94,295", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 224, "jurisdiction": "Ventura County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency audit of Flock National Lookup access (statement)", "period": "2025-02-19 to 2025-03-19", "metric": "Out-of-state queries of VCSO ALPR data", "value": "just over 364,000", "note": "National Lookup had been activated without agency knowledge; disabled by Flock for CA 2025-03-19", "source_type": "agency statement (Nixle)", "source": "Ventura County Sheriff's Office community statement on Flock National Lookup audit", "source_url": "https://nixle.us/H4RJ7", "source_date": "2026-02-27", "quote": "just over 364,000 times", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 225, "jurisdiction": "Ventura County SO", "state": "CA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency audit of Flock National Lookup access", "period": "2025-02-19 to 2025-03-19", "metric": "Search justifications citing immigration enforcement (federal/out-of-state agencies)", "value": "299 (0.08% of all searches)", "note": "", "source_type": "agency statement (Nixle)", "source": "Ventura County Sheriff's Office statement", "source_url": "https://nixle.us/H4RJ7", "source_date": "2026-02-27", "quote": "299 search justifications ... 0.08%, or less than 1/10 of 1 percent of all searches", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 226, "jurisdiction": "Ventura PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jul 2023 to Apr 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / one plate searched / users who searched it", "value": "9.9% / about 1,566 times / 18+", "note": "94,295 searches; 'WANTED' variants about 23%; two users 24% of all searches", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Ventura CA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-18)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/ventura-ca-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-18", "quote": "e5c2835b (surveillance info) was searched approximately 1,566 times across 18+ users over two years (December 2023 – December 2025), spread across 36 distinct days.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 227, "jurisdiction": "Woodland CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Dec 1, 2021 – Apr 30, 2026", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "14,704,306 records; 4,420 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodland CA PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodland-ca-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 14,704,306; Organizations: 4,420", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 228, "jurisdiction": "Woodland CA PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Dec 3, 2021 – Apr 30, 2026 (~4.4 years)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "20,751 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodland CA PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodland-ca-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 20,751", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 229, "jurisdiction": "Woodland PD", "state": "CA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Dec 2021 to Apr 2026", "metric": "Network records with HSI, ICE or immigration reason / most common strings", "value": "4,743 / 'ICE' 749, 'HSI' 587", "note": "Own case-number share 17.9%; out-of-state agencies such as Illinois State Police (29,677 to 0) disappeared after sharing was cut", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Woodland CA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-18)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodland-ca-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-18", "quote": "4,743 network audit records carry an HSI, ICE, or immigration reason string (matched on word boundaries).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 230, "jurisdiction": "Woodland PD network", "state": "CA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Audit files analysed by a local DeFlock group", "period": "Apr 2022–Jul 2025", "metric": "Non-California organisations that searched Woodland's data", "value": "3,899", "note": "Reasons included HSI 800+, ICE 450+, Border Patrol 400+; Texas agencies 842,797 searches", "source_type": "FOIA aggregate by advocates", "source": "DeFlock Woodland (updated 2 Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockwoodland.org/woodland-pd-flock-data-audit/", "source_date": "2026-03-02", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 231, "jurisdiction": "Boulder PD", "state": "CO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records obtained by press", "period": "2025-01-01", "metric": "Database queries that included Boulder's system in a single day", "value": "5,438", "note": "Montgomery County TX tapped national network >600 times in one month while Boulder shared; access now ~90 Colorado agencies; CBP 118 figure already covered", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Boulder Reporting Lab", "source_url": "https://boulderreportinglab.org/2025/08/19/until-recently-boulder-shared-license-plate-data-on-a-national-network-accessed-by-ice/", "source_date": "2025-08-19", "quote": "on Jan. 1, 2025 alone, Boulder's system was included in 5,438 database queries.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 232, "jurisdiction": "Boulder PD", "state": "CO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Open-records request (CBS Colorado)", "period": "one month, 2025", "metric": "Searches of Boulder's cameras by outside agencies", "value": "nearly 424,000", "note": "Boulder now shares only in-state. CBS requested records from ~36 CO agencies; 15 refused, 8 shared.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "CBS Colorado, 'Crime fighter or mass surveillance? In Colorado, license plate readers are high-tech and widespread'", "source_url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/crime-fighter-mass-surveillance-colorado-license-plate-readers/", "source_date": "2025-09-22", "quote": "nearly 424,000 searches of Boulder's cameras in one month", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 233, "jurisdiction": "Boulder PD data", "state": "CO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Network audit reported by 404 Media", "period": "13 May–13 Jun 2025", "metric": "Searches by U.S. Customs and Border Protection", "value": "118", "note": "At least; cited via Capitol Fax", "source_type": "FOIA log via press", "source": "404 Media via Capitol Fax (26 Aug 2025)", "source_url": "https://capitolfax.com/2025/08/26/giannoulias-audit-shows-illinois-license-plate-data-shared-with-us-customs-violating-state-law", "source_date": "2025-08-26", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 234, "jurisdiction": "Denver PD", "state": "CO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs obtained by Colorado Newsline (national lookup searches touching Denver data)", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-04", "metric": "immigration-related national searches including Denver data", "value": "1400+ (~690 after Jan 20, 2025)", "note": "111 cameras with national search enabled; primarily out-of-state PDs (Dallas, Jacksonville FL named); Denver left national lookup April 8, 2025", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Colorado Newsline via KUNC, 'Frequent immigration-related searches of Denver Flock camera data revealed in logs'", "source_url": "https://www.kunc.org/news/2025-08-10/frequent-immigration-related-searches-of-denver-flock-camera-data-revealed-in-logs", "source_date": "2025-08-06", "quote": "More than 1,400 ... About 690 immigration-related searches after Trump's January inauguration ... 111 cameras", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 235, "jurisdiction": "Denver PD (per Danville IL audit files)", "state": "CO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Denverite review of Illinois (Danville) Flock audit files while Denver was in National Lookup", "period": "through 2025-04-08", "metric": "immigration-related searches documented in Illinois files / agencies with access", "value": "333 searches; ~3,500 agencies", "note": "no evidence Denver data used in an immigration case; no Colorado agency listed 'immigration' or 'ICE' as reason", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "Denverite, 'Out-of-state cops had access to Denver license plate data for immigration cases for months'", "source_url": "https://denverite.com/2025/07/01/denver-flock-surveillance-cameras-data/", "source_date": "2025-07-01", "quote": "333 documented in Illinois files ... About 3,500 agencies had access to the data", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 236, "jurisdiction": "Erie CO PD", "state": "CO", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "May 18 – Jun 17, 2026 (31 days)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "122,263 records; 84 organisations", "note": "Case number: 95,877 (78.4%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Erie CO PD (May–Jun 2026) (August 7, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/erie-co-may-jun2026", "source_date": "August 7, 2026", "quote": "Records: 122,263; Organizations: 84", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 237, "jurisdiction": "Erie PD", "state": "CO", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "18 May to 17 Jun 2026", "metric": "Houston PD share of searches on Erie's network", "value": "58.5% (71,570 of 122,263)", "note": "84 organisations; case number present on 78.4%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Erie CO PD (May–Jun 2026) (2026-08-07)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/erie-co-may-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-08-07", "quote": "Houston TX PD accounts for the majority of activity on Erie’s network by a wide margin, generating 71,570 searches — 58.5% of all records.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 238, "jurisdiction": "Fort Collins Police Services", "state": "CO", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Council work-session presentation", "period": "as of 2026-02-24", "metric": "Flock cameras deployed / cost / audit cadence / retention", "value": "14 of 15 / $48,000 per year / supervisor audit monthly / 30 days", "note": "Access limited to individually authorized Colorado agencies; no search or hit totals given.", "source_type": "agency report", "source": "Fort Collins Police Services, 'ALPR use in the City of Fort Collins' (council presentation)", "source_url": "https://mccmeetingspublic.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/fortcollco-meet-a8b835b66ef74d1484add691c027eb5a/ITEM-Attachment-004-f6b0a433e6be4f5cb52eeec778ce3fbe.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02-24", "quote": "A supervisor audits our use at the end of each month.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 239, "jurisdiction": "Loveland PD (ATF agent account)", "state": "CO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit of Loveland-registered account used by federal agent for ICE-related searches (9News reporting)", "period": "2025-04-03 to 2025-04-25", "metric": "ICE-related searches via Loveland account", "value": "26", "note": "Colorado Sun (Feb 2026) says 26; KUNC Aug 2025 reported 'six searches' by ATF agent on behalf of ICE; Denver cut off Loveland's access", "source_type": "press", "source": "Colorado Sun, 'Have Denver's Flock cameras been used for immigration enforcement?'", "source_url": "https://coloradosun.com/2026/02/06/have-denvers-flock-cameras-been-used-for-immigration-enforcement/", "source_date": "2026-02-06", "quote": "conducted 26 ICE-related searches between April 3 and April 25", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 240, "jurisdiction": "Routt County SO", "state": "CO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs (40 spreadsheets) obtained via records request", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2026-08-17", "metric": "Searches including Routt County cameras / in first half of 2026 / average per month in 2026 / distinct agencies since 2025 / agencies in Aug 2026 / average agencies per month", "value": "8,000,000+ / ~3,000,000 / 396,000 / 3,000+ / 2,500+ / 2,960", "note": "13 cameras (6 sheriff, 7 Steamboat PD) since Feb 2023; sheriff to cancel contract", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Yampa Valley Bugle, 'Routt County Sheriff to cancel Flock contract...' (Sep 1, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.yampavalleybugle.com/post/routt-county-sheriff-to-cancel-flock-contract-after-records-show-local-cameras-were-included-in-8-mi", "source_date": "2026-09-01", "quote": "On average, 396,000 searches have included the sheriff's network each month in 2026.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 241, "jurisdiction": "Routt County SO network", "state": "CO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs", "period": "2025-01 to 2025-08", "metric": "Searches claiming immigration-enforcement reasons / agencies making them", "value": "nearly 1,300 / more than 50 (incl. two federal task forces)", "note": "Searches often reached 6,000+ networks", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Yampa Valley Bugle (Sep 1, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.yampavalleybugle.com/post/routt-county-sheriff-to-cancel-flock-contract-after-records-show-local-cameras-were-included-in-8-mi", "source_date": "2026-09-01", "quote": "More than 50 law enforcement agencies across the country, including two Federal task forces, made the searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 242, "jurisdiction": "Thornton PD", "state": "CO", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police memo - national network audit", "period": "2025-12", "metric": "Outside-agency searches touching Thornton network (one month)", "value": "1,048,576", "note": "~131 searches cited 'HSI' as reason (2 returned results from Thornton system); ~125 cited 'FED'/'Federal' (1 returned result); department has revoked over 2,100 agencies' access 1,048,576 is exactly the Excel row limit (2^20), so the export was almost certainly truncated and the true count is higher.", "source_type": "agency memo", "source": "Thornton PD ALPR Memo, Apr 1, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.thorntonpd.org/sites/41/files/2026-04/ALPR+Memo.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-01", "quote": "captured a total of 1,048,576 system searches conducted by other agencies that touched our network.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 243, "jurisdiction": "Thornton PD", "state": "CO", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police memo to City Council on ALPR program (follow-up)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Total Flock system searches by Thornton PD", "value": "46,230", "note": "Lookup 18,425; Search 27,570; Visual 207; Convoy 27; MultiGeo 1. ~8% of searches included a specific case/CFS number. 15 cameras", "source_type": "agency memo", "source": "Thornton PD Memorandum, Follow-up on the ALPR Program (Chad Parker), Apr 1, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.thorntonpd.org/sites/41/files/2026-04/ALPR+Memo.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-01", "quote": "In 2025, approximately 8% of total system searches included a specific case report or call for service number.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 244, "jurisdiction": "Thornton PD", "state": "CO", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Internal investigation of one officer's searches (vs HIBF released-log count)", "period": "not stated", "metric": "Officer's searches per Thornton PD internal review", "value": "10,318", "note": "Thornton For All complaint alleged 19,194 based on haveibeenflocked.com; one plate tracked up to 145 days; PD found no misuse", "source_type": "agency investigation via press", "source": "Footnote4a: Thornton PD Investigated Itself and Found no Wrongdoing", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/thornton-investigation", "source_date": "2026-05-05", "quote": "Thornton Police determine officer's 10,318 searches were part of his job.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 245, "jurisdiction": "Avon CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "January – October 2025", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "4,880 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Avon CT PD (Jan–Oct 2025) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/avon-ct-pd-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: 4,880", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 246, "jurisdiction": "Avon CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "January – October 2025 (10 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "5,794,984 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Avon CT PD (Jan–Oct 2025) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/avon-ct-pd-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: 5,794,984", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 247, "jurisdiction": "Avon PD / Cheshire PD / Simsbury PD / Southington PD / Westport PD / Darien PD / East Lyme PD (Connecticut)", "state": "CT", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "WFSB I-Team FOIA of Flock search data from 34 CT departments", "period": "2025-01 to 2026-05 (varies by town)", "metric": "Searches and immigration-related hits", "value": "Avon: 2,440 own searches, 1,688 immigration/ICE hits, 416 DEA searches, 425,611 out-of-dept hits (Jan-Oct 2025); Cheshire: ~1,727 immigration/ICE searches by outside agencies, 273 stolen; Simsbury: 2,000+ out-of-state immigration searches (Jan 2025-Jan 2026); Southington: 1.5M searches Dec 2025-May 2026 (32 cameras); Westport: 'Investigation' 54,796 times Oct 2025, immigration/ICE 11+ Nov 2025; Darien 2,949 (Jul-Dec 2025); East Lyme 480 (Nov 2025-Jan 22 2026); Houston searched Cheshire+Avon 46,000+ in Jan 2025", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-05-28 (outside slice window) but not in covered set", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "WFSB, 'Where are police FLOCK cameras in CT? I-Team dives into search data' (May 28, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.wfsb.com/2026/05/28/where-are-police-flock-cameras-ct-i-team-dives-into-search-data/", "source_date": "2026-05-28", "quote": "There were at least 1688 immigration/ICE hits during the time period", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 248, "jurisdiction": "Bristol CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "January 1, 2025 – April 22, 2026 (16 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "27,554 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Bristol CT PD (Jan 2025–Apr 2026) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/bristol-ct-pd-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: 27,554", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 249, "jurisdiction": "Cheshire CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "June 2023 – November 12, 2025", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "~8,700 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Cheshire CT PD (2023–2025) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cheshire-ct-pd-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: ~8,700", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 250, "jurisdiction": "Cheshire CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "May 2023 – November 12, 2025 (~2.5 years)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "~19.9 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Cheshire CT PD (2023–2025) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cheshire-ct-pd-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: ~19.9", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 251, "jurisdiction": "Cheshire PD / Monroe PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock organization and network audit logs (FOIA)", "period": "2026-04-06 to 2026-05-06 (Cheshire); 2026-04-05 to 2026-05-05 (Monroe)", "metric": "Internal searches / external-agency searches / org-audit searches with no offense listed", "value": "Cheshire ~1,680 / just under 19,000 / 37 of 516 (30 days); Monroe 58 / 11,493", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-07-12 (outside window); 'Erratic' entered as reason in 390 Cheshire searches", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Inside Investigator, 'Silent Watchers' (Jul 12, 2026)", "source_url": "https://insideinvestigator.org/silent-watchers-the-rise-of-connecticuts-police-camera-network/", "source_date": "2026-07-12", "quote": "External agencies searched Monroe ALPR data 11,493 times.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 252, "jurisdiction": "Connecticut (statewide)", "state": "CT", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "POST Council statewide ALPR survey (report to Governor), via press", "period": "2026-09", "metric": "ALPR cameras statewide / adoption", "value": "1,564 cameras; 105 agencies surveyed; 71 of 97 (73.2%) have fixed ALPRs; 48 of 91 (52.7%) mobile; 19 agencies (19.4%) none; largest agency 323; vendors Flock 39.4%, Axon 28.3%, Rekor 24.2%; 90.1% cloud storage", "note": "Primary 59-page POST report not located online", "source_type": "press report of state survey", "source": "WFSB, Sep 24, 2026", "source_url": "https://wfsb.com/2026/09/24/heres-how-many-license-plate-reader-cameras-flock-others-are-watching-connecticut-roads", "source_date": "2026-09-24", "quote": "Agencies reported a combined 1,564 automated license plate reader cameras deployed statewide.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 253, "jurisdiction": "Darien CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Feb 21, 2024 – Mar 1, 2026", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "175,292 records; 2,293 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Darien CT PD (May 2026) (May 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/darien-ct-may2026", "source_date": "May 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: 175,292; Organizations: 2,293", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 254, "jurisdiction": "Darien CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Apr 1, 2026 (~15 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "6,995 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Darien CT PD (May 2026) (May 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/darien-ct-may2026", "source_date": "May 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: 6,995", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 255, "jurisdiction": "East Lyme CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "November 2025 – January 2026", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "691 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: East Lyme CT PD (Nov 2025–Jan 2026) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/east-lyme-ct-pd-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: 691", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 256, "jurisdiction": "Farmington CT PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "March 9 – April 8, 2026 (30 days)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "823,044 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Farmington CT PD (Mar–Apr 2026) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/farmington-ct-pd-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: 823,044", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 257, "jurisdiction": "South Windsor PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Flock transparency portal / town memo", "period": "30 days to 2026-10-01", "metric": "Searches of South Windsor data / communities with shared access / lease cost", "value": "77 / 53 (all CT) / $19,400 one-year", "note": "Sixth CT town to end or pause Flock (Windsor, Killingworth, Ledyard, Milford, Newtown).", "source_type": "agency dashboard (via press)", "source": "CT Mirror, 'How opposition to Flock cameras took flight in CT'", "source_url": "https://ctmirror.org/2026/10/09/ct-flock-cameras-south-windsor-milford/", "source_date": "2026-10-09", "quote": "only 77 searches of the data in the previous 30 days", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 258, "jurisdiction": "Windsor PD", "state": "CT", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit log released under FOI", "period": "2025-04-01 to 2025-06-09", "metric": "Records in log / searches from Texas / from Houston", "value": "590,900 / 150,000 / about 100,000", "note": "Council later voted 8-1 to turn off cameras; restart motion failed 5-4.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "CT Mirror, 'How opposition to Flock cameras took flight in CT'", "source_url": "https://ctmirror.org/2026/10/09/ct-flock-cameras-south-windsor-milford/", "source_date": "2026-10-09", "quote": "There were 590,900 records in that data dump.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 259, "jurisdiction": "Peel Regional Police - Canada", "state": "Canada", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Peel Regional Police public ALPR page", "period": "2026 (page current Nov 2026)", "metric": "ALPR-equipped patrol vehicles / retention of non-match scans / retention of matches", "value": "approximately 415; 24 hours; 30 days", "note": "Canada; hot lists updated daily; no scan or hit counts published", "source_type": "Agency disclosure page", "source": "Peel Regional Police, 'Automated Licence Plate Recognition' (read Nov 2, 2026)", "source_url": "https://peelpolice.ca/community-safety/automated-licence-plate-recognition/", "source_date": "2026-11-02", "quote": "approximately 415 Peel Regional Police patrol vehicles are now equipped with ALPR technology.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 260, "jurisdiction": "Toronto Police Service - Canada", "state": "Canada", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Toronto Police Service public ALPR disclosure page", "period": "2024-2026 (page current Nov 2026)", "metric": "Plates scanned per day / ALPR-equipped vehicles / read retention / hit retention", "value": "over 1.25 million per day; over 560; 7 days; 365 days", "note": "Canada; audit logs stored indefinitely; engaged by Ontario IPC in 2024 during ALPR guideline review", "source_type": "Agency disclosure page", "source": "Toronto Police Service, 'Automatic Licence Plate Recognition' (read Nov 2, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.tps.ca/use-technology/automatic-licence-plate-reader/", "source_date": "2026-11-02", "quote": "Over 560 vehicles have the technology installed.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 261, "jurisdiction": "Victoria PD / RCMP ALPR program (British Columbia) - Canada", "state": "Canada", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "BC Information and Privacy Commissioner Investigation Report F12-04", "period": "2012", "metric": "Scans per day per VicPD ALPR car / hit rate / obsolete hits / RCMP ALPR vehicles in BC / annual access requests", "value": "about 500; about 1 hit per 100 scans; about 4% of hits obsolete; 41; about 12 per year", "note": "Canada; non-hit images deleted within 30 minutes of upload but time/location data retained, which the Commissioner found unauthorized", "source_type": "Privacy-commissioner investigation report", "source": "OIPC BC, Investigation Report F12-04, Use of Automated Licence Plate Recognition Technology by the Victoria Police Department (Nov 15, 2012)", "source_url": "https://oipc.bc.ca/investigation-reports/1480", "source_date": "2012-11-15", "quote": "scans an average of 500 vehicles per day of operation, resulting in approximately one hit for every 100 scans.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 262, "jurisdiction": "Alachua County FL SO", "state": "FL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Mar 24 – Apr 23 and Jun 4 – Jul 4, in 2025 and 2026 (four one-month windows)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "4,295 records; 1 organisations", "note": "Case number: 1,907 masked as *** (44.4%); the rest blank", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Alachua County FL SO (Mar 2025 – Jul 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/alachua-county-fl-mar2025-jul2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 4,295; Organizations: 1", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 263, "jurisdiction": "Alachua County SO", "state": "FL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "2025 to 2026", "metric": "Records with an immigration reason / share of spring 2026 records / summer 2026", "value": "288 / 11.6% / 181", "note": "All from 2026; none in 2025", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Alachua County FL SO (Mar 2025 – Jul 2026) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/alachua-county-fl-mar2025-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "288 records give an immigration reason. All of them are from 2026. No 2025 reason mentions immigration, ICE, or deportation.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 264, "jurisdiction": "Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (per Ball State Univ. IN network audit)", "state": "FL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit log released by Ball State University (Indiana), obtained by journalist David Covucci", "period": "2026-01", "metric": "FWC searches with immigration/ICE reasons", "value": "38", "note": "each search spanned 5,000+ networks; reasons 'Immigration (civil/administrative) - I.C.E.' etc.", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "404 Media, 'Wildlife Conservation Police Are Searching Thousands of Flock Cameras for ICE'", "source_url": "https://www.404media.co/floridas-wildlife-cops-are-searching-thousands-of-flock-cameras-for-ice/", "source_date": "2026-04-06", "quote": "38 Flock searches by Florida FWC police, listed with 'immigration' reasons ... more than 5,000 different Flock networks", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 265, "jurisdiction": "Florida Highway Patrol", "state": "FL", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Flock audit logs cited by ACLU-MA letter to municipal leaders", "period": "2025-01 to 2025-07", "metric": "FHP searches of the Flock nationwide database", "value": "over 12,000 (including explicitly immigration-related reasons)", "note": "", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "ACLU of Massachusetts letter to municipal leaders on LPRs", "source_url": "https://www.aclum.org/app/uploads/2026/01/ACLU-MA-LPR-letter.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01", "quote": "searched the Flock nationwide database over 12,000 times from the start of 2025 through the end of July", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 266, "jurisdiction": "Florida Highway Patrol", "state": "FL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs (Suncoast Searchlight / Orlando Sentinel analysis of 4M+ national searches)", "period": "2025-03-13 to 2025-05-05", "metric": "FHP immigration-related Flock searches / weekly rate / immigration searches in prior nine months", "value": "more than 250 / about 32 per week / 0", "note": "Fewer than 10 of 100+ Florida Flock agencies ran immigration-related searches; almost half of FHP's fell in the week before and during Operation Tidal Wave.", "source_type": "press (nonprofit newsroom analysis)", "source": "WUSF/Suncoast Searchlight - Florida troopers tapped surveillance network for immigration searches", "source_url": "https://www.wusf.org/courts-law/2025-06-15/florida-troopers-tapped-surveillance-network-for-immigration-searches-raising-alarm", "source_date": "2025-06-15", "quote": "In the nine months prior to March, FHP did not conduct any immigration-related searches with Flock", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 267, "jurisdiction": "Indian River County SO", "state": "FL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Sheriff's Flock misuse investigation", "period": "2026-11", "metric": "Former deputies arrested on felony charges", "value": "2", "note": "Sgt. earlier on paid leave; press conference Nov 2, 2026", "source_type": "Press report", "source": "Sebastian Daily, 'Two Indian River County deputies arrested for misusing Flock cameras' (Nov 2, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.sebastiandaily.com/crime/two-indian-river-county-deputies-arrested-for-misusing-flock-cameras-96509/", "source_date": "2026-11-02", "quote": "Two Indian River County deputies arrested for misusing Flock cameras.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 268, "jurisdiction": "Jacksonville SO", "state": "FL", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency statement", "period": "two years to 2026-08", "metric": "Fixed / mobile LPRs; cases aided", "value": "141 fixed, 9 mobile; 15 murders, 17 kidnappings, 6 forcible sex offenses, ~100 shootings, 172 missing persons", "note": "No search/hit totals released.", "source_type": "agency statement (via press)", "source": "News4Jax, 'JSO defends Flock Safety cameras, cites murders solved, lives saved'", "source_url": "https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/2026/08/19/jso-defends-flock-safety-cameras-cites-murders-solved-lives-saved/", "source_date": "2026-08-19", "quote": "JSO currently operates 141 fixed LPRs and 9 mobile LPRs across Duval County.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 269, "jurisdiction": "Orange City PD", "state": "FL", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Arrest affidavit; officer Flock stalking searches", "period": "summer 2024", "metric": "searches of ex-girlfriend's and family plates", "value": "at least 69 + 24 + 15", "note": "Officer Jarmarus Brown; 404 Media counts 'more than a dozen' such cases nationally", "source_type": "press (court records)", "source": "404 Media, 'Cops Keep Getting Arrested for Using Flock to Stalk People'", "source_url": "https://www.404media.co/cops-keep-getting-arrested-for-using-flock-to-stalk-people/", "source_date": "2026-06-10", "quote": "Ex-girlfriend's plate: at least 69 times; Her mother's plate: at least 24 times", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 270, "jurisdiction": "Panama City FL PD", "state": "FL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (365 days)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "33,168 records", "note": "Case number: 25,091 (75.6%); redacted on 25,091 records; blank on 8,077", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Panama City FL PD (Jul 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/panama-city-fl-jul2025-jun2026", "source_date": "October 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 33,168", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 271, "jurisdiction": "Panama City FL PD", "state": "FL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (365 days); no records after 9:56 p.m. on June 30", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "8,275,557 records; 4,650 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 2,851,490 records; blank on 5,424,067", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Panama City FL PD (Jul 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/panama-city-fl-jul2025-jun2026", "source_date": "October 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 8,275,557; Organizations: 4,650", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 272, "jurisdiction": "Pinellas County SO", "state": "FL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal audit after deputy's arrest", "period": "2025-01 to 2026-07", "metric": "ALPR searches of one woman's plate by Deputy Karl Gwynne / total queries across 5 databases / off-duty", "value": "300 / 381 / 207", "note": "PCSO uses Flock, Axon and Motorola LPRs; policy requires monthly audits.", "source_type": "press report of agency audit", "source": "Tampa Bay 28, 'Pinellas sheriff acknowledges gaps in Flock-style camera oversight after deputy's arrest'", "source_url": "https://www.tampabay28.com/news/region-pinellas/pinellas-sheriff-acknowledges-gaps-in-flock-style-camera-oversight-after-deputys-arrest", "source_date": "2026-09-30", "quote": "Gwynne had searched the woman's license plate 300 times through the ALPR system", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 273, "jurisdiction": "Sarasota PD (officer Cory Waiters)", "state": "FL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA Today analysis of Flock audit logs", "period": "two months, 2026", "metric": "Searches of ex-girlfriend's car", "value": "at least 335", "note": "", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://lufkindailynews.com/news/community/frequent-flockers-repeat-searches-prompt-officer-firings-arrests/article_ec4bec95-707f-5b13-be1f-851e2bcf191a.html", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "tracked an ex-girlfriend’s car at least 335 times over two months", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 274, "jurisdiction": "St. Lucie County SO / Indian River County SO / Vero Beach PD / Fort Pierce PD / Stuart PD / Port St. Lucie PD", "state": "FL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock records obtained by TCPalm", "period": "2025-10 to 2026-03", "metric": "Immigration-related searches by agency", "value": "200 / 68 / 35 / 18 / 3 / 1", "note": "Agencies declined comment.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "TCPalm (via AOL), 'Florida police ramp up use of Flock license plate readers for ICE'", "source_url": "https://www.aol.com/articles/florida-police-ramp-flock-license-090415000.html", "source_date": "2026-06-01", "quote": "St. Lucie County Sheriff's Office: 200", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 275, "jurisdiction": "Treasure Coast (5 agencies in Martin, St. Lucie, Indian River counties)", "state": "FL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock records obtained by TCPalm", "period": "2026-01 to 2026-03", "metric": "Immigration-related Flock searches / same period 2025", "value": "216 / 0", "note": "Article also states 130 searches in 2025 and 7 in 2024 (period unclear).", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "TCPalm (via AOL), 'Florida police ramp up use of Flock license plate readers for ICE'", "source_url": "https://www.aol.com/articles/florida-police-ramp-flock-license-090415000.html", "source_date": "2026-06-01", "quote": "216 immigration-related searches using Flock Safety cameras from January through March", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 276, "jurisdiction": "Albany PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Internal audit (Flock Audit Assistance) - misuse", "period": "2026-07", "metric": "Officers terminated and arrested after internal Flock audit", "value": "5", "note": "Flock press release", "source_type": "vendor press release", "source": "GlobeNewswire: Flock's Audit Assistance Surfaces License Plate Reader Misuse in Albany, Georgia; Five Officers Arrested", "source_url": "https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/07/08/3324138/0/en/Flock-s-Audit-Assistance-Surfaces-License-Plate-Reader-Misuse-in-Albany-Georgia-Five-Officers-Arrested.html", "source_date": "2026-07-08", "quote": "five officers were terminated and subsequently arrested", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 277, "jurisdiction": "Atlanta PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal Flock audit (month-long)", "period": "2026-01 to 2026-09", "metric": "Search inquiries examined / flagged for review / compliance rate", "value": "115,578 / 79 / 99.93%", "note": "Adds counts to covered 0.07% figure; investigation of flagged searches due within 60 days; retired reserve logins revoked.", "source_type": "press report of agency audit", "source": "Atlanta News First, 'Atlanta mayor to introduce citywide surveillance rules after audit flags 79 APD Flock camera searches'", "source_url": "https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2026/09/15/atlanta-mayor-introduce-citywide-surveillance-rules-after-audit-flags-79-apd-flock-camera-searches/", "source_date": "2026-09-15", "quote": "An internal audit examined 115,578 Flock search inquiries conducted so far this year.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 278, "jurisdiction": "Atlanta PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Department audit of its own searches", "period": "Jan–Sep 2026", "metric": "Searches found questionable", "value": "0.07%", "note": "79 inquiries under review; policy rewritten in September to define prohibited searches and require monthly audits", "source_type": "Department audit via press", "source": "CNN via KQ2 (1 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.kq2.com/cnn/cnn-national/2026/11/01/flock-was-founded-in-atlanta-thousands-of-cameras-later-the-company-is-getting-pushback-in-its-hometown/", "source_date": "2026-11-01", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 279, "jurisdiction": "Baldwin County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Criminal charges after Flock misuse (searches without case number)", "period": "2026-10", "metric": "Former deputies charged (violation of oath + misuse of LPR)", "value": "2", "note": "Steinmeyer (25-year veteran, last day Oct 9, 2026) and Peavey; $2,000 bonds; no victim per DA", "source_type": "Press report", "source": "The Union-Recorder (Milledgeville), Oct 12, 2026", "source_url": "https://unionrecorder.com/2026/10/12/sheriffs-deputy-training-officer-arrested-fired-for-flock-misuse/", "source_date": "2026-10-12", "quote": "a felony count of violation of the oath of office and one count of misuse", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 280, "jurisdiction": "Barrow County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal audit of investigator's Flock inquiries", "period": "~six months to 2026-10", "metric": "Investigators resigned / period of suspicious inquiries / bond", "value": "1 / ~6 months / $7,500", "note": "", "source_type": "Press report", "source": "WSB-TV, 'Sheriff's investigator resigns over Flock misuse allegations' (Oct 30, 2026)", "source_url": "https://wsbtv.com/news/local/barrow-county/investigator-resigns-after-allegations-misusing-flock-safety-system-sheriffs-office-says/JOSF3KLZ45BWVLBQAFUEMZCEEI", "source_date": "2026-10-30", "quote": "identified several suspicious inquiries conducted by Investigator Howard during a period lasting approximately six months.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 281, "jurisdiction": "Buford City Schools", "state": "GA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - school residency verification", "period": "2025-01 to 2026-03", "metric": "Buford City Schools ALPR searches for residency verification", "value": "more than 375 (over half of its searches; ~three-quarters in Q1 2026; some across 5,800+ networks)", "note": "added shares and network breadth here.", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "EFF - More License Plate Reader Mission Creep", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/05/more-license-plate-reader-mission-creep-school-residency-verification-background", "source_date": "2026-05-26", "quote": "more than 375 searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 282, "jurisdiction": "Cobb County PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2025 to 8 May 2026", "metric": "Network searches per full month / organisations / Houston PD estimated searches vs Cobb's own", "value": "about 2.0 million / 4,351 / 905,700 vs 169,700", "note": "32.6 million network records in 17 monthly files; Cobb ranks 13th among agencies searching its own cameras; 312 Georgia agencies; own case-number share 20.8%, 69.4% of own reasons unstructured", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Cobb County GA PD (Jan 2025 – May 2026) (2026-07-22)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cobb-co-ga-may2026", "source_date": "2026-07-22", "quote": "Houston PD alone accounts for an estimated 906,000 searches — more than five times the volume of Cobb County PD’s searches in the same period.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 283, "jurisdiction": "Covington PD (Det. Michael Canty)", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA Today analysis of audit logs; GBI arrest Aug 26, 2026", "period": "2023-06 to 2025-10; 2026-01 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches of ex-partner's plate / searches of co-worker since January / peak per day / searches flagged by July audit", "value": "2,890 / 41 / 41 / 41", "note": "Charged Aug 27 with five counts violation of oath (USA Today); GBI release lists one count oath + misuse of LPR", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (via Lufkin Daily News, Sep 4, 2026); DeFlockILM Sep 5, 2026", "source_url": "https://lufkindailynews.com/news/community/frequent-flockers-repeat-searches-prompt-officer-firings-arrests/article_ec4bec95-707f-5b13-be1f-851e2bcf191a.html", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "searched the first ex-dating partner’s license plate 2,890 times from June 2023 to October 2025", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 284, "jurisdiction": "Coweta County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Federal lawsuit (N.D. Ga. 3:26-cv-00223, filed Oct 8, 2026) citing audit records; internal audit", "period": "2025-05-04 to 2025-11-18; 2026-08", "metric": "Searches of plaintiff's plate / employees who resigned after internal Flock audit", "value": "5 / 3", "note": "Visible reasons 'info' and '37'; Coweta Co SO is 4th-largest searcher of Monongalia WV network (39,475)", "source_type": "Litigation record via press", "source": "The Auto Wire (Oct 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://theautowire.com/2026/10/18/flock-camera-misuse-sharonville-little-rock-coweta-lawsuit/", "source_date": "2026-10-18", "quote": "searched Murkerson's plate five times between May 4 and Nov. 18, 2025", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 285, "jurisdiction": "Cumming GA PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "January 2022 – June 22, 2026 (~4 years 5 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "6,644 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Cumming GA PD (June 2026) (Jun 22, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cumming-ga-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 22, 2026", "quote": "Records: 6,644", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 286, "jurisdiction": "Cumming PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2022 to Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / reasons that are bare numeric codes", "value": "6.9% / 19.6%", "note": "6,644 searches over 54 months by 31 users", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Cumming GA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-22)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cumming-ga-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-22", "quote": "460 of 6,644 records (6.9%) carry a formal case number.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 287, "jurisdiction": "Dallas (GA) 911 director (Heidi Taylor)", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA Today analysis of Flock audit logs", "period": "2024-07 to 2025-05", "metric": "Searches for estranged husband's vehicles / peak per day", "value": "more than 2,500 / 39", "note": "Complements covered charges row", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://lufkindailynews.com/news/community/frequent-flockers-repeat-searches-prompt-officer-firings-arrests/article_ec4bec95-707f-5b13-be1f-851e2bcf191a.html", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "searched more than 2,500 times for cars belonging to her estranged husband", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 288, "jurisdiction": "DeKalb County PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock Audit Tool review (biweekly audits)", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-07-24", "metric": "Searches conducted / officers suspended / personal-use violations / procedural violations / suspension lengths", "value": "53,276 / 8 / 5 / 3 / 16 to 80 hours", "note": "None of the eight criminally charged.", "source_type": "press report of agency audit", "source": "WSB-TV, 'Flock misuse: 8 metro Atlanta officers suspended over policy violations'", "source_url": "https://www.wsbtv.com/news/local/dekalb-county/flock-misuse-8-metro-atlanta-officers-suspended-over-policy-violations/GNWFLJLWSJGM7MGDWBMD3VJJIM/", "source_date": "2026-08-07", "quote": "conducted 53,276 searches within the Flock system", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 289, "jurisdiction": "Dublin GA", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1, 2024 – May 31, 2025 (12 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "5,260,935 records; 3,501 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dublin GA (Mar 2026) (Mar 9, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dublin-ga-mar2026", "source_date": "Mar 9, 2026", "quote": "Records: 5,260,935; Organizations: 3,501", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 290, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody GA", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1 – Mar 25, 2026", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "3,248,350 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Apr 2026) (Apr 6, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dunwoody-ga-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 6, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,248,350", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 291, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log", "period": "2025", "metric": "Network-audit monthly files truncated at export row limit", "value": "5 of 12 files (2,097,151 rows each)", "note": "Jul, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dunwoody-ga-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-23", "quote": "Five of twelve network audit files contain exactly 2,097,151 rows", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 292, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log", "period": "2025-01", "metric": "Share of org-audit searches with a case number", "value": "1.3% (30 of 2,320)", "note": "Rose to 26.9% (379 of 1,407) by Nov 2025", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dunwoody-ga-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-23", "quote": "Jan: 30 / 2,320 / 1.3% ... Nov: 379 / 1,407 / 26.9%", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 293, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log (public records)", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2025-12-31", "metric": "Organisation audit records", "value": "54,148", "note": "Dunwoody PD's own operators' searches, CY2025", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dunwoody-ga-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-23", "quote": "Org audit records: 54,148.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 294, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log (public records)", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2025-12-31", "metric": "Network audit records (searches of Dunwoody cameras by outside agencies)", "value": "23,426,238", "note": "Undercount: Jul, Aug, Oct, Nov, Dec files truncated at export row limit (2,097,151 rows each)", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dunwoody-ga-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-23", "quote": "Network audit records: 23,426,238 ... truncated at the Excel row limit, so the true figure is higher.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 295, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2025-12-31", "metric": "Organisations appearing in network audit", "value": "~3,500+", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dunwoody-ga-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-23", "quote": "Organizations in the network audit: ~3,500+.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 296, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log", "period": "2025-08 to 2025-12", "metric": "Searches by 'Flock Intelligence' (Flock-affiliated account) of Dunwoody network", "value": "606", "note": "Six Flock-affiliated entities >1,000 searches in 2025", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dunwoody-ga-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-23", "quote": "\"Flock Intelligence\" ran 606 searches from outside (Aug-Dec).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 297, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log", "period": "2025-12", "metric": "Visible case numbers in network audit (Dec)", "value": "226 of 1,046,907 (0.02%)", "note": "Network-audit case-number field essentially blank/redacted", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dunwoody GA (Mar 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dunwoody-ga-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-23", "quote": "Dec: 226 / 1,046,907 (0.02%)", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 298, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Senate testimony (Benn Jordan) citing Georgia open-records view logs", "period": "2025-2026", "metric": "Times Flock employees viewed cameras on Dunwoody's network", "value": "over 1,000", "note": "Also: 60+ newly deployed Flock Condor cameras had exposed admin interfaces; 55 published vulnerabilities (Jon Gaines).", "source_type": "congressional testimony", "source": "Benn Jordan written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee hearing 'Always Watching'", "source_url": "https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/09/23/2026/2026-09-23-pm_testimony_jordanpdf", "source_date": "2026-09-23", "quote": "Flock employees had viewed cameras on their network over 1000 times", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 299, "jurisdiction": "Dunwoody PD (Flock employee access)", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Dunwoody audit logs (Flock VP camera accesses)", "period": "2025-01 onward", "metric": "JCC camera accesses by Flock VP Bob Carter", "value": "185", "note": "Originally reported by Footnote4a Apr 17, 2026 (logs show 1,271 agencies with access); cited in PPSA white paper Oct 13, 2026", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "PPSA white paper 'Countering the Privacy Threat from Flock Safety' (Oct 13, 2026); Footnote4a 'Flock Dodges Dunwoody Question with Demo Defense' (Apr 17, 2026)", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/dunwoody-demo", "source_date": "2026-10-13", "quote": "185 JCC-camera accesses by Flock VP Bob Carter alone since January 2025.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 300, "jurisdiction": "Georgia (statewide)", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Press tally of Flock misuse discipline/criminal cases", "period": "2025-07 to 2026-07", "metric": "Officers facing discipline and/or criminal allegations tied to Flock misuse", "value": "at least 20", "note": "Atlanta News First count (the report's summary line says 19)", "source_type": "press investigation", "source": "Atlanta News First: AI audit tool flags suspicious police searches as Flock misuse cases mount in Georgia", "source_url": "https://www.atlantanewsfirst.com/2026/07/17/ai-audit-tool-flags-suspicious-police-searches-flock-misuse-cases-mount-georgia/", "source_date": "2026-07-17", "quote": "identified at least 20 cases in Georgia in the past year in which officers faced discipline and/or criminal allegations", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 301, "jurisdiction": "Georgia (statewide)", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Press tally of Flock misuse cases following agency audits / GBI", "period": "2025-11 to 2026-09", "metric": "people accused of misusing Flock in Georgia", "value": "40+", "note": "July 2026 AJC: DeKalb 1 fired/arrested, Fayetteville 3 fired, Henry 1 fired/charged, Cherokee 3 arrested, Richmond 1; Aug: Coweta 3 resigned after Flock 'audit assistance' flag, Savannah 6 fired/4 arrested, Albany 5 charged, Polk, Covington, Paulding", "source_type": "press", "source": "FOX 5 Atlanta (2026-09-01); AJC 2026-07-18; Atlanta News First 2026-08-04", "source_url": "https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/hall-county-flock-audit-exposes-more-unauthorized-searches", "source_date": "2026-09-01", "quote": "more than 40 people have been accused of misusing Flock technology in Georgia municipalities", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 302, "jurisdiction": "Georgia (various)", "state": "GA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Whitson v. Flock complaint - misuse search counts from public reporting", "period": "2025 to 2026", "metric": "Richmond County deputy searches of one woman / Braselton chief searches of ex / Conyers queries (four months) / Ogeechee investigator uses (Jun 15-Jul 5 2026)", "value": "1,639 / about 600 / 30+ / 60+", "note": "Three other Richmond County employees had 100+ searches each; Orange City FL 69+/24+/15+ on ex and her parents; Wisconsin 179 on one woman and partner, 16 in one day.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Whitson v. Flock Group Inc., N.D. Ga. putative class action complaint", "source_url": "https://www.classaction.org/media/whitson-v-flock-group-inc.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-11", "quote": "A former deputy there is alleged to have put one woman's plate through the system 1,639 times", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 303, "jurisdiction": "Griffin GA PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 6 – May 7, 2026 (~1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "689 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Griffin GA PD (May 2026) (May 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/griffin-ga-may2026", "source_date": "May 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 689", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 304, "jurisdiction": "Griffin PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number", "value": "3% (21 of 689)", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Griffin GA PD (May 2026) (2026-05-18)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/griffin-ga-may2026", "source_date": "2026-05-18", "quote": "Only 21 of 689 records (3%) carry a case number.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 305, "jurisdiction": "Gwinnett County PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit (Audit Assistance access gained June 2026) and arrests", "period": "2026-05 to 2026-09-04", "metric": "Officers fired and arrested / retention change", "value": "3 / 30 days reduced to 15 days", "note": "Holmes: six counts + 1 misuse count; Lau: 1 misuse count; Downer arrested May", "source_type": "Press report on agency release", "source": "CBS Atlanta, '3 Gwinnett County police officers fired, arrested' (Sep 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.cbsnews.com/atlanta/news/3-gwinnett-county-police-officers-fired-arrested-in-investigation-into-flock-camera-misuse/", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "reducing the retention period for Flock data from 30 days to 15 days", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 306, "jurisdiction": "Habersham County SO / Rabun County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released Flock search logs", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-08-03 (Habersham); 2026-01-01 to 2026-07-31 (Rabun)", "metric": "Searches / share drug-related", "value": "Habersham 1,800 (42.1% drugs); Rabun 3,269 (50.7% drugs)", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-08-24 (just before window); Jul 15-31: Rabun 152, Habersham 147", "source_type": "Press analysis of released logs", "source": "Now Georgia (Aug 24, 2026)", "source_url": "https://nowgeorgia.com/hall-county-flags-85-flock-searches-in-new-audit/", "source_date": "2026-08-24", "quote": "Habersham produced 1,800 searches from Jan. 1 through Aug. 3.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 307, "jurisdiction": "Hall County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal affairs agency-wide audit", "period": "2026", "metric": "Deputies resigned after unauthorised searches found", "value": "3", "note": "At least 12 unauthorised searches identified so far; cases referred to Georgia POST", "source_type": "Department audit via press", "source": "FOX 5 Atlanta (1 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/hall-county-flock-audit-exposes-more-unauthorized-searches", "source_date": "2026-09-01", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 308, "jurisdiction": "Hall County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal Affairs agencywide Flock audit (continuing)", "period": "2026", "metric": "unauthorized searches by named deputies", "value": "10 (Orellana); 2 (Flanagan)", "note": "3 deputies resigned, referred to POST; separate investigator Atkins accessed database 'at least four' times", "source_type": "press", "source": "FOX 5 Atlanta, 'Hall County Flock audit exposes more unauthorized searches'", "source_url": "https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/hall-county-flock-audit-exposes-more-unauthorized-searches", "source_date": "2026-09-01", "quote": "Deputy Jason Orellana: 10 unauthorized searches ... Flanagan: 2 searches for personal reasons", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 309, "jurisdiction": "Hall County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Sheriff's Office Flock audit response (Aug 21, 2026)", "period": "2026-07-15 to 2026-07-31 (searches); audit Aug 2026", "metric": "Searches reviewed / flagged for additional scrutiny / searches on one tag / searches Jul 15-31", "value": "758 / 85 (~11%) / 238 / 479", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-08-24 (one week before slice window); 20 flagged as single-user plate searches, 19 beyond 30-day timeframe; wanted-person 240 of 757", "source_type": "Press analysis of agency audit", "source": "Now Georgia, 'Hall County flags 85 Flock searches in new audit' (Aug 24, 2026)", "source_url": "https://nowgeorgia.com/hall-county-flags-85-flock-searches-in-new-audit/", "source_date": "2026-08-24", "quote": "Of those, 85 — about 11% — were flagged for additional scrutiny.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 310, "jurisdiction": "Jonesboro GA PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "January 2024 – June 24, 2026", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "3,108 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Jonesboro GA PD (June 2026) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/jonesboro-ga-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,108", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 311, "jurisdiction": "Jonesboro GA PD — five missing months", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "March 2025, November 2025 – February 2026 (five discrete months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "432 records", "note": "Case number: 90 (20.8%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Jonesboro GA PD — five missing months (Jul 2026) (July 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/jonesboro-ga-jul2026-gap", "source_date": "July 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 432", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 312, "jurisdiction": "Jonesboro PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2024 to Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / reason 'Leo' / one officer's share", "value": "4.9% / 21.1% / 31.3%", "note": "3,108 searches by 15 users; 'search' with no detail 18.2%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Jonesboro GA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-26)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/jonesboro-ga-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-26", "quote": "153 of 3,108 records (4.9%) include a formal case number.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 313, "jurisdiction": "Peachtree City PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Department effectiveness claim (CID clearance rate)", "period": "2019-2020 vs 2024-2025", "metric": "Criminal Investigations Division clearance rate before vs with Flock", "value": "43% vs 70.2%", "note": "Department-supplied figures", "source_type": "Press report of agency figures", "source": "The Citizen (Fayette), Sep 10, 2026", "source_url": "https://thecitizen.com/2026/09/10/two-peachtree-city-officers-gone-after-flock-misuse-reform-is-needed/", "source_date": "2026-09-10", "quote": "In 2024 and 2025 with Flock it averaged 70.2%.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 314, "jurisdiction": "Peachtree City PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal Flock audit", "period": "2026-09", "metric": "Officers no longer employed after apparent misuse", "value": "2", "note": "Quarterly audit process began start of 2026; Chief Moon procedure signed Jul 2025", "source_type": "Press report (local column with department statements)", "source": "The Citizen (Fayette), Sep 10, 2026", "source_url": "https://thecitizen.com/2026/09/10/two-peachtree-city-officers-gone-after-flock-misuse-reform-is-needed/", "source_date": "2026-09-10", "quote": "The department has identified two officers whose activities appear to have involved misuse of the system,", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 315, "jurisdiction": "Perry PD / Cherokee County SO / LaGrange PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA Today analysis of Flock audit logs (repeat searches)", "period": "16 months (Perry); 2025 (LaGrange, 2.5 months)", "metric": "Single-plate searches by one officer", "value": "Perry: >4,000 over 16 months; Cherokee deputy: >=840 on one tag; LaGrange sergeant: 781 in 2.5 months (~10/day)", "note": "", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "USA Today 'Frequent Flockers' (Sep 4, 2026)", "source_url": "https://lufkindailynews.com/news/community/frequent-flockers-repeat-searches-prompt-officer-firings-arrests/article_ec4bec95-707f-5b13-be1f-851e2bcf191a.html", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "look up a single license plate more than 4,000 times over a 16-month span", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 316, "jurisdiction": "Savannah PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal Flock audit and GBI investigation", "period": "2026 YTD (to Aug)", "metric": "Flock searches audited / flagged / unjustified", "value": "39000 searches; 127 flagged; 34 unjustified", "note": "6 employees fired Aug 7; 4 arrested Aug 24 (misuse of LPR system; 3 also violation of oath); unnamed outside agency also probed", "source_type": "press", "source": "WTOC, '4 SPD employees arrested for Flock misuse'", "source_url": "https://www.wtoc.com/2026/08/24/4-spd-employees-arrested-flock-misuse-second-gbi-investigation-now-underway-into-another-agency/", "source_date": "2026-08-24", "quote": "Out of 39,000 Flock searches so far this year, 127 were flagged during an audit", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 317, "jurisdiction": "Savannah PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal audit (Flock Audit Assist) and OPS investigation of officer login used by ICE-agent spouse", "period": "2026-01 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches run via officer's login by ICE agent spouse", "value": "983", "note": "97 plates across six states; 788 SC-registered vehicles; owners mostly Hispanic; 6 employees dismissed over Flock misuse, 4 arrested by GBI; weekly audits instituted. Secondary source (IBTimes citing WJCL/WTOC)", "source_type": "press", "source": "IBTimes UK citing WJCL", "source_url": "https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ice-agent-wife-login-983-licence-plate-searches-1826329", "source_date": "2026-10-19", "quote": "The searches took place between January and July 2026.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 318, "jurisdiction": "Tifton GA PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 2023 – May 2026 (~37 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "~36,830,000 records; 6,000 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Tifton GA PD (May 2026) (May 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/tifton-ga-may2026", "source_date": "May 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: ~36,830,000; Organizations: 6,000", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 319, "jurisdiction": "Tifton GA PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 2, 2023 – May 11, 2026 (~40 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "12,866 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Tifton GA PD (May 2026) (May 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/tifton-ga-may2026", "source_date": "May 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: 12,866", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 320, "jurisdiction": "Tifton PD", "state": "GA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "37 months to 2026", "metric": "Network searches referencing HSI or ICE (sample estimate)", "value": "8,000–10,000", "note": "Estimated from 400,000-row samples of five monthly files; Banks County GA SO and Lowndes County GA SO recur", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Tifton GA PD (May 2026) (2026-05-14)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/tifton-ga-may2026", "source_date": "2026-05-14", "quote": "An estimated 8,000–10,000 network audit searches reference immigration enforcement activity (HSI or ICE) in their reason field across the 37-month span.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 321, "jurisdiction": "Walker County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock search records produced to Local 3 News", "period": "2025-09 to late 2026-09", "metric": "Searches / searches coded 'bribery'", "value": "3,953 / 436 (11%)", "note": "Four fixed Flock cameras; narcotics 38%, stolen vehicles 12%", "source_type": "Press analysis of agency records", "source": "Local 3 News (Oct 27, 2026)", "source_url": "https://local3news.com/local-news/local-3-investigates-how-local-law-enforcement-are-using-flock-alpr-technology/article_7641063e-e3fc-4601-897f-9751be63fb90.html", "source_date": "2026-10-27", "quote": "The high proportion of bribery offenses, accounting for 436 searches, raised additional questions", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 322, "jurisdiction": "White County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "30-day Flock network audit released to Now Georgia", "period": "2026-07-26 to 2026-08-25", "metric": "Network audit search records / originating from other organisations / share", "value": "472,120 / 472,015 / 99.98%", "note": "nearly 3,000 outside organisations; >320,000 entries from searches hitting >5,000 networks", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Now Georgia, 'White County audit shows massive outside access' (Sep 7, 2026)", "source_url": "https://nowgeorgia.com/white-county-flock-audit-logs-472000-outside-agency-searches/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "The audit, covering July 26 through Aug. 25, contains 472,120 search records.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 323, "jurisdiction": "White County SO", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "30-day Flock audit (local use)", "period": "2026-07-26 to 2026-08-25", "metric": "Searches by White County SO personnel / with blank case-number field / authorized users", "value": "105 / 72 / 58", "note": "Policy revised Aug 7, signed Aug 20; requires random audit of at least five users monthly; 30-day retention", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Now Georgia (Sep 7, 2026)", "source_url": "https://nowgeorgia.com/white-county-flock-audit-logs-472000-outside-agency-searches/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "Of the 105 searches conducted during the audit period, 72 have a blank case-number field.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 324, "jurisdiction": "White County SO network (Georgia searchers)", "state": "GA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "30-day Flock network audit", "period": "2026-07-26 to 2026-08-25", "metric": "Entries from Georgia agencies / Georgia organisations / top Georgia searchers", "value": "163,171 / 305 / Gwinnett Co PD 18,859; Atlanta PD 9,132; Sandy Springs 7,163; DeKalb Co PD 6,973; Gwinnett Co SO 6,383", "note": "", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Now Georgia (Sep 7, 2026)", "source_url": "https://nowgeorgia.com/white-county-flock-audit-logs-472000-outside-agency-searches/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "163,171 entries originated from 305 organizations identified as Georgia agencies.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 325, "jurisdiction": "Iowa (statewide)", "state": "IA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ACLU-IA survey - Flock transparency portals (20 identified)", "period": "2025-10-21 to 2025-11-20", "metric": "Total vehicle detections / average per agency / average hotlist hits / hit rate / average searches per agency", "value": "at least 4,386,514 / 219,325 / 2,983 / 13 per 1,000 / 237", "note": "Report p.22; average 10,177 detections per camera.", "source_type": "advocacy/academic", "source": "ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations", "source_url": "https://www.aclu-ia.org/app/uploads/2025/12/Final-Report-ALPRs-in-Iowa.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "quote": "13 per 1,000 vehicles detected", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 326, "jurisdiction": "Iowa (statewide)", "state": "IA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ACLU-IA / UI Technology Law Clinic open-records survey", "period": "fall 2025", "metric": "Agencies surveyed / responded / using Flock / Axon / Motorola", "value": "48 / 43 / 27 / 7 / 4", "note": "6 responding agencies had no ALPRs; Appendix D lists 62 Iowa agencies with access to Flock data (32 own ALPRs).", "source_type": "advocacy/academic", "source": "ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations", "source_url": "https://www.aclu-ia.org/app/uploads/2025/12/Final-Report-ALPRs-in-Iowa.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "quote": "We sent open records requests to a broad cross-section of 48 law enforcement agencies across the state.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 327, "jurisdiction": "Iowa (statewide)", "state": "IA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ACLU-IA survey - cameras", "period": "fall 2025", "metric": "Cameras per agency (23 disclosing)", "value": "Cedar Rapids 76; West Des Moines 64; Clinton County 58; Altoona 51; Council Bluffs 37; Scott County 32; Urbandale 27; Marshall County 26; Dubuque 22; Clive 20", "note": "Bettendorf and Oelwein claimed confidentiality. Sum across 23 agencies about 518.", "source_type": "advocacy/academic", "source": "ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations", "source_url": "https://www.aclu-ia.org/app/uploads/2025/12/Final-Report-ALPRs-in-Iowa.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "quote": "Cedar Rapids had the most with 76.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 328, "jurisdiction": "Iowa (statewide)", "state": "IA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ACLU-IA survey - audit and search logs", "period": "fall 2025", "metric": "Audit logs obtained / claimed confidential; search logs obtained / claimed confidential", "value": "4 / 10; 13 / 10", "note": "24 policies require regular audits; 17 record date/time/user per search; 18 do not require reasonable suspicion.", "source_type": "advocacy/academic", "source": "ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations", "source_url": "https://www.aclu-ia.org/app/uploads/2025/12/Final-Report-ALPRs-in-Iowa.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "quote": "24 (policies requiring regular audits)", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 329, "jurisdiction": "Iowa (statewide)", "state": "IA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ACLU-IA survey - retention and spending", "period": "fall 2025", "metric": "Agencies purging after 30 days / on records schedule; combined monthly spending", "value": "14 / 13; at least $212,959.73 per month", "note": "Flock average $4,404.06/month per contract; Axon $19,049.93/month; largest Axon contract over $6 million.", "source_type": "advocacy/academic", "source": "ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations", "source_url": "https://www.aclu-ia.org/app/uploads/2025/12/Final-Report-ALPRs-in-Iowa.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "quote": "at least $212,959.73 of taxpayer money per month on ALPRs", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 330, "jurisdiction": "Iowa (statewide)", "state": "IA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ACLU-IA survey - misuse and error records", "period": "fall 2025", "metric": "Erroneous hotlist hit records received / unauthorized access records received", "value": "1 (Story County) / 0", "note": "", "source_type": "advocacy/academic", "source": "ACLU of Iowa / University of Iowa Technology Law Clinic - Automated License Plate Readers in Iowa: Review and Recommendations", "source_url": "https://www.aclu-ia.org/app/uploads/2025/12/Final-Report-ALPRs-in-Iowa.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "quote": "1 (Story County)", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 331, "jurisdiction": "Johnston PD", "state": "IA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Transparency-portal public audit log snapshots compared", "period": "2026-03 to 2026-04", "metric": "Share of records changing between downloads", "value": "3.9% to 8.2%", "note": "3 snapshots", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: The More the Logs Change, the More the Oversight Stays the Same", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/immutable-redux", "source_date": "2026-04-08", "quote": "Johnston non-rolling change rate: 3.9% to 8.2%.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 332, "jurisdiction": "West Des Moines PD", "state": "IA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Transparency-portal public audit log snapshots compared day-to-day", "period": "2026-03-16 to 2026-04-04", "metric": "Share of records changing between daily downloads (non-rolling)", "value": "2.6% to 7.1% (avg ~5%)", "note": "8 snapshots, 7 pairwise comparisons; 17 'flickering' records", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: The More the Logs Change, the More the Oversight Stays the Same", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/immutable-redux", "source_date": "2026-04-08", "quote": "WDM non-rolling change rate per snapshot pair: 2.6% to 7.1%, averaging about 5%.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 333, "jurisdiction": "Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO", "state": "ID", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Sep 1, 2025 – Apr 19, 2026 (~7.5 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "~7,315,000 records; 3,900 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (May 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/pocatello-id-douglas-county-nv-may2026", "source_date": "May 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: ~7,315,000; Organizations: 3,900", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 334, "jurisdiction": "Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO", "state": "ID", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Sep 1, 2025 – Dec 31, 2025 (~4 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "3,490 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (May 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/pocatello-id-douglas-county-nv-may2026", "source_date": "May 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,490", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 335, "jurisdiction": "Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO", "state": "ID", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Sep 1, 2025 – Dec 31, 2025 (~4 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "4,316,782 records; 3,700 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (May 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/pocatello-id-douglas-county-nv-may2026", "source_date": "May 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: 4,316,782; Organizations: 3,700", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 336, "jurisdiction": "Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO", "state": "ID", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Sep 9, 2025 – Apr 19, 2026 (~7.5 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "2,222 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (May 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/pocatello-id-douglas-county-nv-may2026", "source_date": "May 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: 2,222", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 337, "jurisdiction": "Pocatello PD / Douglas County SO", "state": "ID", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "to May 2026", "metric": "Network searches referencing HSI or ICE (sample estimates)", "value": "about 1,800 (Pocatello) / about 3,000 (Douglas County NV)", "note": "Estimated from sampling", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Pocatello ID PD and Douglas County NV SO (May 2026) (2026-05-14)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/pocatello-id-douglas-county-nv-may2026", "source_date": "2026-05-14", "quote": "Approximately 1,800 network audit searches reference immigration enforcement activity (HSI or ICE) in their reason field, estimated from sampling.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 338, "jurisdiction": "Twin Falls ID PD", "state": "ID", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 1, 2026 – Jul 1, 2026 (3 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "1,487,593 records; 3,519 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Twin Falls ID PD (Jul 2026) (July 10, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/twin-falls-id-jul2026", "source_date": "July 10, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,487,593; Organizations: 3,519", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 339, "jurisdiction": "Twin Falls PD", "state": "ID", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit records (DeFlock Idaho public records)", "period": "2026-03, 2026-05, 2026-06", "metric": "Immigration-related searches touching Twin Falls ALPR systems", "value": "at least 631", "note": "Agencies named: Indiana State Police, Lawrenceville GA PD, Bay County FL SO, Florida FWC. TFPD left national lookup 2026-07-22.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Idaho Capital Sun (via Route Fifty), 'Immigration searches were conducted on Twin Falls Flock network. A month later, agreements changed.'", "source_url": "https://www.route-fifty.com/digital-government/2026/08/immigration-searches-were-conducted-twin-falls-flock-network-month-later-agreements-changed/415333/", "source_date": "2026-08-11", "quote": "searched for immigration-related purposes at least 631 times", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 340, "jurisdiction": "Twin Falls PD", "state": "ID", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Apr to Jul 2026", "metric": "Network searches / organisations / CHP share / own searches / immigration-reason records", "value": "1,487,593 / 3,519 / 9.7% / 3,289 / 254", "note": "St. Johns County FL SO 99 immigration-reason searches; four Texas agencies 7.3%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Twin Falls ID PD (Jul 2026) (2026-07-10)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/twin-falls-id-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-07-10", "quote": "California Highway Patrol accounts for 144,349 of the 1,487,593 searches — 9.7% of all queries run through Twin Falls’s camera network.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 341, "jurisdiction": "Barrington IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2024 – Jul 31, 2026, 12:00 a.m. (31 monthly files)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "11,991,083 records; 3,586 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 921,543 records; blank on 11,068,608; shown on 932", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Barrington IL PD (Jan 2024 – Jul 2026) (October 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/barrington-il-jan2024-jul2026", "source_date": "October 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 11,991,083 ; Organizations: 3,586", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 342, "jurisdiction": "Barrington IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 16, 2024 – Jul 25, 2026 (30 monthly files; none for Aug 1–30, 2025)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "4,776 records", "note": "Case number: 1,285 (26.9%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Barrington IL PD (Jan 2024 – Jul 2026) (October 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/barrington-il-jan2024-jul2026", "source_date": "October 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 4,776", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 343, "jurisdiction": "Barrington PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2024 to Jul 2026", "metric": "Own searches / network searches / own case-number share / immigration-term network records / agencies", "value": "4,776 / 11,991,083 / 26.9% / 3,888 / 171", "note": "Village of about 10,700", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Barrington IL PD (Jan 2024 – Jul 2026) (2026-10-23)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/barrington-il-jan2024-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-10-23", "quote": "3,888 network records from 171 agencies match the immigration report’s terms.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 344, "jurisdiction": "Beecher IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Oct 1, 2025 – Apr 16, 2026 (~6.5 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "3,183,644 records; 4,288 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Beecher IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 22, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/beecher-il-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 22, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,183,644; Organizations: 4,288", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 345, "jurisdiction": "Beecher PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "to Apr 2026", "metric": "Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / Houston PD share", "value": "747 / 2.1%", "note": "Darien IL PD most immigration-flagged searches", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Beecher IL PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-22)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/beecher-il-apr2026", "source_date": "2026-04-22", "quote": "747 network audit searches reference immigration or HSI (Homeland Security Investigations) in their reason field.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 346, "jurisdiction": "Benton IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 20 – Aug 19, 2026 (31 days)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "66 records", "note": "Case number: 35 (53.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Benton IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/benton-il-jul-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 66", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 347, "jurisdiction": "Benton IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 20 – Aug 19, 2026 (31 days)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "431,553 records; 3,076 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 212,753 records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Benton IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/benton-il-jul-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 431,553; Organizations: 3,076", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 348, "jurisdiction": "Benton PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "20 Jul to 19 Aug 2026", "metric": "Own searches vs network searches in 31 days / organisations", "value": "66 vs 431,553 / 3,076", "note": "City of about 7,000; 90.8% of network searches queried 1,000+ networks; 5,350 records gave 'City Planning/Traffic Analysis'", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Benton IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/benton-il-jul-aug2026", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "The org audit lists 66 searches run by Benton’s own Flock users. The network audit lists 431,553 searches by 3,076 agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 349, "jurisdiction": "Bloomingdale IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1, 2024 – Apr 4, 2026 (~22 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "18,008 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Bloomingdale IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/bloomingdale-il-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: 18,008", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 350, "jurisdiction": "Bloomingdale IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1, 2024 – Apr 5, 2026 (~22 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "7,431,579 records; 5,372 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Bloomingdale IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 14, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/bloomingdale-il-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 14, 2026", "quote": "Records: 7,431,579; Organizations: 5,372", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 351, "jurisdiction": "Bloomingdale PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "to Apr 2026", "metric": "Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / Houston PD share", "value": "7,134 / 6.9%", "note": "'HSI' 2,593, 'ICE' 1,424", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Bloomingdale IL PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-14)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/bloomingdale-il-apr2026", "source_date": "2026-04-14", "quote": "7,134 network audit searches reference immigration or HSI (Homeland Security Investigations) in their reason field.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 352, "jurisdiction": "Champaign IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1 – Jul 15, 2025 (6.5 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "845,670 records; 238 organisations", "note": "Case number: 50,632 (6.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Champaign IL PD (Jan–Jul 2025) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/champaign-il-jul2025", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 845,670; Organizations: 238", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 353, "jurisdiction": "Champaign PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "1 Jan to 15 Jul 2025", "metric": "Network searches with a case number / reason '99' / reason '.'", "value": "6.0% (50,632 of 845,670) / 15,017 / 4,934", "note": "238 organisations", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Champaign IL PD (Jan–Jul 2025) (2026-08-08)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/champaign-il-jul2025", "source_date": "2026-08-08", "quote": "Only 50,632 of 845,670 records (6.0%) have a case number.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 354, "jurisdiction": "Chicago PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs (no city Flock contract)", "period": "2026-05 to 2026-07", "metric": "CPD Flock searches of other agencies' data", "value": "more than 23,000", "note": "CPD later ordered an internal audit of officers' use of outside LPR systems (Sun-Times 2026-10-26).", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "FOX 32 Chicago, 'Exclusive: Chicago police accessed Flock camera data despite no city contract'", "source_url": "https://www.fox32chicago.com/news/chicago-police-flock-searches-audit-logs", "source_date": "2026-10-07", "quote": "Chicago police conducted more than 23,000 Flock searches from May through July 2026.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 355, "jurisdiction": "Danville PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit log obtained via public records (MuckRock), nationwide/statewide lookups touching Danville cameras", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-05", "metric": "nation/statewide lookups by local & state police tied to federal requests/immigration focus", "value": "4000+", "note": "Period per SAN summary of same data (June 2024-May 2025); lookups listing 'immigration' as reason all post-Jan 2025; ICE-related lookups under both administrations; primary data on MuckRock (Danville FOIA ALPR audit 181213/186112)", "source_type": "press", "source": "404 Media, 'ICE Taps into Nationwide AI-Enabled Camera Network, Data Shows'", "source_url": "https://www.404media.co/ice-taps-into-nationwide-ai-enabled-camera-network-data-shows/", "source_date": "2025-05-27", "quote": "It shows more than 4,000 nation and statewide lookups by local and state police", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 356, "jurisdiction": "DeKalb IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 6 – Aug 24, 2026 (about 7.5 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "1,131 records", "note": "Case number: 1,033 (91.3%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: DeKalb IL PD (Jan–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dekalb-il-jan-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,131", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 357, "jurisdiction": "DeKalb PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan to Aug 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / records using placeholder case number '26-00000'", "value": "91.3% / 120", "note": "Keyboard-filler notes on 28 records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: DeKalb IL PD (Jan–Aug 2026) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dekalb-il-jan-aug2026", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "120 records use the case number “26-00000”, which looks like a placeholder.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 358, "jurisdiction": "Herrin IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Nov 2025 – Apr 15, 2026 (~5.5 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "1,161 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Herrin IL PD (Apr 2026) (April 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/herrin-il-apr2026", "source_date": "April 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,161", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 359, "jurisdiction": "Herrin IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Nov 2025 – Apr 15, 2026 (~5.5 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "3,748,944 records; 4,165 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Herrin IL PD (Apr 2026) (April 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/herrin-il-apr2026", "source_date": "April 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,748,944; Organizations: 4,165", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 360, "jurisdiction": "Herrin PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Nov 2025 to Apr 2026", "metric": "Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / share / Texas DPS share of those", "value": "153,143 / 4.1% / 26%", "note": "3,748,944 network records from 4,165 organisations; city of about 12,000", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Herrin IL PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-20)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/herrin-il-apr2026", "source_date": "2026-04-20", "quote": "153,143 network audit searches reference immigration or HSI in their reason field — 4.1% of all network searches through Herrin’s cameras.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 361, "jurisdiction": "Illinois (Secretary of State)", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "State audit of 12 local agencies", "period": "2025", "metric": "Agencies audited", "value": "12", "note": "Found CBP had accessed Illinois data; Flock paused its CBP and HSI pilots", "source_type": "State audit via press", "source": "Capitol Fax (26 Aug 2025)", "source_url": "https://capitolfax.com/2025/08/26/giannoulias-audit-shows-illinois-license-plate-data-shared-with-us-customs-violating-state-law", "source_date": "2025-08-26", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 362, "jurisdiction": "Illinois (Secretary of State)", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "State audit of Flock access after out-of-state searches", "period": "mid-Jan–Apr 2025", "metric": "Out-of-state agencies that searched Illinois data in violation of state law", "value": "46", "note": "Mount Prospect system searched 262 times for immigration-related reasons; Texas abortion search reached 83,000+ cameras", "source_type": "State audit via press", "source": "Capitol News Illinois (12 Jun 2025)", "source_url": "https://capitolnewsillinois.com/news/illinois-license-plate-cameras-used-illegally-by-out-of-state-police-giannoulias-says/", "source_date": "2025-06-12", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 363, "jurisdiction": "Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR)", "state": "IL", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "ISP ALPR transparency page", "period": "2025-07 (as of)", "metric": "Cameras installed statewide", "value": "808", "note": "90-day retention; monthly department audits; all federal sharing access removed", "source_type": "agency transparency page", "source": "ISP Division of Criminal Investigation Transparency Page", "source_url": "https://isp.illinois.gov/CriminalInvestigations/TransparencyPage", "source_date": "2026", "quote": "A total of 808 cameras has been installed statewide.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 364, "jurisdiction": "Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR)", "state": "IL", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Expressway Camera Act annual report", "period": "FY2024 (Jul 2023-Jun 2024; figures may be cumulative)", "metric": "Detections / hits / searches", "value": "2,207,552,927 detections; 72,484,857 hits; 304,606 incidents searched; 50 cameras installed FY24; 289 in Cook County by end 2022", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "ISP FY24 Expressway Camera Act Annual Report", "source_url": "https://isp.illinois.gov/StaticFiles/docs/DII/Final%20ALPR%20Annual%20Report.pdf", "source_date": "2024-07", "quote": "Total Detections (Number of license plate reads captured by the system) 2,207,552,927", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 365, "jurisdiction": "Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR)", "state": "IL", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Expressway Camera Act annual report", "period": "FY2025 (Jul 2024-Jun 2025; figures may be cumulative)", "metric": "Detections / hits / searches", "value": "2,759,896,140 detections; 75,760,878 hits; 469,787 incidents searched; 160 cameras installed in FY25", "note": "County table sums to 161; Tollway installed 0 new cameras", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "ISP FY25 Expressway Camera Act Annual Report", "source_url": "https://isp.illinois.gov/StaticFiles/docs/DII/FY%202025%20ALPR%20Annual%20Report.pdf", "source_date": "2025-07", "quote": "Total Detections (Number of license plate reads captured by the system) 2,759,896,140", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 366, "jurisdiction": "Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR)", "state": "IL", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Expressway Camera Act annual report", "period": "FY2026", "metric": "Criminal database hits / investigative searches", "value": "94.8 million hits; 958,482 investigative searches", "note": "Hit rate ~2.8% of detections", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "ISP FY26 Expressway Camera Act Annual Report", "source_url": "https://isp.illinois.gov/StaticFiles/docs/DII/FY26%20ALPR%20Annual%20Report-signed.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07", "quote": "94.8 Million Criminal Database Hits; 958,482 Investigative Searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 367, "jurisdiction": "Illinois State Police (expressway ALPR)", "state": "IL", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Tamara Clayton Expressway Camera Act annual report to General Assembly", "period": "FY2026 (report figures; period label absent, likely cumulative)", "metric": "License plate detections", "value": "3.38 billion", "note": "Figures appear without a period label; FY24 2.21B, FY25 2.76B, FY26 3.38B suggests cumulative. 190 cameras installed FY26; 90-day retention (Motorola Vehicle Manager)", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "ISP FY26 Expressway Camera Act Annual Report", "source_url": "https://isp.illinois.gov/StaticFiles/docs/DII/FY26%20ALPR%20Annual%20Report-signed.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07", "quote": "3.38 Billion License Plate Detections; 94.8 Million Criminal Database Hits; 958,482 Investigative Searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 368, "jurisdiction": "Illinois Tollway (I-PASS data)", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Subpoena requests obtained by WBEZ via records request", "period": "14-month period (to 2019)", "metric": "Subpoenas for I-PASS toll data (police, federal prosecutors, divorce attorneys)", "value": "117", "note": "Law enforcement was most frequent requester; 6.8 million transponders issued; no police-only breakdown", "source_type": "Press analysis of released records", "source": "WBEZ, 'How Your Private Illinois Tollway Data Is Shared With Cops And Divorce Lawyers' (Sep 19, 2019)", "source_url": "https://www.wbez.org/stories/how-your-private-illinois-tollway-data-is-shared-with-cops-and-divorce-lawyers/cea68ea0-4b13-481a-80a1-50bf0e9db738", "source_date": "2019-09-19", "quote": "WBEZ obtained 117 subpoena requests from a 14-month timeframe", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 369, "jurisdiction": "Itasca PD / West Chicago PD (DuPage County)", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Grand jury charges for unauthorized Flock searches", "period": "2025-06 to 2026-05 (Ciccola); 2024-12-18 to 2025-01-15 (Solis)", "metric": "felony counts", "value": "13 official misconduct + 8 computer tampering (Ciccola); 1+1 (Solis)", "note": "", "source_type": "press", "source": "Chicago Sun-Times, 'Former Itasca, West Chicago police officers charged with felony misuse of Flock cameras'", "source_url": "https://chicago.suntimes.com/crime/2026/10/06/former-itasca-west-chicago-police-officers-charged-over-alleged-misuse-of-flock-cameras", "source_date": "2026-10-06", "quote": "13 counts of official misconduct and 8 counts of computer tampering", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 370, "jurisdiction": "McDonough County IL SO", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Feb 19, 2025 – Apr 21, 2026 (~14 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "6,158,356 records; 4,417 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: McDonough County IL SO (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mcdonough-county-il-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 19, 2026", "quote": "Records: 6,158,356; Organizations: 4,417", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 371, "jurisdiction": "McDonough County IL SO", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Mar 10, 2025 – Apr 21, 2026 (~13 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "575 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: McDonough County IL SO (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mcdonough-county-il-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 19, 2026", "quote": "Records: 575", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 372, "jurisdiction": "McDonough County SO", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Feb 2025 to Apr 2026", "metric": "Outside searches per one search by the sheriff / organisations", "value": "10,710 / 4,417", "note": "575 own searches vs 6,158,356 network searches; monthly volume roughly tripled from spring to fall 2025", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: McDonough County IL SO (June 2026) (2026-06-19)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mcdonough-county-il-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-19", "quote": "For every search by McDonough County, whose taxpayers are footing the bill for the surveillance system, other agencies conducted 10,710 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 373, "jurisdiction": "McHenry IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Mar 4 – Apr 5, 2026 (~1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "562 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: McHenry IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mchenry-il-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 19, 2026", "quote": "Records: 562", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 374, "jurisdiction": "McHenry IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Mar 4 – Apr 5, 2026 (~1 month)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "24,193 records; 352 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: McHenry IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mchenry-il-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 19, 2026", "quote": "Records: 24,193; Organizations: 352", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 375, "jurisdiction": "Morton Grove IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1, 2024 – Feb 8, 2026 (~20 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "12,307 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Morton Grove IL PD (Feb 2026) (Apr 29, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/morton-grove-il-feb2026", "source_date": "Apr 29, 2026", "quote": "Records: 12,307", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 376, "jurisdiction": "Morton Grove IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1, 2024 – Feb 8, 2026 (~20 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "10,083,602 records; 3,097 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Morton Grove IL PD (Feb 2026) (Apr 29, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/morton-grove-il-feb2026", "source_date": "Apr 29, 2026", "quote": "Records: 10,083,602; Organizations: 3,097", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 377, "jurisdiction": "Morton Grove PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "to Feb 2026", "metric": "Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / Houston PD share", "value": "89,805 / about 5%", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Morton Grove IL PD (Feb 2026) (2026-04-29)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/morton-grove-il-feb2026", "source_date": "2026-04-29", "quote": "89,805 network audit searches reference immigration or HSI (Homeland Security Investigations) in their reason field.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 378, "jurisdiction": "Mount Prospect and ~80 Illinois agencies", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Illinois SoS finding on inadvertent nationwide lookup (press)", "period": "2025-06", "metric": "Illinois agencies that inadvertently enabled nationwide lookup", "value": "~80", "note": "Mount Prospect 262 already covered; this is the statewide count", "source_type": "press", "source": "Daily Herald, Mount Prospect Flock renewal", "source_url": "https://www.dailyherald.com/?p=1333071", "source_date": "2025-09-18", "quote": "approximately 80 other Illinois law enforcement agencies", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 379, "jurisdiction": "Mundelein IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1 – Jan 31, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "367 records", "note": "Case number: 178 (48.5%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Mundelein IL PD (Jun 2026) (August 13, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mundelein-il-jun2026", "source_date": "August 13, 2026", "quote": "Records: 367", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 380, "jurisdiction": "Mundelein IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1 – Jun 30, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "459 records", "note": "Case number: 453 (98.7%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Mundelein IL PD (Jun 2026) (August 13, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mundelein-il-jun2026", "source_date": "August 13, 2026", "quote": "Records: 459", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 381, "jurisdiction": "Mundelein IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1 – Jun 30, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "170,170 records; 408 organisations", "note": "Case number: 72,084 (42.4%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Mundelein IL PD (Jun 2026) (August 13, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mundelein-il-jun2026", "source_date": "August 13, 2026", "quote": "Records: 170,170; Organizations: 408", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 382, "jurisdiction": "Mundelein PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / network searches / organisations / network case-number share", "value": "98.7% / 170,170 / 408 / 42.4%", "note": "January 2026 own case-number share 48.5%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Mundelein IL PD (Jun 2026) (2026-08-13)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/mundelein-il-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-08-13", "quote": "Case # present: 453 (98.7%)", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 383, "jurisdiction": "Oak Park PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police memo to Village Manager on ALPR audit", "period": "2025-01", "metric": "Statewide searches touching Oak Park Flock network (preliminary audit)", "value": "171,407", "note": "Preliminary; Palos Heights PD ran 28 searches Jan 27-28, 2025 with reason 'immigrations violation'; CPOC found no misuse by staff", "source_type": "agency memo", "source": "Oak Park Police Chief memo, June 27, 2025", "source_url": "https://www.oakpark.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2025-06-27-automatic-license-plate-readers-io.pdf", "source_date": "2025-06-27", "quote": "Preliminary audit revealed there were 171,407 statewide searches during the month of January.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 384, "jurisdiction": "Oak Park PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Police memo - outside agency immigration searches", "period": "2025-01-27 to 2025-01-28", "metric": "Searches by Palos Heights PD with reason 'immigrations violation'", "value": "28", "note": "Statewide network searches; department 'has not identified any agencies that specifically searched only Oak Park ALPRs'", "source_type": "agency memo", "source": "Oak Park Police Chief memo, June 27, 2025", "source_url": "https://www.oakpark.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/2025-06-27-automatic-license-plate-readers-io.pdf", "source_date": "2025-06-27", "quote": "On January 27-28, 2025 Palos Heights PD conducted 28 searches and listed the reason as \"immigrations violation.\"", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 385, "jurisdiction": "Palos Heights IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 1 – Jul 31, 2025 (~4 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "2,599,612 records; 3,064 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Palos Heights IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/palos-heights-il-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 19, 2026", "quote": "Records: 2,599,612; Organizations: 3,064", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 386, "jurisdiction": "Palos Heights IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 2 – Jul 31, 2025 (~4 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "4,229 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Palos Heights IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/palos-heights-il-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 19, 2026", "quote": "Records: 4,229", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 387, "jurisdiction": "Palos Heights PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Apr to Jul 2025", "metric": "Own searches vs network searches / organisations / Houston PD share", "value": "4,229 vs 2,599,612 / 3,064 / almost 5%", "note": "Suburb of about 12,000; reason '99' about 19,910 times", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Palos Heights IL PD (June 2026) (2026-06-19)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/palos-heights-il-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-19", "quote": "Houston TX PD runs almost 5% of all searches through a suburban Cook County agency.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 388, "jurisdiction": "Prairie Grove PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Criminal complaint (official misconduct) - officer Flock misuse", "period": "2024-02 onward", "metric": "Alleged lookups of ex-partner's plate by officer Copp", "value": "140 (86 off duty)", "note": "Victim's court filing says 178 lookups Sep-Jan; officer placed on leave 2025-11-05, arrested", "source_type": "prosecution/press", "source": "Footnote4a (citing Shaw Local / Northwest Herald)", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/mchenry-copp", "source_date": "2026-06-19", "quote": "Copp allegedly used Flock to track his ex-boyfriend 140 times, with 86 of those uses while he was off duty", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 389, "jurisdiction": "Prairie Grove PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log (redacted) - officer misuse case", "period": "2024-08-07 to 2026-03-30 (600 days)", "metric": "Total agency searches", "value": "2,993", "note": "By '2 persons'; ~2,600 (seven in eight) labelled 'Training'/'test' Jun 4-Nov 2 2025; each search touched ~470 networks", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Footnote4a: Cop Arrested for Flock-Stalking Exposes Another Oversight Failure", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/mchenry-copp", "source_date": "2026-06-19", "quote": "The audit summary shows 2,993 searches by \"2 persons\" over 600 days, from 8/7/2024 to 3/30/2026.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 390, "jurisdiction": "Prairie Grove PD / Holiday Hills PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Court records; former chief charged for unauthorized Flock + LEADS searches", "period": "2024-02 to 2025-11", "metric": "unauthorized Flock searches by one officer", "value": "~250", "note": "plus 31 LEADS uses; 'nearly 300' total; 12 felony official misconduct counts (William Copp)", "source_type": "press (court records)", "source": "Chicago Sun-Times, 'Former Holiday Hills police chief charged with making nearly 300 unauthorized searches'", "source_url": "https://chicago.suntimes.com/crime/2026/07/20/former-holiday-hills-police-chief-charged-with-making-nearly-300-unauthorized-searches-court-records", "source_date": "2026-07-20", "quote": "nearly 250 unauthorized searches ... 31 uses of the LEADS network ... Between February 2024 and November 2025", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 391, "jurisdiction": "Rolling Meadows IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 1, 2025 – Apr 30, 2026 (13 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "1,846,235 records; 1,013 organisations", "note": "Case number: 371,903 (20.1%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Rolling Meadows IL PD (Apr 2025 – Apr 2026) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rolling-meadows-il-jul2026", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,846,235; Organizations: 1,013", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 392, "jurisdiction": "Rolling Meadows IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Apr 1, 2025 – Mar 31, 2026 (12 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "3,290 records", "note": "Case number: 0 (0.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Rolling Meadows IL PD (Apr 2025 – Apr 2026) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rolling-meadows-il-jul2026", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,290", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 393, "jurisdiction": "Rolling Meadows PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Apr 2025 to Apr 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / network searches with a case number / 'investigation' share of own reasons", "value": "0% / 20.1% / 31.1%", "note": "3,290 own searches; 1,846,235 network searches by 1,013 agencies; network shared with 484 agencies", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Rolling Meadows IL PD (Apr 2025 – Apr 2026) (2026-08-08)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rolling-meadows-il-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-08-08", "quote": "“investigation” and “Investigation” together account for 1,023 records (31.1%). No case numbers are in the organization log.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 394, "jurisdiction": "Roselle IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "May 1 – May 31, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "252 records", "note": "Case number: 124 (49.2%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Roselle IL PD (May 2026) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/roselle-il-may2026", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 252", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 395, "jurisdiction": "Rosemont IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 21 – Aug 19, 2026 (30 days)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "502 records", "note": "Case number: 102 (20.3%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Rosemont IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rosemont-il-jul-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 502", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 396, "jurisdiction": "Rosemont IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 21 – Aug 19, 2026 (30 days)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "575,276 records; 2,905 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 273,252 records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Rosemont IL PD (Jul–Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/rosemont-il-jul-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 575,276; Organizations: 2,905", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 397, "jurisdiction": "Villa Park IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Apr 22, 2026 (~16 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "15,460,753 records; 5,045 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Villa Park IL PD (June 2026) (Jun 19, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/villa-park-il-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 19, 2026", "quote": "Records: 15,460,753; Organizations: 5,045", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 398, "jurisdiction": "Villa Park PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2025 to Apr 2026", "metric": "Network searches / organisations / top searcher", "value": "15,460,753 / 5,045 / Gwinnett County GA PD 344,763", "note": "Village of about 22,000; no Illinois agency in the top ten; about 870,000 to 1.05 million searches a month", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Villa Park IL PD (June 2026) (2026-06-19)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/villa-park-il-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-19", "quote": "Gwinnett County GA PD — a large Atlanta-area agency roughly 700 miles away — edges out Houston TX PD for the top spot.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 399, "jurisdiction": "Wauconda IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1–31, 2026", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "520,018 records; 1,159 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Wauconda IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 30, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/wauconda-il-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 30, 2026", "quote": "Records: 520,018; Organizations: 1,159", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 400, "jurisdiction": "Wauconda IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Nov 2025 – Apr 4, 2026 (~5 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "1,801 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Wauconda IL PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 30, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/wauconda-il-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 30, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,801", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 401, "jurisdiction": "Wauconda PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "five months to Apr 2026", "metric": "Network searches referencing immigration or HSI / share / by Joliet PD in one month", "value": "25,043 / 4.8% / 1,816", "note": "1.8K own and 520K network records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Wauconda IL PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-30)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/wauconda-il-apr2026", "source_date": "2026-04-30", "quote": "25,043 network audit searches — 4.8% of all records — reference immigration or HSI (Homeland Security Investigations) in their reason field.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 402, "jurisdiction": "Will County (Joliet PD, Will County SO, Channahon)", "state": "IL", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "ISP investigation / charges for Flock misuse", "period": "2025-07-23 (Harrison offense); 2026", "metric": "known Will County officers accused of Flock misuse in 2026", "value": "3", "note": "former Joliet Lt. Jeremy Harrison charged with computer tampering/official misconduct; Will County deputy on leave; Channahon officers under review", "source_type": "press", "source": "Chicago Sun-Times, 'Former Joliet police officer charged over alleged Flock camera misuse'", "source_url": "https://chicago.suntimes.com/crime/2026/10/07/former-joliet-police-officer-charged-over-alleged-flock-camera-misuse", "source_date": "2026-10-07", "quote": "at least the third known case of a law enforcement officer being accused of misusing the database", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 403, "jurisdiction": "Woodstock IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (18 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "5,014 records", "note": "Case number: 781 (15.6%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodstock IL PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (August 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodstock-il-jan2025-jun2026", "source_date": "August 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 5,014", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 404, "jurisdiction": "Woodstock IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 2 – Dec 31, 2024 (12 months, UTC)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "3,987 records", "note": "Case number: 0 (0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodstock IL PD (Jan – Dec 2024) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodstock-il-jan-dec2024", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,987", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 405, "jurisdiction": "Woodstock IL PD", "state": "IL", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 1 – Aug 31, 2026 (2 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "288 records", "note": "Case number: 179 (62.2%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodstock IL PD (Jul – Aug 2026) (October 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodstock-il-jul-aug2026", "source_date": "October 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 288", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 406, "jurisdiction": "Bremen IN PD", "state": "IN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 14 – Aug 10, 2026 (4 weeks)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "60 records", "note": "Case number: 28 (46.7%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Bremen IN PD (Aug 2026) (October 2, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/bremen-in-aug2026", "source_date": "October 2, 2026", "quote": "Records: 60", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 407, "jurisdiction": "Goshen PD", "state": "IN", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - single search breadth", "period": "2025-05-07", "metric": "Networks / cameras covered by one Goshen PD search", "value": "6,474 networks / 82,413 cameras", "note": "", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "EFF - The High Crime of 'LMAO'", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/09/high-crime-lmao-how-cops-are-treating-mass-surveillance-joke", "source_date": "2026-09-14", "quote": "6,474 ALPR networks, representing data from 82,413 cameras", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 408, "jurisdiction": "Indiana (statewide tally)", "state": "IN", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Officers publicly identified as arrested or charged over Flock/ALPR misuse", "period": "2026 (to Oct 22)", "metric": "Officers arrested or charged in Indiana in 2026", "value": "at least 8", "note": "Includes 5 IMPD, Jackson County, Hancock County (arrested Sep 24), Georgetown PD (arrested Oct 22; 1 felony official misconduct + 2 misdemeanor fraud)", "source_type": "Press tally", "source": "The Bloomingtonian (Oct 22, 2026)", "source_url": "https://bloomingtonian.com/2026/10/22/georgetown-police-officer-arrested-accused-of-improperly-searching-flock-surveillance-camera-database/", "source_date": "2026-10-22", "quote": "to at least eight in 2026", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 409, "jurisdiction": "Indianapolis Metropolitan PD", "state": "IN", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Charging documents (individual officers)", "period": "2026 (10 months, Rogers); 2026", "metric": "Searches by officer Rogers (10 months) / searches of ex-wife's plate by officer Binford / counts against officer Schultz", "value": "~3,759 / more than 1,000 / 26 counts (12 fraud, 2 stalking)", "note": "Charged Sep 23, 2026", "source_type": "Press report on charging documents", "source": "The Bloomingtonian (Oct 22, 2026); WFYI (Sep 24, 2026)", "source_url": "https://bloomingtonian.com/2026/10/22/georgetown-police-officer-arrested-accused-of-improperly-searching-flock-surveillance-camera-database/", "source_date": "2026-10-22", "quote": "identified approximately 3,759 searches over 10 months", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 410, "jurisdiction": "Indianapolis Metropolitan PD", "state": "IN", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal Flock audit and criminal charges", "period": "2026 (charged 2026-09-23)", "metric": "Officers criminally charged after audit / suspended and recommended for termination / resigned / Flock cameras leased", "value": "5 / 4 / 1 / 301", "note": "Prosecutor Mears: 'thousands of impermissible searches'; one officer self-reported", "source_type": "Press report on agency audit and charges", "source": "WFYI, 'Five Indianapolis police officers charged for misusing Flock cameras' (Sep 24, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.wfyi.org/wfyi-news/2026-09-24/five-indianapolis-police-officers-charged-for-misusing-flock-cameras", "source_date": "2026-09-24", "quote": "The Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department leases 301 flock cameras across Marion County.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 411, "jurisdiction": "Jackson County SO", "state": "IN", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Charging documents (deputy Skylar Thompson)", "period": "2025-12-31 to 2026-08-02", "metric": "Searches of the same license plate by one deputy", "value": "2,055", "note": "Arrested Aug 31, 2026", "source_type": "Press report on charging documents", "source": "The Bloomingtonian (Oct 22, 2026)", "source_url": "https://bloomingtonian.com/2026/10/22/georgetown-police-officer-arrested-accused-of-improperly-searching-flock-surveillance-camera-database/", "source_date": "2026-10-22", "quote": "searched the same license plate 2,055 times between Dec. 31, 2025, and Aug. 2, 2026", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 412, "jurisdiction": "Kansas City KS PD", "state": "KS", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit records (KCUR analysis)", "period": "2026-04-24 to 2026-06-24", "metric": "Queries of KCKPD Flock database / by three out-of-state departments (Houston PD, Dallas PD, CHP) / KCKPD own searches / freeform searches", "value": "almost 1.1 million / 198,000 / 3,570 / 141", "note": "Headline says '1 million times in 6 months'; body describes a 30-day period with dates Apr 24-Jun 24.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "KCUR, 'Flock data from Kansas City, Kansas got searched 1 million times in 6 months. Who's looking?'", "source_url": "https://www.kcur.org/news/2026-09-21/flock-data-from-kansas-city-kansas-got-searched-1-million-times-in-6-months-whos-looking", "source_date": "2026-09-21", "quote": "those three out-of-state departments searched Flock data in Kansas City, Kansas, 198,000 times", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 413, "jurisdiction": "Overland Park PD", "state": "KS", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Policy update (Genetec/Axon ALPR)", "period": "2026-10", "metric": "Fixed / vehicle-mounted readers; retention change; audit frequency", "value": "37 stationary, 110 vehicle-mounted; 1 year to 30 days; monthly audits", "note": "Not a Flock customer; has access to private Flock data in city.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "KCUR, 'Overland Park tightens rules on license plate readers'", "source_url": "https://www.kcur.org/news/2026-10-13/overland-park-kansas-automated-license-plate-readers-flock-aclu", "source_date": "2026-10-13", "quote": "37 stationary automated license plate readers and 110 vehicle mounted cameras", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 414, "jurisdiction": "Sedgwick PD", "state": "KS", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Flock audit (chief tracked two vehicles) cited in ACLU-MN testimony", "period": "4+ months", "metric": "searches of two vehicles by police chief", "value": "228", "note": "", "source_type": "advocacy testimony", "source": "ACLU of Minnesota testimony", "source_url": "https://www.lcc.mn.gov/lcdp/meetings/12112025/ACLU-MN-Data-Practices-Commission-Testimony.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-11", "quote": "A police chief tracked two vehicles 228 times over four-plus months", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 415, "jurisdiction": "Wichita PD", "state": "KS", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Department statement", "period": "2026-08", "metric": "Flock cameras / audit logs released", "value": "191 / none (FOIA denied; litigation pending)", "note": "WPD told council in 2023 it self-audits every 30 days.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "KWCH, 'Can Wichita residents find out if they've been Flocked?'", "source_url": "https://www.kwch.com/2026/08/18/can-wichita-residents-find-out-if-theyve-been-flocked/", "source_date": "2026-08-17", "quote": "their 191 Flock cameras have helped to solve crime", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 416, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Quarterly LPR audit memo", "period": "2023-07 to 2023-09", "metric": "Total searches Jul / Aug / Sep 2023", "value": "5,553 / 5,384 / 3,933", "note": "Users 195 / 194 / 187; unique cases 769 / 809 / 758; 100 cameras; 29 vehicles recovered ($412,353); 100 charges / 52 persons", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lexington PD Quarterly LPR Audit Memo Jul-Sept 2023", "source_url": "https://www.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2023-12/Quarterly%20LPR%20Audit%20Memo%20Jul%20-%20Sept%202023_0.pdf", "source_date": "2023-10-25", "quote": "July 2023: 5,553 ... August 2023: 5,384 ... September 2023: 3,933", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 417, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Quarterly LPR audit memo (GO 2022-01)", "period": "2024-01 to 2024-03", "metric": "Total searches Jan / Feb / Mar 2024", "value": "7,661 / 5,915 / 6,162", "note": "Users searching: 219 / 206 / 208; unique reasons 1,327 / 853 / 1,061; 100 cameras", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lexington PD Quarterly LPR Audit Memo Jan-Mar 2024", "source_url": "https://lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/Quarterly%20LPR%20Audit%20Memo%20Jan%20-%20Mar%202024.pdf", "source_date": "2024-04-11", "quote": "7,661 total searches (January) were conducted, all listing a reason.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 418, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Quarterly LPR audit memo", "period": "2024-01 to 2024-03", "metric": "Users who did not provide sufficient detail in search reason", "value": "12", "note": "All found legitimate; retraining", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lexington PD Quarterly LPR Audit Memo Jan-Mar 2024", "source_url": "https://lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/Quarterly%20LPR%20Audit%20Memo%20Jan%20-%20Mar%202024.pdf", "source_date": "2024-04-11", "quote": "Twelve users did not provide sufficient detail in the search field.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 419, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Quarterly LPR audit memo", "period": "2024-01 to 2024-03", "metric": "Stolen vehicles recovered / charges / persons charged", "value": "25 / 64 / 45", "note": "Recovered value $336,822; hot list entries auto-delete after 7 days", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lexington PD Quarterly LPR Audit Memo Jan-Mar 2024", "source_url": "https://lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2024-06/Quarterly%20LPR%20Audit%20Memo%20Jan%20-%20Mar%202024.pdf", "source_date": "2024-04-11", "quote": "25 stolen vehicles recovered ... 64 charges ... 45 persons charged", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 420, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Quarterly internal Flock audit memo (published by city)", "period": "2024-07 to 2024-09", "metric": "Searches / users / reason review", "value": "23,299 searches (Jul 8,056; Aug 8,015; Sep 7,228), all with reason; 3,144 unique reasons reviewed; users searching 206/202/185; 0 misuse reports; 16 stolen vehicles recovered", "note": "", "source_type": "internal audit memo", "source": "LPD Quarterly Flock Audit July-September 2024, Oct 3, 2024", "source_url": "https://lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2024-10/Q3%202024%20FLOCK%20AUDIT.pdf", "source_date": "2024-10-03", "quote": "8056 Total searches were conducted and all listed a reason for the search", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 421, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Quarterly LPR audit memo", "period": "2024-07 to 2024-09", "metric": "Total searches Jul / Aug / Sep 2024", "value": "8,056 / 8,015 / 7,228", "note": "Users 206 / 202 / 185; unique reasons 1,095 / 1,124 / 925 (3,144 reviewed, all sufficient); 125 cameras", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lexington PD Q3 2024 Flock Audit", "source_url": "https://lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2024-10/Q3%202024%20FLOCK%20AUDIT.pdf", "source_date": "2024-10-03", "quote": "July: 8,056 ... August: 8,015 ... September: 7,228", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 422, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Quarterly LPR audit memo", "period": "2024-07 to 2024-09", "metric": "Stolen vehicles recovered / charges / persons", "value": "16 / 85 / 42", "note": "Value $258,000", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lexington PD Q3 2024 Flock Audit", "source_url": "https://lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2024-10/Q3%202024%20FLOCK%20AUDIT.pdf", "source_date": "2024-10-03", "quote": "16 stolen vehicles were recovered ... 85 charges were filed against 42 persons.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 423, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock search records obtained by press", "period": "2025-12 to 2026-05", "metric": "Flock searches by Lexington police", "value": "72,336", "note": "2 searches for ICE ERO (one case); 81 for HSI (four cases; 55 financial crime, 19 money-laundering shorthand); mayor announced independent review Sept 2026", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Spectrum News 1 Kentucky", "source_url": "https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2026/09/21/lexington-pd-makes-flock-searches-at-request-of-ice-investigators", "source_date": "2026-09-21", "quote": "From December 2025 to May 2026, Lexington Police searched Flock cameras 72,336 times.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 424, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock search records - federal immigration requests", "period": "2025-12 to 2026-05", "metric": "Searches at request of ICE ERO / HSI", "value": "83", "note": "2 ICE ERO + 81 HSI", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Spectrum News 1 Kentucky", "source_url": "https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/louisville/news/2026/09/21/lexington-pd-makes-flock-searches-at-request-of-ice-investigators", "source_date": "2026-09-21", "quote": "Just two of those searches were for ICE's enforcement and removal branch.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 425, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs", "period": "2026-01 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches by Lexington Police Department", "value": "63,610 (just over 63,000)", "note": "LPD share ~0.9% of all searches of its own system", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "WKYT Investigates (Sep 16, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.wkyt.com/2026/09/16/wkyt-investigates-houston-dallas-top-list-agencies-searching-lexingtons-flock-camera-system/", "source_date": "2026-09-16", "quote": "Lexington Police Department — approximately 63,610 searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 426, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov", "period": "Apr to Jun 2025", "metric": "Own searches per month / quarter outcomes", "value": "Apr 13,464, May 12,224, Jun 13,208 / 11 stolen vehicles, 8 guns, 27 persons charged", "note": "$234,000 recovered; 40 'success stories'", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, April–June 2025 (memo 8 Jul 2025) (2025-07-08)", "source_url": "https://content.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/Quarterly%20LPR%20Audit%20Memo%20Apr%20-%20June%202025%20%28002%29.pdf", "source_date": "2025-07-08", "quote": "13464 Total searches were conducted and all listed a reason for the search", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 427, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov", "period": "Apr to Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches per month / Flock Audit Assistance alerts in the quarter (single-user plate / beyond 30 days) / found to be misuse", "value": "Apr 14,014, May 14,970, Jun 10,135 / 97 and 88 (185) / 0", "note": "Enhanced auditing introduced at the start of Q2 2026; all 185 alerts reviewed and attributed to active investigations; department retains data 60 days", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, April–June 2026 (memo 3 Jul 2026) (2026-07-03)", "source_url": "https://content.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2026-07/Q2%202026%20Audit_0.pdf", "source_date": "2026-07-03", "quote": "The only two categories that alerted during the quarter were Single User Plate Searches (97) and searches beyond 30 Day time frame (88).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 428, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov", "period": "Jan to Mar 2025", "metric": "Own searches per month / quarter outcomes", "value": "Jan 10,627, Feb 10,080, Mar 13,259 / 10 stolen vehicles, 7 guns, 43 persons charged, 92 charges", "note": "$151,000 recovered; 230, 203 and 227 users", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, January–March 2025 (memo 4 Apr 2025) (2025-04-04)", "source_url": "https://content.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/Quarterly%20LPR%20Audit%20Memo%20Jan%20-%20Mar%202025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-04-04", "quote": "10627 Total searches were conducted and all listed a reason for the search", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 429, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov", "period": "Jan to Mar 2026", "metric": "Own searches per month", "value": "Jan 10,139, Feb 9,986, Mar 12,700", "note": "Plates with more than 7 days between searches reviewed; quarter: 7 stolen vehicles, 7 guns, 30 persons charged", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, January–March 2026 (memo 3 Apr 2026) (2026-04-03)", "source_url": "https://content.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2026-04/Q1%202026%20LPR%20Audit.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-03", "quote": "If a plate was searched with more than 7 days between searches, further auditing was competed.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 430, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov", "period": "Jul to Sep 2025", "metric": "Own searches per month / quarter outcomes", "value": "Jul 14,992, Aug 12,892, Sep 11,952 / 7 stolen vehicles, 18 guns, 48 persons charged, 180 charges", "note": "262, 205 and 239 users; $260,630 recovered", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, July–September 2025 (memo 20 Oct 2025) (2025-10-20)", "source_url": "https://content.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2025-12/Quarterly%20LPR%20Audit%20Memo%20July%20-%20Sept%202025.pdf", "source_date": "2025-10-20", "quote": "14992 Total searches were conducted and all listed a reason for the search", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 431, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency quarterly ALPR audit memo (Intelligence Unit), read via content.lexingtonky.gov", "period": "Oct to Dec 2025", "metric": "Own searches per month (users) / unique search reasons", "value": "Oct 11,767 (250 users), Nov 10,217 (234), Dec 10,527 (226) / 945, 779, 702", "note": "125 cameras; quarter: 10 stolen vehicles recovered, 9 guns, 37 persons charged, $169,000 recovered; hot lists restricted to Intelligence Unit, 7-day maximum", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Quarterly Flock Audit, October–December 2025 (memo 6 Jan 2026) (2026-01-06)", "source_url": "https://content.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/LPR%20Audit%204%202025.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-06", "quote": "11767 Total searches were conducted and all listed a reason for the search", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 432, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD (Public Integrity Unit)", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "PIU audit of Q3-Q4 2022 sample", "period": "2022-07 to 2022-12", "metric": "Searches sampled", "value": "30 (15 per quarter)", "note": "Some reason fields deficient; 10 of 30 logged entries show incident 'N/A'", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lexington PD PIU Flock Quarterly Audit 2022 Memo", "source_url": "https://www.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2023-06/PIU%20FLOCK%20Quarterly%20Audit%202022%20Memo.pdf", "source_date": "2023-03-27", "quote": "All searches audited were determined to have the required investigative search fields completed.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 433, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD (Public Integrity Unit)", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "PIU quarterly 1% random-sample audit of unique search entries", "period": "2024-04 to 2024-06", "metric": "Sampled entries Apr / May / Jun; insufficient", "value": "21 / 26 / 20; 2 insufficient", "note": "Both substantiated; refresher training Aug 13 & 15 2024", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Lexington PD PIU Flock Quarterly Audit Q2 2024", "source_url": "https://lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/Q2%202024%20PIU%20FLOCK%20AUDIT.pdf", "source_date": "2024-09-18", "quote": "yielding 21 for the month of April, 26 for May, and 20 for June ... All but 2 were sufficient", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 434, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD (Public Integrity Unit)", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Independent quarterly sample audit by the Public Integrity Unit, read via content.lexingtonky.gov", "period": "Jan to Mar 2025", "metric": "Independent sample audited (1% of unique entries) / found outside scope", "value": "89 (31, 23, 35) / 0", "note": "Hot-list audit: one entry per month from Q4 2024, all met criteria", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Public Integrity Unit Flock audit, 1st quarter 2025 (PIU 25-028, 29 Apr 2025) (2025-04-29)", "source_url": "https://content.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2026-04/Q1%202025%20PIU%20AUDIT.pdf", "source_date": "2025-04-29", "quote": "A random number generator was utilized to audit 1% of the unique entries, yielding 31 for the month of January, 23 for February, and 35 for March.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 435, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD (Public Integrity Unit)", "state": "KY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Independent quarterly sample audit by the Public Integrity Unit, read via content.lexingtonky.gov", "period": "Jul to Sep 2026", "metric": "Independent sample audited per quarter / found outside scope", "value": "60 (20 per month) / 0", "note": "Sample fell from 1% of unique entries (89 in Q1 2025) to a flat 60 per quarter from Q3 2025, against roughly 30,000 to 40,000 searches a quarter; no complaints received", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Lexington PD Public Integrity Unit ALPR audit, 3rd quarter 2026 (PIU 26-083, 12 Oct 2026) (2026-10-12)", "source_url": "https://content.lexingtonky.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/PIU%2026-083%20-%203rd%20quarter%20ALPR%20audit%202026_0.docx", "source_date": "2026-10-12", "quote": "At random 20 of the unique entries for the months July, August, and September was selected totaling 60 overall selections.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 436, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD network", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs (all searches touching Lexington system)", "period": "2026-01 to 2026-07", "metric": "Total searches of Lexington Flock camera system", "value": "more than 7,000,000", "note": "WKYT review of seven spreadsheets of audit logs (47,000+ pages); 125 cameras", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "WKYT Investigates: Who's using Lexington's Flock cameras? (Sep 15, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.wkyt.com/2026/09/15/wkyt-investigates-whos-using-lexingtons-flock-cameras-data-shows-its-mostly-outside-agencies/", "source_date": "2026-09-15", "quote": "The review found more than 7 million searches.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 437, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD network", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs", "period": "2026-01 to 2026-07", "metric": "Share of searches by out-of-state or federal agencies / Kentucky agencies", "value": "~96% / ~4%", "note": "Kentucky agencies incl. LPD ~4%", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "WKYT Investigates (Sep 15 and Sep 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.wkyt.com/2026/09/18/wkyt-investigates-lexington-residents-call-end-flock-camera-contract-after-wkyt-investigation/", "source_date": "2026-09-18", "quote": "Roughly 96% came from out-of-state or federal agencies.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 438, "jurisdiction": "Lexington PD network", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs", "period": "2026-01 to 2026-07", "metric": "Top outside agencies searching Lexington system", "value": "Houston PD 349,535; Dallas PD 297,199; Gwinnett Co PD 108,592; Louisville Metro 78,514; Hillsborough Co SO 69,212; Michigan State Police 68,157; Texas DPS 65,307; IMPD 56,558; Atlanta PD 53,911", "note": "approximate counts per WKYT", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "WKYT Investigates: Houston, Dallas top list (Sep 16, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.wkyt.com/2026/09/16/wkyt-investigates-houston-dallas-top-list-agencies-searching-lexingtons-flock-camera-system/", "source_date": "2026-09-16", "quote": "Houston Police Department — approximately 349,535 searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 439, "jurisdiction": "Louisville Metro PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit logs (public records; via Louisville Public Media reporting)", "period": "2022-10 to 2025-07", "metric": "Audit log records", "value": "~14.4M", "note": "Duplicates noted; includes 590 apiLookup (Peregrine) rows from 2025-05-16", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Louisville, KY 2022-2025", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/louisville-jan2026", "source_date": "2026-01-08", "quote": "roughly 14.4M records covering the period October 2022 - mid-July 2025.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 440, "jurisdiction": "Louisville Metro PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal investigation outcomes for immigration-related Flock searches", "period": "2024-11 to 2025-01 (searches); discipline 2026", "metric": "Disciplinary outcomes", "value": "2-day suspension (detective), 5-day suspension (lieutenant), demotion (assistant chief to lieutenant)", "note": "Detective again under investigation for 6 searches on Jan 9, 2025 and 8 on Nov 12, 2024 listing drug-investigation reasons", "source_type": "press (police records)", "source": "Louisville Public Media / KyCIR", "source_url": "https://www.lpm.org/investigate/2026-09-01/lmpd-detective-again-under-investigation-for-questionable-flock-searches", "source_date": "2026-09-01", "quote": "a two-day suspension for Troutman", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 441, "jurisdiction": "Louisville Metro PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal investigation of detective's searches", "period": "2024-11-12 and 2025-01-09", "metric": "Searches under new internal probe (Det. Troutman)", "value": "8 (Nov 12, 2024) + 6 (Jan 9, 2025)", "note": "Second investigation after earlier 2-day suspension; searches listed as drug investigations", "source_type": "Press report on agency records", "source": "Louisville Public Media/KyCIR, 'LMPD detective again under investigation' (Sep 1, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.lpm.org/investigate/2026-09-01/lmpd-detective-again-under-investigation-for-questionable-flock-searches", "source_date": "2026-09-01", "quote": "On Jan. 9, 2025, Troutman conducted six searches of the department's Flock system.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 442, "jurisdiction": "Louisville Metro PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Press review of public police records (citations) involving LPR", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Criminal citations in which LMPD LPR use appeared", "value": "177", "note": "Half issued to Black people (Black residents ~25% of population); ~70% involved stolen-car alert; nearly 200 LPRs in operation", "source_type": "press analysis of public records", "source": "Louisville Public Media / KyCIR", "source_url": "https://www.lpm.org/investigate/2026-01-27/in-louisville-half-the-people-charged-last-year-in-license-plate-reader-cases-were-black", "source_date": "2026-01-27", "quote": "LMPD's use of LPRs appeared in 177 criminal citations last year, and half were issued to Black people", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 443, "jurisdiction": "Shively PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Investigation after Flock Audit Assistance flag", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-05-06", "metric": "Searches of two plates registered to victim / searches while protective order active (Apr 17-May 6)", "value": "2,048 / 241", "note": "Audit tool activated 2026-08-24; arrest within 24 hours; 5 counts official misconduct, 5 unlawful computer access.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "All About Cookies, 'Flock Logged 241 Searches a Cop Ran on His Ex After She Got a Restraining Order'", "source_url": "https://allaboutcookies.org/flocks-ai-caught-a-stalker-cop-but-only-after-2048-searches", "source_date": "2026-08-27", "quote": "Zahir conducted 241 searches while the order was active between April 17 and May 6", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 444, "jurisdiction": "Shively PD", "state": "KY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal review of Flock audit process after officer arrest, via press", "period": "2026-08", "metric": "Prior audit sample / misuse searches", "value": "Prior audits sampled 10 random searches per 90 days; officer ran 2,000+ searches over 5 months tracking ex-partner; 5 counts official misconduct + 5 unlawful computer access", "note": "At least 6 KY cities cut ties with Flock in 2026", "source_type": "press report of internal review", "source": "Spectrum News 1 KY, Aug 31, 2026", "source_url": "https://spectrumnews1.com/ky/lexington/news/2026/08/31/shively-pd-finds-significant-gap-in-flock-camera-search-audits-following-officer-arrest", "source_date": "2026-08-31", "quote": "We found a significant gap in our previous auditing process,", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 445, "jurisdiction": "Jefferson Parish SO", "state": "LA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal review (Flock audit)", "period": "several years to 2026-08", "metric": "Searches of ex-partner's vehicle by Deputy Nathan Rome", "value": "more than 3,200", "note": "Deputy fired 2026-08-19; Kenner PD has 78 Flock cameras (Axios).", "source_type": "press report", "source": "FOX 8, 'JPSO reviews safeguards for Flock cameras after deputy fired for misuse'", "source_url": "https://www.fox8live.com/2026/08/21/jpso-reviews-safeguards-flock-cameras-after-deputy-fired-misuse/", "source_date": "2026-08-20", "quote": "tracking his ex more than 3,200 times over several years", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 446, "jurisdiction": "Port Fourchon Harbor LA PD", "state": "LA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Feb 22, 2026 – Mar 25, 2026 (~1 month)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "996,333 records; 3,179 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Port Fourchon Harbor LA PD (Apr 2026) (Apr 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/port-fourchon-la-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 996,333; Organizations: 3,179", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 447, "jurisdiction": "Port Fourchon Harbor PD", "state": "LA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Feb to Mar 2026", "metric": "Searches referencing immigration enforcement or human trafficking / immigration categories alone / Texas agencies' share", "value": "3,614 / about 800 / 14.4%", "note": "About 1 million network records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Port Fourchon Harbor LA PD (Apr 2026) (2026-04-20)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/port-fourchon-la-apr2026", "source_date": "2026-04-20", "quote": "3,614 searches reference immigration enforcement or human trafficking in their reason fields.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 448, "jurisdiction": "Boston PD (Flock pilot)", "state": "MA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City 2025 Surveillance Technology Report / BPD audit of 156-day Flock pilot", "period": "2025-04-01 to 2025-09-04", "metric": "searches in pilot database / share with case number", "value": "11004; ~half with case number", "note": "45 cameras; outside agencies could access data discovered 3 days in; 77 outside-agency requests for access in following five months (incl. State Dept, ATF, DEA, Maine State Police)", "source_type": "press (city report)", "source": "WBUR, 'Flock Safety failed to secure Boston vehicle data during 2025 pilot, report finds'", "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2026/09/14/flock-boston-police-pilot-surveillance-technology-report", "source_date": "2026-09-14", "quote": "11,004: searches in the database during the five-month trial, per BPD's audit ... About half ... included a case number", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 449, "jurisdiction": "Braintree PD", "state": "MA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Criminal harassment charge incl. license plate queries (third-party investigation)", "period": "2024-08 to 2025-02", "metric": "charges", "value": "1 count criminal harassment", "note": "retired detective Mark Sherrick; search count not given", "source_type": "press", "source": "Boston Globe, 'Retired Braintree police detective facing criminal harassment charge for alleged Flock misuse'", "source_url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/09/18/metro/mark-sherrick-braintree-detective-flock/", "source_date": "2026-09-18", "quote": "misused police resources, including license plate queries", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 450, "jurisdiction": "Fall River PD", "state": "MA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Five years of use data reviewed by local press", "period": "2021–Aug 2026", "metric": "Searches in 2025", "value": "15,000+", "note": "Under 3% of 2021–2025 searches carried a case number; one officer used '99' as the reason 1,000+ times; 70% had reference numbers by Aug 2026", "source_type": "FOIA log via press", "source": "The New Bedford Light (6 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://newbedfordlight.org/fall-river-police-entered-vague-nonsensical-reasons-for-flock-searches/", "source_date": "2026-10-06", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 451, "jurisdiction": "Grafton MA PD", "state": "MA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 29 – Jul 27, 2026 (29 days)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "75 records", "note": "Case number: 22 (29.3%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Grafton MA PD (Jul 2026) (Aug 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/grafton-ma-pd-jul2026", "source_date": "Aug 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 75", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 452, "jurisdiction": "Lynn PD", "state": "MA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Internal Flock audit - 'concerning pattern'", "period": "2026-08", "metric": "Officers placed on paid leave after audit", "value": "2", "note": "Access limited to 23 lieutenants+; retention 30 -> 7 days; monthly audits", "source_type": "agency audit via press", "source": "Boston 25: Lynn Police tighten Flock camera access after audit finds 'concerning pattern'", "source_url": "https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/lynn-police-tighten-flock-camera-access-after-audit-finds-concerning-pattern/3J42JZWY75B3DBAAYXQVJGD2MY/", "source_date": "2026-09-09", "quote": "Two officers were placed on paid administrative leave in mid-August.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 453, "jurisdiction": "Massachusetts", "state": "MA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ACLU-MA public records survey", "period": "2022 to 2026-02", "metric": "Massachusetts police departments with Flock contracts / spending over three years", "value": "over 80 / over $2 million", "note": "Records requests to nearly 80 departments; national network nearly 90,000 cameras, ~7,000 networks (Jul 2025).", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "ACLU of Massachusetts Data for Justice", "source_url": "https://data.aclum.org/2025/10/07/flock-gives-law-enforcement-all-over-the-country-access-to-your-location/", "source_date": "2026-02-26", "quote": "over 80 Massachusetts police departments have entered into contracts", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 454, "jurisdiction": "Massachusetts (Lynn, Stow, New Bedford, Abington PDs)", "state": "MA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Agency audits flagging officer Flock misuse", "period": "2026-08", "metric": "officers under investigation for Flock misuse", "value": "at least 4 (Lynn 2 after audit; Stow 1; New Bedford 1)", "note": "Abington officer searched a woman's plate across 88 networks over 7 days in March 2025 labeled 'suspicious activity'; Globe cites WaPo tally 50+ misuse instances nationally, IJ 150+ cases", "source_type": "press", "source": "Boston Globe, 'Flock license plate cameras under fire as Mass. police misconduct cases mount'", "source_url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/08/21/business/flock-safety-police-misuse-massachusetts/", "source_date": "2026-08-21", "quote": "Two officers placed on leave after an audit flagged a 'concerning pattern' in their searches", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 455, "jurisdiction": "Quincy PD", "state": "MA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock transparency/audit figures reported", "period": "30-day window 2026", "metric": "plates captured / plates searched / officers with access", "value": "704,000+ plates captured; 134 plates searched; 47 of 237 officers with access", "note": "access limited in June 2026 to ~50 officers", "source_type": "press", "source": "WBUR", "source_url": "https://www.wbur.org/news/2026/09/14/flock-boston-police-pilot-surveillance-technology-report", "source_date": "2026-09-14", "quote": "Quincy: 237 officers, 47 with data access, over 704,000 plates captured in 30 days, and 134 plates searched", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 456, "jurisdiction": "Springfield MA PD", "state": "MA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "May 1 – June 24, 2026", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "5,845 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Springfield MA PD (June 2026) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/springfield-ma-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: 5,845", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 457, "jurisdiction": "Springfield MA PD", "state": "MA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "May 1 – June 24, 2026", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "172,581 records; 205 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Springfield MA PD (June 2026) (Jun 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/springfield-ma-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 26, 2026", "quote": "Records: 172,581; Organizations: 205", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 458, "jurisdiction": "Springfield PD", "state": "MA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "1 May to 24 Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / network searches with a case number / USPIS searches on network", "value": "100% / 33.0% / 6,129", "note": "5,845 own searches; 172,581 network searches by 205 organisations; Winthrop MA PD top searcher", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Springfield MA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-26)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/springfield-ma-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-26", "quote": "Every record also includes a case number (100%).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 459, "jurisdiction": "Anne Arundel County PD", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Agency 3-509(e) report", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Historical queries / cameras / retention", "value": "66 historical queries, all audited Accurate; 93 authorized users; 9 fixed sites (36 cameras) + 33 mobile units (66 cameras); fixed-site data kept 24 hours", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Anne Arundel County PD 3-509(e) report Feb 1, 2024", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-01", "quote": "Anne Arundel: 66 historical queries, all stated to be for law enforcement purposes", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 460, "jurisdiction": "Baltimore City PD", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Agency 3-509(e) report", "period": "CY2022", "metric": "Searches / audited / users", "value": "68,513 searches; 685 audited; 1,124 users; 1,359 reports exported; 91 systems (55 mobile, 32 fixed, 4 trailers); 171,783,691 reads on BPD server", "note": "0 out-of-state/federal requests", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Baltimore PD report in MCAC CY2022 packet", "source_url": "https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Exec/MDSP/PS3-509(e)_2023.pdf", "source_date": "2023-02", "quote": "The reason for the discrepancy with MCAC is due to data transmission loss during an upgrade.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 461, "jurisdiction": "Baltimore City PD", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Agency 3-509(e) report in MSP compilation", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Searches / audited / users", "value": "76,896 searches; 769 audited (about 1%), all Accurate; 1,106 authorized users; 2,214 reports exported; 98 LPR systems", "note": "BPD server reads 233,403,983; 175,052,987 retained as of Dec 31, 2022; 0 out-of-state/federal requests", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Baltimore PD 3-509(e) report Feb 1, 2024", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-01", "quote": "Baltimore PD: 76,896 searches; 2,214 reports exported containing LPR data.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 462, "jurisdiction": "Baltimore County PD", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Agency 3-509(e) report with quarterly audit memos", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Queries / audit incomplete records", "value": "24,263 queries; 50 random queries audited per quarter; incomplete records (missing case number or purpose): Q1 3, Q2 ~22, Q4 17; 406 authorized users; 59 readers", "note": "Retention one year (33,622,758 reads stored as of Jan 31, 2024); escalation: email, final warning, access revocation", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Baltimore County PD 3-509(e) report Jan 31, 2024", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-01-31", "quote": "Baltimore County: 50 random queries per quarter. Its Q1 memo lists 3 incomplete records; Q2 lists 22; Q4 lists 17.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 463, "jurisdiction": "Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD", "state": "MD", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Aug 16, 2023 – Apr 1, 2026 (~32 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "9,625,757 records; 5,453 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (May 9, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/boonsboro-md-new-castle-pa-may2026", "source_date": "May 9, 2026", "quote": "Records: 9,625,757; Organizations: 5,453", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 464, "jurisdiction": "Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD", "state": "MD", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Aug 22, 2023 – Dec 30, 2024 (~16 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "3,869 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (May 9, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/boonsboro-md-new-castle-pa-may2026", "source_date": "May 9, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,869", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 465, "jurisdiction": "Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD", "state": "MD", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Sep 15, 2025 – Apr 22, 2026 (~7 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "828,933 records; 3,700 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (May 9, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/boonsboro-md-new-castle-pa-may2026", "source_date": "May 9, 2026", "quote": "Records: 828,933; Organizations: 3,700", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 466, "jurisdiction": "Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD", "state": "MD", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Sep 16, 2025 – Apr 22, 2026 (~7 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "335 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (May 9, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/boonsboro-md-new-castle-pa-may2026", "source_date": "May 9, 2026", "quote": "Records: 335", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 467, "jurisdiction": "Charles County SO", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Agency 3-509(e) report", "period": "CY2022", "metric": "Requests / releases / units", "value": "396 requests; 255 releases; 0 out-of-state/federal; 50 audited; 34 users; 26 units; 3,091,775 reads", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Charles County SO report in MCAC CY2022 packet", "source_url": "https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Exec/MDSP/PS3-509(e)_2023.pdf", "source_date": "2023-02", "quote": "396 requests; 255 releases; 0 out-of-state/federal", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 468, "jurisdiction": "Harford County SO", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Agency 3-509(e) report", "period": "CY2022", "metric": "Queries / requests / retention", "value": "578 queries; 4 in-state requests, 1 out-of-state, 0 federal; 50 audited (100% compliance); 18 units; 180-day retention; 2,754,645 reads (15,925,612 since Aug 2019)", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Harford County SO report in MCAC CY2022 packet", "source_url": "https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Exec/MDSP/PS3-509(e)_2023.pdf", "source_date": "2023-02", "quote": "HCSO maintains tag read data for a period of 180 days.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 469, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Press analysis (Capital News Service) of 3-509 annual agency reports", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Total scans across reporting agencies", "value": "at least 4.8 billion scans, 26 agencies", "note": "Primary CY2025 MCAC compilation not located online; scans more than tripled since 2022. Montgomery Co cameras 30 to 860 (2022-2025); Harford 18 to 274; Anne Arundel 94 to 314", "source_type": "press analysis of statutory reports", "source": "CNS Maryland, 'Maryland police license plate cameras logged 4.8 billion scans in 2025'", "source_url": "https://cnsmaryland.org/interactives/spring2026/alpr-flock-maryland-police/index.html", "source_date": "2026-10-27", "quote": "totaled at least 4.8 billion scans across 26 Maryland law enforcement agencies in 2025", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 470, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide, MCAC)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e)", "period": "CY2018", "metric": "Readings / units / requests", "value": "450,367,620 readings; 420 LPR systems reporting (339 mobile, 81 fixed); 3,476 requests, 2,179 released; out-of-state 294 requests, 155 released; federal 589 requests, 409 released; 123 records audited; 31 authorized users; 14 agencies with own servers", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC letter Feb 22, 2019 (DLS Library PS3-509(e)_2019)", "source_url": "https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Exec/MDSP/PS3-509(e)_2019.pdf", "source_date": "2019-02-22", "quote": "420 License Plate Reader Systems reported captured data to the MCAC Statewide Network.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 471, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide, MCAC)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e)", "period": "CY2022", "metric": "Total ALPR readings retained by MCAC", "value": "740,662,168", "note": "603 LPR units statewide; 18 agencies with own servers, MCAC collects for 15", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC letter Feb 15, 2023 (DLS Library PS3-509(e)_2023)", "source_url": "https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Exec/MDSP/PS3-509(e)_2023.pdf", "source_date": "2023-02-15", "quote": "The number of requests made to the MCAC: 4,668.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 472, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide, MCAC)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e)", "period": "CY2022", "metric": "Requests / releases / out-of-state / federal", "value": "4,668 requests, 3,295 released; out-of-state 444 requests, 240 released; federal 739 requests, 574 released", "note": "55 records audited (minimum 50); 50 authorized MCAC users; no breaches", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2022", "source_url": "https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Exec/MDSP/PS3-509(e)_2023.pdf", "source_date": "2023-02-15", "quote": "Out-of-state requests: 444, with 240 resulting in release. Federal requests: 739, with 574 resulting in release.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 473, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide, MCAC)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report, Public Safety Art. 3-509(e), Maryland Coordination and Analysis Center", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Total ALPR readings retained by MCAC", "value": "830,097,779", "note": "698 LPR units operated by LE and submitting data; MCAC collects for 16 of 19 agencies with own servers", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC letter Feb 28, 2024 in MSP 3-509(e) compilation", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-28", "quote": "MCAC total in 2023 data: 830,097,779", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 474, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide, MCAC)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e)", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Requests to MCAC for LPR data / released", "value": "5,310 requests; 3,962 released", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-28", "quote": "5,310 requests; 3,962 resulted in release.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 475, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide, MCAC)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e)", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Out-of-state requests / released", "value": "423 requests; 261 released", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-28", "quote": "Out-of-state: 423 requests, 261 released.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 476, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide, MCAC)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e)", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Federal requests / released", "value": "684 requests; 591 released", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-28", "quote": "Federal: 684 requests, 591 released.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 477, "jurisdiction": "Maryland (statewide, MCAC)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e)", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "MCAC audit sample / authorized users", "value": "65 records audited, all Accurate; 60 authorized users", "note": "No breaches or unauthorized uses reported", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-28", "quote": "MCAC: 65 records audited, all marked Accurate.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 478, "jurisdiction": "Maryland agencies (MCAC chart)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e): reads by agency", "period": "CY2022", "metric": "Reads by agency", "value": "MDTA Police 302,501,908; Baltimore City PD 214,449,961; MCAC/MSP 68,063,363; Anne Arundel 54,542,724; Baltimore Co 20,750,935; Ocean City 20,369,198; Prince George's 17,217,156; Harford 15,487,651; UMD PD 7,082,653; Howard 5,578,186; JB Andrews 5,283,123; Montgomery 4,453,947; Charles Co SO 3,240,008; Towson U 1,630,997; Frederick Co SO 10,358", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2022", "source_url": "https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Exec/MDSP/PS3-509(e)_2023.pdf", "source_date": "2023-02-15", "quote": "Maryland Transportation Authority (MDTA) Police 302,501,908", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 479, "jurisdiction": "Maryland agencies (MCAC chart)", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual LPR report 3-509(e): reads by agency", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Reads by largest contributors", "value": "MDTA Police 276,070,041; Baltimore City PD 232,291,075; MCAC/MSP 78,285,253; Prince George's Co PD 72,857,035; Anne Arundel 67,547,367; Baltimore Co 30,434,867; Ocean City 20,326,526; Howard Co 13,303,441; UMD PD 9,673,706; Harford 9,608,768; Montgomery Co 6,802,614; JB Andrews 4,998,542; Charles Co SO 4,422,311; Towson U 2,141,035; Frederick Co SO 1,285,325; Denton PD 49,873", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "MCAC 3-509(e) report CY2023", "source_url": "https://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5300/sc5339/000113/028000/028022/20251099e.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-28", "quote": "Maryland Transportation Authority Police 276,070,041; Baltimore PD 232,291,075", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 480, "jurisdiction": "Prince George's County PD", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Press analysis of MSP 3-509 reports", "period": "2022-2025", "metric": "Out-of-state and federal requests honored", "value": "123 out-of-state and 312 federal requests, all released", "note": "", "source_type": "press analysis of statutory reports", "source": "CNS Maryland (Frederick News-Post syndication)", "source_url": "https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/crime_and_justice/cops_and_crime/maryland-police-license-plate-cameras-logged-4-8-billion-scans-in-2025-locals-want-to/article_e63d1ff9-775a-5c6a-a33a-05a2eeb52111.html", "source_date": "2026-10-30", "quote": "released data in response to all 123 out-of-state and 312 federal requests they received from 2022 through 2025", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 481, "jurisdiction": "Towson University PD", "state": "MD", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Agency 3-509(e) report", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Reads / cameras / audit sample", "value": "2,141,035 readings; 6 fixed sites (10 cameras); 19 audit records all Accurate; 2 authorized users; 24-hour local retention; 0 outside requests", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Towson University PD 3-509(e) memo Feb 1, 2024", "source_url": "https://dlslibrary.state.md.us/publications/Universities/TU/PS3-509(e)_2023.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-01", "quote": "The Towson University Police Department obtained 2,141,035 license plate Readings.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 482, "jurisdiction": "Grand Rapids PD", "state": "MI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Danville IL Flock audit logs (404 Media)", "period": "2025-02-03 to 2025-02-04", "metric": "GRPD searches listing 'protests' as reason", "value": "5", "note": "Searches covered windows overlapping Jan 18/20 and Feb 1 2025 rallies; GRPD denies targeting protesters.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Michigan Advance, 'License plate reader searches by Grand Rapids PD point to need for guardrails'", "source_url": "https://michiganadvance.com/2025/07/22/license-plate-reader-searches-by-grand-rapids-pd-point-to-need-for-guardrails-legal-advocates-say/", "source_date": "2025-07-22", "quote": "five searches from the Grand Rapids Police Department with protests listed as the reason", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 483, "jurisdiction": "Grand Rapids PD", "state": "MI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Flock transparency portal (30-day window)", "period": "30 days to 2026-09-08", "metric": "Unique plates detected / searches / cameras", "value": "478,245 / 1,340 / 29", "note": "Portal launched 2026-09-08; 30-day retention.", "source_type": "agency dashboard (via press)", "source": "Officer.com / WOOD-TV, 'New Flock Transparency Portal Reveals How Often Mich. Police Search Plate Data'", "source_url": "https://www.officer.com/command-hq/technology/traffic/lpr-license-plate-recognition/news/55403871/grand-rapids-police-launch-flock-transparency-portal-showing-license-plate-reader-usage", "source_date": "2026-09-09", "quote": "detected 478,245 unique license plates over the last 30 days", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 484, "jurisdiction": "Kent County SO", "state": "MI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Flock transparency portal (30-day window)", "period": "30 days to 2026-09-08", "metric": "Unique plates detected / searches / cameras", "value": "1,011,594 / 1,257 / 62", "note": "Portal launched alongside Grand Rapids PD's.", "source_type": "agency dashboard (via press)", "source": "Officer.com / WOOD-TV, 'New Flock Transparency Portal Reveals How Often Mich. Police Search Plate Data'", "source_url": "https://www.officer.com/command-hq/technology/traffic/lpr-license-plate-recognition/news/55403871/grand-rapids-police-launch-flock-transparency-portal-showing-license-plate-reader-usage", "source_date": "2026-09-09", "quote": "KCSO has 62 Flock cameras, which have detected 1,011,594 unique license plates", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 485, "jurisdiction": "Michigan (five agencies)", "state": "MI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Detroit News analysis of USA Today Flock data", "period": "2025-2026", "metric": "Agencies named in immigration-related search incidents", "value": "5 (Oakland Co SO, Brownstown, Southfield, Taylor, Troy PDs)", "note": "Detroit News Oct 6, 2026 primary not fetchable", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs (secondary)", "source": "FOX 2 Detroit, Oct 7, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/metro-detroit-police-accused-using-flock-cameras-help-ice-make-arrests", "source_date": "2026-10-07", "quote": "five incidents mentioned in the investigation included the Oakland County Sheriff's Office", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 486, "jurisdiction": "Michigan State Police", "state": "MI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit records", "period": "2025-04-19", "metric": "MSP searches logged with immigration reason", "value": "1 ('USBP immigration investigation'; MSP says clerical error)", "note": "At least 30 West Michigan agencies have LPR cameras.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "WOOD-TV Target 8, 'MSP: No ICE-related searches through plate readers'", "source_url": "https://www.woodtv.com/news/target-8/msp-no-ice-related-searches-through-plate-readers/amp/", "source_date": "2025-07-18", "quote": "USBP immigration investigation", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 487, "jurisdiction": "Oakland County SO", "state": "MI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Immigration-related searches by one (now former) employee, per Detroit News analysis of USA Today data", "period": "2026-02", "metric": "Immigration-related Flock searches by one employee", "value": "at least 58", "note": "Dozens of unauthorized searches after shift/after employment ended; Detroit News primary blocked by robots", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs (secondary)", "source": "Arab American News (Oct 9, 2026) and ClickOnDetroit (Oct 6, 2026) citing Detroit News Oct 5-6, 2026", "source_url": "https://arabamericannews.com/2026/10/09/more-michigan-communities-abandon-flock-license-plate-cameras/", "source_date": "2026-10-09", "quote": "the employee conducted at least 58 immigration-related searches through Flock's database during February.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 488, "jurisdiction": "Ottawa County SO", "state": "MI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Sheriff's ALPR Program Report to Board of Commissioners", "period": "2024-02 to 2026-09-08", "metric": "Logged cases / arrests / stolen vehicles recovered / firearms recovered / missing persons located / property recovered", "value": "241 / 131 / 72 / 11 / 15 / $917,250", "note": "Disposition counts sum to 257 vs 241 cases stated", "source_type": "Agency report (primary)", "source": "Ottawa County Sheriff's Office ALPR Program Report, Sep 18, 2026", "source_url": "https://miottawa.org/wp-content/uploads/OCSO_ALPR-Report.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-18", "quote": "The log contains 241 distinct logged cases in that period.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 489, "jurisdiction": "Ottawa County SO", "state": "MI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Sheriff's ALPR Program Report", "period": "2024-04 to 2026-09", "metric": "Cameras / Michigan agencies receiving OCSO data / audits conducted since inception (violations found) / retention", "value": "31 (15 county-funded, 2 mobile, 14 pass-through) / ~175 / ~20 (0) / 30 days", "note": "$45,000/yr for 15 county cameras; 500-mile sharing radius", "source_type": "Agency report (primary)", "source": "Ottawa County Sheriff's Office ALPR Program Report, Sep 18, 2026", "source_url": "https://miottawa.org/wp-content/uploads/OCSO_ALPR-Report.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-18", "quote": "Approximately 20 audits have been conducted since the program's inception.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 490, "jurisdiction": "Coon Rapids PD / South St. Paul PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "LOGIS biennial ALPR audits", "period": "2025", "metric": "Exceptions / retention", "value": "Coon Rapids: 0 exceptions, 30-day retention (Jul 23, 2025); South St. Paul: 0 exceptions, 60-day retention (Aug 11, 2025)", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "LOGIS ALPR Biennial Audit Results Reports", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2025/mandated/251347.pdf", "source_date": "2025-07-23", "quote": "CRPD provided screen print from ALPR Systems showing retention settings set to 30 days.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 491, "jurisdiction": "Dayton MN PD", "state": "MN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Feb 1 – May 31, 2026 (5 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "37,814 records; 83 organisations", "note": "Case number: 31,478 (83.2%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Dayton MN PD (Jan–May 2026) (August 13, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dayton-mn-may2026", "source_date": "August 13, 2026", "quote": "Records: 37,814; Organizations: 83", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 492, "jurisdiction": "Dayton PD", "state": "MN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Feb to May 2026", "metric": "Network searches / organisations / case-number share / 'City Planning/Traffic Analysis' reason", "value": "37,814 / 83 / 83.2% / 1,126 (3.0%)", "note": "Minnesota-only sharing; top ten agencies about 47%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Dayton MN PD (Jan–May 2026) (2026-08-13)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/dayton-mn-may2026", "source_date": "2026-08-13", "quote": "City Planning/Traffic Analysis (1,126 records, 3.0%) is a non-law-enforcement use category.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 493, "jurisdiction": "Grand Rapids PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial ALPR audit (Rampart Audit LLC)", "period": "2 years ended 2025-07-31", "metric": "Reads / hits retained (30 days)", "value": "166,648 reads; 1,331 hits; 16 mobile ALPRs; 30-day retention; 0 requests; 10-hit sample, 0 exceptions", "note": "Public log not proactively generated; one MN plate flagged 99.99% as North Dakota plate", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "Rampart Audit, Grand Rapids PD ALPR Audit Report, Sep 25, 2025", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2025/mandated/251548.pdf", "source_date": "2025-09-25", "quote": "GRPD retained records of 166,648 ALPR reads and 1,331 hits during the preceding 30 days.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 494, "jurisdiction": "Hopkins PD", "state": "MN", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City statement on Flock data-sharing", "period": "as of 2026-07-31", "metric": "Organizations with access to Hopkins Flock data", "value": "80", "note": "63 in Minnesota, 17 elsewhere in U.S.; St. Paul: >60 MN agencies; New Brighton 11 searches / Stillwater 37 searches in prior 30 days (transparency portals)", "source_type": "press (quoting city statements)", "source": "KSTP", "source_url": "https://kstp.com/?p=4002441", "source_date": "2026-08-20", "quote": "80 organizations: 63 in Minnesota, 17 elsewhere in the U.S.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 495, "jurisdiction": "Mankato Department of Public Safety", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial ALPR audit (Minn. Stat. 13.824)", "period": "2025-07-24 to 2026-08-05", "metric": "Mobile ALPR reads retained / hits (preceding 60 days) / stationary reads", "value": "617,106 / 6,377 / 154,895", "note": "24 Axon Fleet mobile ALPRs, 7 Milestone stationary at 4 intersections; 60-day retention; stationary data purged early for storage.", "source_type": "statutory audit", "source": "Rampart Audit LLC, Mankato DPS ALPR audit report (Legislative Reference Library)", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/261353.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "MDPS retained records of 617,106 mobile ALPR reads", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 496, "jurisdiction": "Mankato Department of Public Safety", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial ALPR audit", "period": "2025-07-24 to 2026-08-05", "metric": "Law-enforcement data requests / public data requests / compliance opinion", "value": "4 / 4 / compliant", "note": "Concerns: Axon audit trail hard to read; Milestone does not enforce case numbers or identify hits.", "source_type": "statutory audit", "source": "Rampart Audit LLC, Mankato DPS ALPR audit report", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/261353.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "MDPS had received four (4) law enforcement requests during the period covered by this report.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 497, "jurisdiction": "Maplewood PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent ALPR audit (Minn. Stat. 13.824)", "period": "2024-01-01 to 2025-07-31", "metric": "Discrepancies / retention", "value": "0 / 30 days", "note": "Axon squad ALPRs only.", "source_type": "statutory audit", "source": "Lynn Lembcke Consulting, Maplewood PD ALPR audit", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/260527.pdf", "source_date": "2026-03-01", "quote": "No discrepancies noted.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 498, "jurisdiction": "Minneapolis PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "City Auditor state-mandated biennial ALPR audit", "period": "2023-01-01 to 2024-12-31", "metric": "Compliance finding / recommendations", "value": "Complied with state regulations; 2 recommendations (vendor assurance reviews, SOPs)", "note": "No usage counts in report", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "Minneapolis Office of City Auditor, Biennial Audit of MPD ALPR Program, Mar 4, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/260537.pdf", "source_date": "2026-03-04", "quote": "We determined that MPD complied with state regulations related to ALPR use.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 499, "jurisdiction": "Minnesota (one unnamed department, 10 cameras)", "state": "MN", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "ACLU-MN review of early Flock data requests (network audit)", "period": "30-day period, 2025", "metric": "searches of one department's 10-camera network by departments nationwide", "value": "11300+", "note": "testimony to Legislative Commission on Data Practices", "source_type": "advocacy testimony", "source": "ACLU of Minnesota testimony, Legislative Commission on Data Practices", "source_url": "https://www.lcc.mn.gov/lcdp/meetings/12112025/ACLU-MN-Data-Practices-Commission-Testimony.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-11", "quote": "one Minnesota police department, with only 10 cameras, received over 11,300 searches", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 500, "jurisdiction": "Minnesota (per-agency)", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory biennial audits, Minn. Stat. §13.824 subd. 6", "period": "2025–2026", "metric": "Controls tested per agency", "value": "7", "note": "Bloomington (Sep 2025) and Maple Grove (May 2026) audits by LOGIS: no exceptions; retention 60 days; no read or search counts reported", "source_type": "State statutory report", "source": "Minnesota Legislative Reference Library mandated reports", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/260903.pdf", "source_date": "2026-05-22", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 501, "jurisdiction": "Minnesota (statewide, BCA list)", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "BCA statutory list of agencies using LPR (Minn. Stat. 13.824 subd. 5) as reproduced in Mankato council packet", "period": "2025-04", "metric": "Agencies listed as using LPR", "value": "58", "note": "Count made by reader from reproduced list; BCA page undated", "source_type": "statutory agency list", "source": "BCA 'Agencies that use License Plate Readers (LPR)' via Mankato City Council packet Apr 28, 2025", "source_url": "https://public.destinyhosted.com/mankadocs/2025/CCREG/20250428_2874/6325_MN_Agencies_using_License_Plate_Reading_Technology.pdf", "source_date": "2025-04-28", "quote": "The Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA) publishes this information on the BCA website as required by Minnesota law.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 502, "jurisdiction": "Minnesota State Patrol", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Office of the State Auditor agreed-upon procedures", "period": "2018-01-06 to 2020-01-06", "metric": "Hits / sharing / searches", "value": "27 hits in prior two days; 10 sampled, 0 exceptions; 1 instance of sharing with outside agency; 0 staff searches noted; 13 mobile ALPRs; 2-day retention", "note": "", "source_type": "state auditor report", "source": "Minnesota OSA, State Patrol AUP, Jan 22, 2020", "source_url": "https://www.auditor.state.mn.us/media/jngn4ftz/minnesotastatepatrolaup_20_report.pdf", "source_date": "2020-01-22", "quote": "had one instance of sharing data from the ALPR system with an outside agency", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 503, "jurisdiction": "Minnesota State Patrol", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Office of the State Auditor agreed-upon procedures (Minn. Stat. 13.824 biennial audit)", "period": "2020-01-01 to 2021-12-31", "metric": "Searches / hits / retention", "value": "4 searches in 2 years, all with documented purpose; 2 hits retained at audit; 11 mobile ALPRs; 2-day retention; 0 public requests; 0 data shared externally; 0 exceptions", "note": "", "source_type": "state auditor report", "source": "Minnesota OSA, Minnesota State Patrol ALPR Agreed-Upon Procedures, Mar 25, 2022", "source_url": "https://www.osa.state.mn.us/media/3ihlmqhd/minnesotastatepatrolalpraup_22_report.pdf", "source_date": "2022-03-25", "quote": "There were four license plate searches by State Patrol staff during this period", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 504, "jurisdiction": "Minnesota State Patrol", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial audit (MNSec)", "period": "2022-01-01 to 2023-12-31", "metric": "Active ALPR systems / retention / requests", "value": "6 active systems on patrol vehicles; 0 stationary; 2-day retention on all 6; 0 inter-agency requests; compliant in all areas", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "MNSec 2023 ALPR Audit, Minnesota State Patrol, Feb 27, 2024", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2024/mandated/240398.pdf", "source_date": "2024-02-27", "quote": "All 6 devices had 2-day retention settings at the device level.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 505, "jurisdiction": "Minnetrista PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent ALPR audit (MNSec)", "period": "2024-06-01 to 2026-05-31", "metric": "Stationary Flock units / compliance", "value": "4 / compliant on all sections", "note": "May 2026 search sample all had justifiable reasons.", "source_type": "statutory audit", "source": "Minnesota Security Consortium, Minnetrista PD ALPR audit", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/260987.pdf", "source_date": "2026-06-08", "quote": "They had 4 stationary Flock ALPR units at the time of this audit.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 506, "jurisdiction": "New Hope MN PD", "state": "MN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "May 8, 2024 – Jun 29, 2026 (26 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "6,628 records", "note": "Case number: 1,427 (21.5%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: New Hope MN PD (May 2024 – Jun 2026) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/new-hope-mn-jun2026", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 6,628", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 507, "jurisdiction": "Otter Tail County SO", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial ALPR audit (Lynn Lembcke Consulting)", "period": "2024-11-12 to 2026-07-31", "metric": "Squads / sharing / discrepancies", "value": "31 Axon squad ALPRs; 0 fixed; 60-day retention; 1 photo shared (homicide); 1 discrepancy (public log lacks collection times)", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "Lembcke, Otter Tail County SO Independent Audit Report, Oct 4, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/261569.pdf", "source_date": "2026-10-04", "quote": "utilizes Axon squad ALPRs in thirty-one (31) squads.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 508, "jurisdiction": "Paul Bunyan Drug Task Force (Beltrami County)", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial ALPR audit (Rampart Audit LLC) under Minn. Stat. 13.824", "period": "2 years ended 2025-10-23", "metric": "Reads retained / unique plates / hits", "value": "1,225,448 reads; 138,448 unique plates; 4,941 hits in preceding 30 days; 13 leased stationary Flock ALPRs", "note": "Majority of hits involve registered owner's driving status; 30-day Flock retention; no public requests", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "Rampart Audit, PBDTF ALPR Audit Report, Nov 28, 2025", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2025/mandated/251961.pdf", "source_date": "2025-11-28", "quote": "PBDTF retained records of 1,225,448 ALPR reads comprising 138,448 unique license plates", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 509, "jurisdiction": "Paul Bunyan Drug Task Force (Beltrami County)", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial ALPR audit", "period": "2 years ended 2025-10-23", "metric": "Audit exceptions", "value": "1 exception (downloads not recorded in audit trail); 1 sampled search lacking case number; 10-hit sample, 0 exceptions", "note": "Opinion: substantially compliant", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "Rampart Audit, PBDTF ALPR Audit Report", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2025/mandated/251961.pdf", "source_date": "2025-11-28", "quote": "ALPR data downloads are not recorded in the data audit trail.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 510, "jurisdiction": "Rochester PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "LOGIS biennial ALPR audit", "period": "2024", "metric": "Exceptions / retention", "value": "0 exceptions across 7 controls; 60-day retention", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "LOGIS ALPR Biennial Audit, Rochester PD, Dec 19, 2024", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2024/mandated/241731.pdf", "source_date": "2024-12-19", "quote": "RPD provided screen print from ALPR System showing retention settings set to 60 days.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 511, "jurisdiction": "South Saint Paul MN PD", "state": "MN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Aug 1, 2025 – Jul 31, 2026 (12 months; Apr 18–30, 2026 not provided)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "40,470 records; 85 organisations", "note": "Case number: 30,093 (74.4%), all redacted", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: South Saint Paul MN PD (Aug 2025–Jul 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/south-saint-paul-mn-aug2025-jul2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 40,470; Organizations: 85", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 512, "jurisdiction": "South Saint Paul MN PD", "state": "MN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Nov 1, 2025 – Jul 31, 2026 (9 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "2,332 records", "note": "Case number: 1,190 (51.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: South Saint Paul MN PD (Aug 2025–Jul 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/south-saint-paul-mn-aug2025-jul2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 2,332", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 513, "jurisdiction": "St. Cloud PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial ALPR audit (Rampart Audit LLC)", "period": "2 years ended 2026-02-28", "metric": "Reads / hits retained", "value": "Mobile (Axon): 1,053,902 reads, 7,603 hits (60 days); stationary (Flock): 94,035 reads, 5,304 hits (30 days); ~39 of 40 Axon units, 5 Flock cameras; 4 superusers", "note": "No data beyond retention; 0 public requests; Axon audit trail 'unrefined and difficult to read'; compliant opinion", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "Rampart Audit, St. Cloud PD ALPR Audit Report, Apr 29, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/260781.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04-29", "quote": "SCPD retained records of 1,053,902 mobile ALPR reads", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 514, "jurisdiction": "St. Francis PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent ALPR audit (Minn. Stat. 13.824)", "period": "2025-07-03 to 2025-11-30", "metric": "Discrepancies / data shares with other agencies / retention", "value": "0 / 0 / 30 days", "note": "Axon squad ALPRs only; no fixed units.", "source_type": "statutory audit", "source": "Lynn Lembcke Consulting, St. Francis PD ALPR audit", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/260211.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-29", "quote": "did not share ALPR data with another law enforcement agency", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 515, "jurisdiction": "St. Paul PD", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "LOGIS biennial ALPR audit", "period": "2025 (period not stated)", "metric": "Exceptions / retention", "value": "0 exceptions across 7 controls; 60-day retention", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "LOGIS ALPR Biennial Audit Results Report, St. Paul PD, Dec 19, 2025", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2025/mandated/251966.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-19", "quote": "SPPD provided screen print from ALPR systems showing retention settings set to 60 days.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 516, "jurisdiction": "St. Paul PD / New Brighton PD / Stillwater PD", "state": "MN", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Flock sharing settings and transparency portals", "period": "2026-08", "metric": "St. Paul agencies granted access / New Brighton searches (30 days) / Stillwater searches", "value": "more than 60 MN agencies / 11 / 37", "note": "More than 40 MN agencies have transparency portals.", "source_type": "agency dashboard (via press)", "source": "KSTP, 'The number of agencies with access to police Flock camera data in Minnesota ranges from zero to hundreds'", "source_url": "https://kstp.com/?p=4002441", "source_date": "2026-08-20", "quote": "St. Paul police have granted access to more than 60 Minnesota agencies.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 517, "jurisdiction": "Willmar / Mounds View / Belle Plaine / New Prague / Shakopee / Blaine / New Hope / Roseville PDs", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Lynn Lembcke Consulting biennial ALPR audits filed with Legislature", "period": "2024-2026", "metric": "Cameras and discrepancies", "value": "Willmar 7 fixed + 2 mobile Flock (Aug 24, 2025); Mounds View 10 Flock (Feb 24, 2026); Belle Plaine 5 (Jun 15, 2026); New Prague 4 (Mar 24, 2026); Shakopee 6 Flock + Axon squads (Jun 15, 2026); all 30-day retention (Shakopee Axon 60); 0 discrepancies each; 0 security breaches", "note": "Blaine (Nov 3, 2025), New Hope (May 6, 2026), Roseville (Jan 29, 2026) likewise 0 discrepancies, 30-day retention", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "Lembcke Independent Audit Reports (LRL mandated reports 251402, 260490, 261027, 260654, 261013, 251717, 260881, 260188)", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2025/mandated/251402.pdf", "source_date": "2026-06-15", "quote": "utilizes Flock Falcon ALPRs in seven (7) permanent locations.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 518, "jurisdiction": "Woodbury DPS", "state": "MN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2025 to Feb 2026", "metric": "Houston PD share of 2025 network searches / organisations per month before and after Jun 2025 restriction / after Dec 2025", "value": "16.4% (625,213) / about 3,300 to about 419 / 78", "note": "3,817,002 network records; 2,823 immigration-term records (West Chicago IL PD 554, Florida Highway Patrol 355); USPIS 29,953; own case-number share 15.6%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Woodbury MN DPS (June 2026) (2026-06-18)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodbury-mn-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-18", "quote": "Houston TX PD alone accounts for 625,213 searches — 16.4% of all 2025 network queries — from 1,200 miles away.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 519, "jurisdiction": "Woodbury MN DPS", "state": "MN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Feb 2026", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "11,407 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodbury MN DPS (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodbury-mn-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 11,407", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 520, "jurisdiction": "Woodbury MN DPS", "state": "MN", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 2025 – Feb 2026", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "3,817,002 records; 4,302 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Woodbury MN DPS (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/woodbury-mn-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,817,002; Organizations: 4,302", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 521, "jurisdiction": "Woodbury Public Safety", "state": "MN", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Independent biennial Flock ALPR audit (MNSec)", "period": "2024-01-01 to 2025-12-31", "metric": "Cameras / retention / exceptions", "value": "17 stationary Flock units; retention <=60 days; 0 exceptions", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory biennial audit", "source": "MNSec 2026 Flock ALPR Audit Executive Summary, Woodbury, Feb 5, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.lrl.mn.gov/docs/2026/mandated/260248.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02-05", "quote": "They had 17 active stationary Flock ALPR units and no mobile Flock units, at the time of this audit.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 522, "jurisdiction": "Jefferson County MO SO", "state": "MO", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 1 – Jul 31, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "3,761 records", "note": "Case number: 114 (3.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Jefferson County MO SO (Jul 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/jefferson-county-mo-jul2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 3,761", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 523, "jurisdiction": "Jefferson County SO", "state": "MO", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jul 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / one operator's searches of one plate in three hours", "value": "3.0% / 239", "note": "3,761 searches in the month; one operator ran 644 searches, all 'Traffic Infraction', on 42 plates", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Jefferson County MO SO (Jul 2026) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/jefferson-county-mo-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "On July 14, Hamby searched one plate 239 times in three hours.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 524, "jurisdiction": "Joplin PD", "state": "MO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records obtained by Deflock Joplin (KSMU tentatively confirmed)", "period": "2025", "metric": "Share of department searches by one user / repeat searches of single plates", "value": "almost a quarter; one plate ~400 times, another ~150", "note": "JPD dismissed the employee (announced 2026-01-10) and pledged monthly audits.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "KSMU, 'Joplin residents investigating city's use of Flock cameras'", "source_url": "https://www.ksmu.org/news/2026-01-21/joplin-residents-investigating-citys-use-of-flock-cameras", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "responsible for almost a quarter of the department's searches in Flock", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 525, "jurisdiction": "Joplin PD", "state": "MO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Joplin PD Flock audit (cited by Washington Post)", "period": "2026", "metric": "Searches with one-word justifications / searches linked to a criminal case", "value": "85% / under 3%", "note": "Read in a secondary report.", "source_type": "press", "source": "Washington Post via ADN", "source_url": "https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2026/08/02/how-rogue-officers-turned-a-nationwide-camera-network-into-a-tool-for-stalking/", "source_date": "2026-08-02", "quote": "Joplin, Missouri audit: 85% of searches had one-word justifications; under 3% linked to a criminal case", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 526, "jurisdiction": "Lee's Summit PD", "state": "MO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock search data via Missouri Sunshine Law request", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-07-01", "metric": "Searches of Lee's Summit Flock data / cameras / officers searching / concentration", "value": "almost 2,700 / 55 cameras / 89 officers / ~25% of searches by three officers", "note": "Theft most common reason, then fugitives, drugs. Outside-agency count unclear from data.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "KCUR, 'Lee's Summit restricts Flock data access by law enforcement after criticism from residents'", "source_url": "https://www.kcur.org/politics-elections-and-government/2026-09-15/lees-summit-restricts-flock-data-access-by-law-enforcement-after-criticism-from-residents", "source_date": "2026-09-15", "quote": "Almost 2,700 searches were made of Flock data from Lee's Summit 55 Flock cameras", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 527, "jurisdiction": "Liberty MO PD", "state": "MO", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Dec 1, 2025 – Aug 10, 2026 (253 days; the last day of each month from December through July not covered)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "2,174 records", "note": "Case number: 543 (25.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Liberty MO PD (Dec 2025 – Aug 2026) (October 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/liberty-mo-dec2025-aug2026", "source_date": "October 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 2,174", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 528, "jurisdiction": "Liberty MO PD", "state": "MO", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Dec 1, 2025 – Aug 10, 2026 (253 days; the last day of each month from December through July not covered)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "7,131,712 records; 4,000 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 3,087,585 records; blank on 4,044,127", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Liberty MO PD (Dec 2025 – Aug 2026) (October 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/liberty-mo-dec2025-aug2026", "source_date": "October 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 7,131,712; Organizations: 4,000", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 529, "jurisdiction": "Liberty PD", "state": "MO", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Dec 2025 to Apr 2026", "metric": "Network records with Flock's two immigration categories / agencies", "value": "310 / 36", "note": "686 keyword matches, many unrelated (ice cream thefts, a pawn shop)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Liberty MO PD (Dec 2025 – Aug 2026) (2026-10-08)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/liberty-mo-dec2025-aug2026", "source_date": "2026-10-08", "quote": "Flock’s two immigration categories, “Immigration (criminal)” and “Immigration (civil/administrative)”, appear in 310 network records from 36 agencies.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 530, "jurisdiction": "O'Fallon PD", "state": "MO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit log - single FreeForm search scope", "period": "2025-2026", "metric": "Devices / networks searched by FreeForm query 'jeans'", "value": "41,054 devices / 2,707 networks", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: Flock's FreeForm Free-For-All", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/freeform-freeforall", "source_date": "2026-03-09", "quote": "The search \"jeans\" hit 41,054 devices across 2,707 networks.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 531, "jurisdiction": "St. Charles County PD", "state": "MO", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit tool review", "period": "2026-01-01 onward", "metric": "Employees with abnormal search pattern / cameras / other unauthorized patterns", "value": "1 (fired; dept ending Flock) / 28 cameras (20 parks, 8 streets) / 0", "note": "County averages 30-50 felony arrests a year via remaining non-Flock LPR vendor.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "KCUR / St. Louis Public Radio, 'A Missouri police department axes Flock cameras after staffer's egregious misuse'", "source_url": "https://www.kcur.org/news/2026-08-23/flock-cameras-misuse-missouri-st-charles-county-police", "source_date": "2026-08-23", "quote": "There are 28 Flock cameras across the county, 20 within county parks and eight across various streets.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 532, "jurisdiction": "Apex PD", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Organization audit vs transparency portal; network audits of 70 other departments", "period": "2025-07 to 2026-08-17", "metric": "Searches in 12 months / own searches Jun 1-Aug 17, 2026 / 30-day searches per org audit vs portal / federal searches reaching Apex cameras Jan-Apr 2026 / networks per search (Jul 2025 vs 2026)", "value": "at least 4,506 / 2,649 / 868 vs 144 / ~9,700 / 986 vs 6,896", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-08-20 (before window); 7 cameras; one search can reach 100,075 cameras", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlock Apex, 'What the Audit Log Reveals' (updated Aug 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockapex.org/audit", "source_date": "2026-08-20", "quote": "APD's own Organization Audit shows 868 for the same window.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 533, "jurisdiction": "Appalachian State University PD network", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit (3 cameras in Boone)", "period": "2026-03 to 2026-05", "metric": "Searches / agencies / share outside NC / Houston PD / Charlotte-Mecklenburg PD / median networks per lookup", "value": "1,511,722 / 3,487 / 84% / 177,461 / 13,392 / ~6,000", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-08-11 (before window); contract $16,050 over 24 months", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'Appalachian State Flock Cameras: 3 Readers, 1.5M Searches' (Aug 11, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/appalachian-state-flock-alpr-audit/", "source_date": "2026-08-11", "quote": "In a single quarter, agencies searched them 1,511,722 times — 84% from outside North Carolina.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 534, "jurisdiction": "Asheville PD", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Quarterly ALPR audit cited by city", "period": "2026-04 to 2026-06", "metric": "Searches (audit log entries) by Asheville police / share with stated reason / partner networks and cameras queried per search", "value": "over 2,700,000 / 100% / 1,800+ networks, 23,000 cameras", "note": "Police say one investigator search produces hundreds/thousands of audit-log 'hits'; council terminated 11-camera contract in August", "source_type": "Press report on agency audit", "source": "WLOS, 'Asheville residents press police on 2.7M ALPR searches cited in audit' (Oct 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://wlos.com/newsletter-daily/asheville-residents-press-police-on-27m-alpr-searches-cited-in-audit-automatic-license-plate-readers-automated-flock-axon-police-department-automated-holding-leaders-accountable", "source_date": "2026-10-23", "quote": "there were over 2.7 million searches by Asheville police between April and June of this year.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 535, "jurisdiction": "Brunswick County SO", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Organization audit (Have I Been Flocked dataset) analysed by DeFlockILM", "period": "2023-02-07 to 2026-09-21", "metric": "Searches / operators / searches with no case number / searches with case number (unique cases) / distinct reason strings / 'Traffic Infraction' searches Jan-Jun 2026", "value": "83,232 (83,346 by Oct 2) / 96 / 75,004 (90.1%) / 8,228 (170 cases) / 866 (40 single-character) / 1,005", "note": "One search reached 6,887 networks; 28 repeat-target patterns, e.g. one plate 418 times in 5 days Jun-Sep 2025", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, Sep 7 and Oct 2, 2026", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/cape-fear-flock-90-percent-no-case-number/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "75,004 of them, or 90.1 percent, were run with no case number.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 536, "jurisdiction": "Brunswick County SO", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock Account Event Log (sharing grants)", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-08-31", "metric": "Grants of access / distinct outside agencies / outside North Carolina / grants incl. Search / Alerts / video (VMS) / Analytics", "value": "388 / 355 / 353 (13+ states) / 238 / 223 / 140 / 80", "note": "13 shares deleted in same window", "source_type": "Public analysis of agency event log", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'The County's Log Shows 388 Grants of Access' (Oct 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/brunswick-flock-not-shared-fact-check/", "source_date": "2026-10-20", "quote": "of the 388 grants, 238 included Search, 223 Alerts, 140 live or recorded video (VMS), and 80 Analytics.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 537, "jurisdiction": "Brunswick County SO", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock Account Event Log (Audit Assistance flags) obtained by WECT/DeFlockILM", "period": "2026-08-18 to 2026-08-31", "metric": "'Needs Review' flags generated in 13 days / employees flagged / flags on one account / flags archived on Aug 31 / users with system access (before/after policy)", "value": "145 / 17 / 65 / 145 / 79 to 49", "note": "Audit Assistance enabled Aug 18 (day Lt. Little resigned); Little charged Oct 5-6 with six counts of ALPR misuse (WLOS reports 18 charges)", "source_type": "Press/public analysis of agency event log", "source": "WECT Investigates (Oct 19 and Oct 22, 2026); DeFlockILM (Oct 2, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.wect.com/2026/10/22/wect-investigates-insider-uncovering-flock-records-policy-changes-brunswick-county/", "source_date": "2026-10-22", "quote": "The records show all 145 flags were archived on Aug. 31.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 538, "jurisdiction": "Buncombe County NC SO", "state": "NC", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Mar 7, 2026 – Apr 7, 2026 (~1 month)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "1,048,575 records; 3,499 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Buncombe County NC SO (Apr 2026) (Apr 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/buncombe-co-nc-apr2026", "source_date": "Apr 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,048,575; Organizations: 3,499", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 539, "jurisdiction": "Buncombe County SO", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit log (public records / portal), HIBF fields-seen page", "period": "period not stated on page", "metric": "Records released by agency in one release", "value": "1,046,194", "note": "Fields: Networks Searched, Time Frame, Search Time, Search Type (network-audit style); page last updated 2026-11-02", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked agency page: Buncombe County NC SO - Fields Seen", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/pd/3531-buncombe-county-nc-so/fields-seen", "source_date": "2026-11-02", "quote": "Networks Searched | Released in full | 1,046,194 records in 1 release", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 540, "jurisdiction": "Burlington PD / Asheville PD / Cabarrus County SO (pilot outcomes)", "state": "NC", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "SBI Final Report agency-reported outcomes", "period": "2025-05 to 2026-06 (Burlington); pilot period", "metric": "Burlington: cases cleared / cleared by arrest / stolen vehicles recovered / missing persons / firearms; Asheville: cases assisted / arrests / missing persons; Cabarrus: arrests", "value": "177 / 111 / 62 / 11 / 6; 243 / 64 / 15; over 50", "note": "Person County SO: >20 arrests; Ocean Isle Beach: 15 cases solved in 2026", "source_type": "Statutory report (primary)", "source": "NC SBI Final Report, Sep 24, 2026", "source_url": "https://webservices.ncleg.gov/ViewDocSiteFile/120604", "source_date": "2026-09-24", "quote": "Asheville PD: 243 cases assisted, 64 arrests, 15 missing persons located", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 541, "jurisdiction": "Charlotte-Mecklenburg PD", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "NC SBI charge for unauthorized Flock/plate search", "period": "2026-06-16", "metric": "unauthorized searches charged", "value": "1", "note": "Officer Seth Elliot charged with illegally accessing a government computer", "source_type": "press", "source": "WBTV/WITN, 'Charlotte-Mecklenburg police officer accused of running illegal search using Flock Safety'", "source_url": "https://www.witn.com/2026/07/29/charlotte-mecklenburg-police-officer-accused-running-illegal-search-using-flock-safety-offenders-data-base/", "source_date": "2026-07-29", "quote": "allegedly ran an unauthorized search", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 542, "jurisdiction": "Columbus County SO / Pender County SO (own searches)", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Organization audits (Have I Been Flocked dataset)", "period": "2025 (seven-month windows)", "metric": "Columbus Co: searches / operators / max single-plate searches; Pender Co: searches / operators / max single-plate searches", "value": "26,574 / 40 / 213 in 13 days; 7,059 / 26 / 362 over 108 days", "note": "", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM (Sep 7, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/cape-fear-flock-90-percent-no-case-number/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "Columbus County's Sheriff's Office logs 26,574 searches by 40 operators.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 543, "jurisdiction": "Five NC agencies (aggregate)", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Network audits from five NC agencies, deduplicated", "period": "three-month windows, 2026", "metric": "Unique searches touching the five networks", "value": "3,877,890", "note": "3,904 distinct searching agencies; about 90% of searches from out of state; two files truncated at Excel's row limit", "source_type": "FOIA aggregate with code", "source": "DeFlock ILM methodology; data on Internet Archive", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/nc-flock-aggregate-methodology/", "source_date": "2026", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 544, "jurisdiction": "Hendersonville / Henderson County SO", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Sheriff's statement of outcomes", "period": "2023 to 2026-08", "metric": "Cameras / missing persons found / stolen property recovered", "value": "13 / 8 / $200,000+", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-08-18 (just before window); 30-day retention", "source_type": "Press report of agency figures", "source": "Hendersonville Lightning, 'Sheriff defends use of Flock cameras' (Aug 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.hendersonvillelightning.com/news/16253-sheriff-defends-use-of-flock-cameras-cites-safeguards.html", "source_date": "2026-08-18", "quote": "Law officers have used Flock information to find and safely return eight missing persons,", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 545, "jurisdiction": "Kure Beach PD network", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network and organization audits", "period": "five months, 2026", "metric": "Searches / organisations / share outside NC / own officers' searches / own searches coded 'Traffic Infraction'", "value": "2,560,152 / 3,712 / 92.5% / 816 / 275", "note": "Town of ~2,400 residents, 4 cameras", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'New Hanover's Flock Cameras, By the Numbers' (Sep 7, 2026, updated Nov 1)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/new-hanover-flock-by-the-numbers/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "searched 2,560,152 times over five months by 3,712 organizations, 92.5% from outside NC.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 546, "jurisdiction": "New Hanover County SO", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "County Flock 'Outcomes' log (released) vs network audit", "period": "2025-11 to late 2026-08 (searches ~9.5 months); outcomes through 2026-09-08", "metric": "Searches of NHSO network / total logged outcomes / arrests / stolen vehicles recovered / guns recovered / drug seizures", "value": "2,980,082 / 66 / 43 / 5 / 3 / 0", "note": "~1 arrest per 69,000 searches; contract cancelled 4-0 Sep 8, 2026; AC-HIDTA MOU effective Mar 20, 2025", "source_type": "Public analysis of released agency records", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'New Hanover Ships Your Plate Data to Three States and the Feds' (Sep 11, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/new-hanover-shares-plate-data-states-feds/", "source_date": "2026-09-11", "quote": "The New Hanover Sheriff’s Flock network was searched 2,980,082 times.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 547, "jurisdiction": "New Hanover County SO (own outbound searches)", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Organization audit", "period": "2024-11 to 2026-09", "metric": "Outbound searches by NHSO personnel / operator identities / share with case number / share with no reason / share with operator name redacted", "value": "76,654 / 85 / ~6% / 23.6% / ~79%", "note": "Includes a Nov 22, 2025 search coded 'Protest'/'Intel' hours before a protest", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM (Sep 6, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/who-searched-new-hanover-flock/", "source_date": "2026-09-06", "quote": "Nearly a quarter of New Hanover's own searches — about 23.6% — carry no reason at all.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 548, "jurisdiction": "New Hanover County SO network", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Redacted network audit with searcher recovered by cross-matching other agencies' audits", "period": "2025-01-23 to 2026-06-05 (~16 months)", "metric": "Search records / recovered with single searching agency / distinct searching organisations / share outside NC / Houston PD / Dallas PD / searches per day", "value": "~2,980,000 / ~2,820,000 (99.0%) / 4,600+ / ~94% / 75,000+ / 55,000+ / ~5,700 (NHSO ~13)", "note": "State shares: GA ~12%, TX ~11%, FL ~10%, NC ~6%", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'We Recovered the Searcher for About 96%' (Sep 6, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/who-searched-new-hanover-flock/", "source_date": "2026-09-06", "quote": "New Hanover's cameras were searched by more than 4,600 distinct searching organizations in the recovered data.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 549, "jurisdiction": "North Carolina (six agencies' network audits)", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Immigration-labelled searches of NC Flock cameras (Carolina Beach, Kure Beach, UNC Pembroke, NC A&T, Whiteville, Western Carolina audits)", "period": "2026 (audit windows vary)", "metric": "Distinct searches with immigration-naming reason / 'criminal immigration' / 'civil-administrative' / tagged 'I.C.E.' / top searchers", "value": "2,698 / 1,901 / 833 / 219 / Florida Highway Patrol 377; Florida FWC 270; Sevierville TN PD 215", "note": "Combined ~3.9M distinct searches, 12.4M search-to-camera exposures; Houston PD 315,285 NC searches, none immigration-labelled", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'Immigration Enforcement Is Searching North Carolina's Flock Cameras — 2,698 Times' (Sep 1, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/immigration-searches-north-carolina-flock/", "source_date": "2026-09-01", "quote": "Across those six agencies’ audits, 2,698 distinct searches carried a stated reason that named immigration", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 550, "jurisdiction": "North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI)", "state": "NC", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "SBI initial report on DOT right-of-way ALPR pilot (S.L. 2023-151 s.5(b)) to Joint Legislative Oversight Committees", "period": "2025-07 to 2026-03-15", "metric": "Participating agencies / camera locations", "value": "32 agencies; 250 cameras requested; 17 agencies installed 140 camera locations; 75 pending", "note": "12 PDs, 19 sheriffs, SHP; 4 vendors", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "NCSBI Initial Report on the Pilot Program to Install ALPRs, Apr 7, 2026", "source_url": "https://webservices.ncleg.gov/ViewDocSiteFile/118452", "source_date": "2026-04-07", "quote": "These agencies have installed 140 camera locations as of the submission of this report.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 551, "jurisdiction": "North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI)", "state": "NC", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "SBI initial pilot report, data table", "period": "2025-07 to 2026-03-15", "metric": "Plates captured by agency", "value": "New Hanover Co SO 35,467,207 (19 cams); Burlington PD 31,539,172 (20); Raleigh PD 14,828,580 (3); Lenoir Co SO 13,921,672 (16); Harnett Co SO 11,756,666 (20); Hendersonville PD 7,881,515 (11); Columbus Co SO 6,846,282 (6); Wilkes 5,817,293; Asheville 5,452,647; Macon 4,660,138; McDowell 3,960,337; Cabarrus 3,177,959; Richmond 2,889,019; Franklin 1,903,965; Person 1,769,474; Ocean Isle 724,934; Randolph 111,576 (sum ~152.7M)", "note": "Sum computed by us; not stated in the report", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "NCSBI Initial Report Apr 7, 2026", "source_url": "https://webservices.ncleg.gov/ViewDocSiteFile/118452", "source_date": "2026-04-07", "quote": "New Hanover County Sheriff's Office | 19 | 35,467,207", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 552, "jurisdiction": "North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI)", "state": "NC", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "SBI initial pilot report", "period": "2025-07 to 2026-03-15", "metric": "Data preserved beyond 90 days", "value": "0 occasions", "note": "Raleigh 3 cameras generated 956 NCIC alerts (227 stolen vehicle) Jul 2025-Jan 2026; Burlington 71 arrests/citations, 37 stolen vehicles recovered", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "NCSBI Initial Report Apr 7, 2026", "source_url": "https://webservices.ncleg.gov/ViewDocSiteFile/118452", "source_date": "2026-04-07", "quote": "There were zero (0) occasions that the data captured by these cameras was preserved for more than 90 days during the pilot program.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 553, "jurisdiction": "North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI)", "state": "NC", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "SBI Final Report on ALPR pilot program to General Assembly", "period": "2025-07 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "Participating agencies / readers requested / agencies that installed / installed camera locations / locations pending", "value": "35 / 340 / 20 / 176 / 149", "note": "Vendors: Flock, ELSAG, Motorola/Vigilant; program made permanent by SL 2026-41", "source_type": "Statutory report (primary)", "source": "NC SBI Final Report, ALPR Pilot Program, Sep 24, 2026", "source_url": "https://webservices.ncleg.gov/ViewDocSiteFile/120604", "source_date": "2026-09-24", "quote": "As of July 1, 2026, there were 20 agencies that installed ALPRs in DOT rights-of-way under the pilot program.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 554, "jurisdiction": "North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI)", "state": "NC", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "SBI Final Report, plates captured by agency through June 30, 2026 (full table)", "period": "2025-07 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "Plates captured by agency (camera locations)", "value": "New Hanover SO 66,116,783 (19); Burlington PD 57,629,789 (20); Harnett SO 30,181,112 (20); Raleigh PD 24,191,886 (3); Lenoir SO 23,489,532 (16); NC SHP 19,953,376 (22); Hendersonville PD 17,687,414 (11); Brunswick SO 12,207,365 (8); Columbus SO 9,336,122 (6); Wilkes SO 9,206,167 (7); Asheville PD 8,138,331 (2); Cabarrus SO 7,871,995 (6); Macon SO 7,741,063 (5); McDowell SO 6,605,448 (5); Richmond SO 4,824,871 (5); UNC Charlotte PD 4,032,325 (6); Franklin SO 3,487,816 (5); Person SO 3,227,266 (4); Ocean Isle Beach PD 2,486,333 (2); Randolph SO 1,226,659 (4); sum 319,641,653", "note": "Total not stated in report; sum computed (also by DeFlockILM). 0 occasions data preserved beyond 90 days.", "source_type": "Statutory report (primary)", "source": "NC SBI Final Report, Sep 24, 2026", "source_url": "https://webservices.ncleg.gov/ViewDocSiteFile/120604", "source_date": "2026-09-24", "quote": "There were zero (0) occasions that the data captured by these cameras was preserved for more than 90 days", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 555, "jurisdiction": "North Carolina (statewide pilot, SBI)", "state": "NC", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "SBI final pilot report to lawmakers (Sept 24, 2026), via press", "period": "2025-08 to 2026-07-01", "metric": "Scans by agency", "value": "New Hanover Co SO 66M+ (19 cameras); Burlington PD 57.6M; Brunswick Co 12.2M; Columbus Co 9.3M; Ocean Isle Beach 2.48M; 20 agencies participated", "note": "Primary final report not located online; SBI to report annually by March 1", "source_type": "press report of statutory report", "source": "WECT Investigates, SBI report details license plate scan numbers", "source_url": "https://www.wect.com/2026/10/13/wect-investigates-sbi-report-details-license-plate-scan-numbers/", "source_date": "2026-10-13", "quote": "19 New Hanover County Sheriff's Office cameras on state rights-of-way captured more than 66 million license plate scans between August 2025 and July 1, 2026.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 556, "jurisdiction": "North Carolina (statewide reconstruction)", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "DeFlockILM statewide reconstruction from 247 audit files in 13 states", "period": "2025-2026", "metric": "Top in-state searchers (searches) / repeat-target patterns statewide / Burlington PD lookups coded 'Protest Intelligence' (Nov 21-22, 2025)", "value": "Raleigh 69,376; Robeson Co 53,562; Gastonia 46,385 / 1,100+ / ~60", "note": "About 90% of searches on five full-release networks from outside NC", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM (Sep 7, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/cape-fear-flock-90-percent-no-case-number/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "Burlington Police: about 60 lookups coded Protest Intelligence, November 21–22, 2025.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 557, "jurisdiction": "Pender County SO network", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit produced Oct 15, 2026", "period": "2026-06-01 to 2026-08-26", "metric": "Searches touching Pender cameras / agencies / out-of-state agencies / agencies with 1,000+ searches / max networks reached by one search", "value": "2,101,548 / 3,591 / 3,386 (~94%) / 423 / 7,143", "note": "Top: Louisville Metro 43,533; Texas DPS 38,857; Hillsborough Co FL 38,842; Jacksonville SO 34,021; SBI (top NC) 11,683. Reasons: drugs 120,840; wanted 111,292; MV theft 91,162; traffic infraction 83,346", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'Pender Taxpayers Are Funding a Spy Network — for Texas' (Oct 17, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/pender-flock-network-audit-2-million-searches/", "source_date": "2026-10-17", "quote": "In those three months, 3,591 different law-enforcement agencies ran searches that reached Pender's cameras.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 558, "jurisdiction": "Surf City PD", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Shared-networks file (Sep 1, 2026) and transparency portal", "period": "2026-09", "metric": "Organisations in sharing file / agencies Surf City shares out to / receives from / plate reads in 30 days / own searches in 30 days", "value": "281 / 187 / 202 / 102,926 / 21", "note": "Town of ~3,000; 31-day retention; five-year contract Nov 2023", "source_type": "Public analysis of released agency records", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'Surf City Has Run Flock Since 2023 — and Shares It With 187 Agencies' (Sep 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/surf-city-flock-alpr/", "source_date": "2026-09-18", "quote": "sharing its cameras out to 187 of them, and receiving from 202", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 559, "jurisdiction": "UNC Asheville PD network", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit produced Sep 8, 2026", "period": "2026-03-01 to 2026-05-31", "metric": "Searches / agencies / share outside NC / share with no case number / median networks per search", "value": "1,280,229 / 3,472 / ~79% / ~69% / 6,127", "note": "Texas ~157,000; Georgia ~151,000; Florida ~127,000; Indiana ~88,000; SBI ~10,000; campus PD own: 39 'Traffic Infraction', 66 'City Planning/Traffic Analysis'", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, 'The Campus Cameras Asheville Didn't Cancel' (Sep 9, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/unc-asheville-flock-campus-audit/", "source_date": "2026-09-09", "quote": "About 69% of searches carried no case number.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 560, "jurisdiction": "UNC Charlotte PD network", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audits (three months) produced Jul 30, 2026", "period": "2026-03 to 2026-05", "metric": "Searches / agencies / share from outside NC / Houston PD searches / Charlotte-Mecklenburg PD searches / campus PD's own searches", "value": "3,775,134 / 3,806 / ~94% / >183,000 / 13,733 / ~228", "note": "Jul 31 post gave floor of 3,145,725 (Excel row cap); CMPD monthly 4,907/4,276/4,550", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM (Oct 17, 2026; Jul 31, 2026 post updated Nov 1)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/unc-charlotte-flock-audit/", "source_date": "2026-10-17", "quote": "UNC Charlotte: 3,775,134 searches in three months, 3,806 agencies, roughly 94% from outside North Carolina.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 561, "jurisdiction": "UNC-Chapel Hill PD network", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit (30-day) produced Oct 15, 2026 and organization audit", "period": "2026-08-25 to 2026-09-24 (network); 2026-01-01 to 2026-09-25 (own)", "metric": "Inbound searches / searching agencies / NC agencies among them / campus PD's own searches / cameras / plates scanned in 2026", "value": "206,411 / 2,450 / 0 / 622 / 23 / 17,000,000+", "note": "Top: Houston PD 4,925; Coweta Co SO 4,281; Gwinnett Co SO 3,392; Fort Worth 2,962; DeSoto Co MS 2,338; Texas DPS 2,229; Kentucky State Police 2,145", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, '206,411 Searches, Zero From North Carolina' (Oct 17, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/unc-chapel-hill-flock-out-of-state-searches/", "source_date": "2026-10-17", "quote": "We classified all 2,450 by that state designator and found no North Carolina agency.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 562, "jurisdiction": "Whiteville PD network", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audits (nine cameras)", "period": "2026-04 to 2026-07", "metric": "Outside-agency searches / share from outside NC / outside agencies per month", "value": "1,167,710 / 93-99.9% / 34 (April) rising to 2,800+ (July)", "note": "", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM, '83,232 Flock Searches. 90% Had No Case Number' (Sep 7, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/cape-fear-flock-90-percent-no-case-number/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "1,167,710 outside-agency searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 563, "jurisdiction": "Winston-Salem State University PD / Western Carolina University PD / UNC Pembroke PD / NC A&T PD", "state": "NC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audits (campus networks)", "period": "2026-05-30 to 2026-08-28 (WSSU); four months (WCU); three months (UNCP, NC A&T Mar-May 2026)", "metric": "Searches of campus networks", "value": "WSSU 1,430,185 (~2,900 agencies/month, ~86% outside NC); WCU 15 (all own police); UNC Pembroke >1,500,000 by ~3,480 agencies (~285,000 from four Texas agencies, 10 cameras); NC A&T 1,390,776 by 3,487 agencies (16 cameras)", "note": "", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlockILM (Sep 9 and Oct 17, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockilm.org/unc-asheville-flock-campus-audit/", "source_date": "2026-09-09", "quote": "Winston-Salem State University: 1,430,185 times in three months (May 30 – Aug 28, 2026)", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 564, "jurisdiction": "Wrightsville Beach PD", "state": "NC", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Early Flock audit (system live March 2026)", "period": "2026-03 to 2026-09", "metric": "Officers found with access discrepancy / indicted", "value": "1 / 1 (indicted Sep 8, 2026 under G.S. 20-183.31(b))", "note": "SBI investigation opened Jul 16, 2026; officer no longer employed", "source_type": "Agency press release + press report", "source": "WECT (Sep 8, 2026); Town of Wrightsville Beach press release Sep 8, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.wect.com/2026/09/08/wrightsville-beach-officer-no-longer-employed-over-flock-camera-violation/", "source_date": "2026-09-08", "quote": "The audit revealed a discrepancy involving one police officer's access to the system.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 565, "jurisdiction": "Fargo PD", "state": "ND", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock transparency portal / search log (30 days)", "period": "2026-05-31 to 2026-06-29", "metric": "Searches / unique vehicles detected / cameras / searches labeled terrorism", "value": "490 / 377,190 / 21 LPR + 5 PTZ / 8", "note": "Motor vehicle theft ~1 in 4 searches; dozens of searches hit ~5,900 networks (nationwide).", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Valley News Live, '490 searches in 30 days: What Fargo PD's Flock camera data reveals'", "source_url": "https://www.valleynewslive.com/2026/07/01/490-searches-30-days-what-fargo-pds-flock-camera-data-reveals/", "source_date": "2026-07-01", "quote": "490 searches over a 30-day period", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 566, "jurisdiction": "Lincoln PD", "state": "NE", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory ALPR annual data report to NCC", "period": "2024-02-09 to 2024-12-31", "metric": "NCIC confirmed / non-correlated matches", "value": "79 confirmed; 789 non-correlated; 647 manual entries (26 confirmed, 32 non-correlated)", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Lincoln PD 2024 ALPR Data Collection Document (NCC)", "source_url": "https://ncc.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/Lincoln%20Police%20Department%202024%20ALPR%20Data%20Collection%20Document.pdf", "source_date": "2025", "quote": "NCIC 79 789", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 567, "jurisdiction": "Nebraska State Patrol", "state": "NE", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory ALPR annual data report to NCC", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Confirmed / non-correlated matches by source", "value": "NCIC 78/3; NCJIS 21/0; Outside System 9/0; manual entries 721 (159 confirmed)", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "NSP 2025 ALPR Data Collection (NCC)", "source_url": "https://ncc.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/NSP%202025%20ALPR%20Data%20Collection.pdf", "source_date": "2026", "quote": "MANUALLY ENTERED NUMBERS: 721 ... CONFIRMED MATCHES: 159", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 568, "jurisdiction": "Omaha PD", "state": "NE", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory ALPR annual data report to NCC", "period": "2024-06-01 to 2025-06-01", "metric": "NCIC confirmed / non-correlated matches", "value": "1,010 confirmed; 1,264 non-correlated", "note": "Prior year (6/1/23-6/1/24): 48 confirmed, 144 non-correlated, 23 manual entries", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Omaha PD ALPR Report 6-1-24 to 6-1-25 (NCC)", "source_url": "https://ncc.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/Omaha%20PD%20ALPR%20Report%206-1-24%20-%206-1-25.pdf", "source_date": "2025-06", "quote": "CONFIRMED MATCHESRow1: 1010 ... NONCORRELATED MATCHESRow1: 1264", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 569, "jurisdiction": "Omaha PD", "state": "NE", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory ALPR Privacy Act annual data report to Nebraska Crime Commission (Neb. Rev. Stat. 60-3206(3)(a))", "period": "2025-06-01 to 2026-05-31", "metric": "NCIC confirmed / non-correlated matches", "value": "3,321 confirmed; 118 non-correlated; manual entries 166 (24 confirmed)", "note": "Form reports matches only, not reads", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Omaha PD ALPR Report 6-1-25 to 5-31-26 (NCC)", "source_url": "https://ncc.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/OPD%20ALPR%20Report%206-1-25%20-%205-31-26.pdf", "source_date": "2026-06", "quote": "CONFIRMED MATCHESRow1: 3,321 ... NONCORRELATED MATCHESRow1: 118", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 570, "jurisdiction": "Sarpy County SO", "state": "NE", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory ALPR annual data report to NCC", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Confirmed / non-correlated matches", "value": "Flock 12,798 confirmed, 145 non-correlated; Motorola 38/0", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Sarpy SO ALPR Data Collection 2025 (NCC)", "source_url": "https://ncc.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/Sarpy%20SO%20ALPR_Data_Collection%202025.pdf", "source_date": "2026", "quote": "Flock 12798 145", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 571, "jurisdiction": "New Brunswick NJ PD", "state": "NJ", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 5 – Sep 15, 2026, UTC (about 8.5 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "970 records", "note": "Case number: redacted on all 970 records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: New Brunswick NJ PD (Jan–Sep 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/new-brunswick-nj-jan-sep2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 970", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 572, "jurisdiction": "New Jersey (statewide)", "state": "NJ", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual audit, AG Directive 2022-12", "period": "CY2023", "metric": "Agencies certifying ALPR audits", "value": "517", "note": "Two significant violations (protocol lapses), neither search unjustified", "source_type": "State statutory report", "source": "NJ OAG / NJSP 2023 ALPR audit via The Observer (16 Jul 2024)", "source_url": "https://theobserver.com/2024/07/16/state-releases-audit-of-automated-license-plate-readers", "source_date": "2024-07-16", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 573, "jurisdiction": "New Jersey (statewide)", "state": "NJ", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual audit", "period": "CY2024", "metric": "Agencies certifying ALPR audits", "value": "523", "note": "Two significant violations, both untrained authorised users; no data misuse reported", "source_type": "State statutory report", "source": "NJ OAG via WRNJ (28 Jul 2025)", "source_url": "https://wrnjradio.com/new-jersey-releases-2024-audit-of-license-plate-reader-data-two-significant-violations-identified/", "source_date": "2025-07-28", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 574, "jurisdiction": "New Jersey (statewide)", "state": "NJ", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual audit", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Agencies certifying ALPR audits", "value": "523", "note": "Of about 530 agencies; no significant violations reported; retention three years under the directive", "source_type": "State statutory report", "source": "NJSP ALPR Program page; Philadelphia Inquirer (14 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://njsp.njoag.gov/alpr-program/", "source_date": "2026-09-14", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 575, "jurisdiction": "City of Las Vegas (Marshals/City)", "state": "NV", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Flock transparency portal", "period": "30 days to 2026-02", "metric": "Plate reads / cameras / searches", "value": "about 185,000 / 22 / 5", "note": "City of Las Vegas dashboard, distinct from LVMPD.", "source_type": "agency dashboard (via press)", "source": "The Nevada Independent, 'Vegas police are big users of license plate readers...'", "source_url": "https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/vegas-police-are-big-users-of-license-plate-readers-public-has-little-input-because-its-a-gift", "source_date": "2026-02-22", "quote": "about 185,000 in the past month in the city", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 576, "jurisdiction": "Las Vegas Metropolitan PD", "state": "NV", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "HaveIBeenFlocked audit-log compilation / fiscal affairs minutes", "period": "late 2023 to 2026-02", "metric": "LVMPD Flock searches (HIBF) / cameras / private donations", "value": "more than 23,000 / ~200 cameras / $1.9M + $2.47M (Horowitz Family Foundation)", "note": "Cameras donated, not bought with public funds; 30-day retention per 2023 agreement.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "The Nevada Independent, 'Vegas police are big users of license plate readers; public has little input because it's a gift'", "source_url": "https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/vegas-police-are-big-users-of-license-plate-readers-public-has-little-input-because-its-a-gift", "source_date": "2026-02-22", "quote": "have made more than 23,000 searches of vehicles", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 577, "jurisdiction": "Beacon PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit log posted by HaveIBeenFlocked (STOP/LatinoJustice report)", "period": "2023-04 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches logged / share with no reason or only a number", "value": "9,917 / 21%", "note": "Vague reasons: BOLO 1,548; 'investigation' 648; 'assist agency' 444; 'test' 151. Department shares with ~400 departments; 7 cameras.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "The Highlands Current, 'Beacon Chief: Flock Report Wrong'", "source_url": "https://highlandscurrent.org/2026/08/26/beacon-chief-flock-report-wrong/", "source_date": "2026-08-26", "quote": "includes information about 9,917 searches over the three-year period", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 578, "jurisdiction": "Beacon PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit log posted by HaveIBeenFlocked", "period": "2023-04 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches with specific reasons (selected)", "value": "hit-and-run 709; vehicle theft 412; missing person 311; larceny 259; shots fired 250; sex offenses 221; fugitives 159; homicides 29", "note": "One 2026-03-03 search logged 'civil/administrative immigration'; chief says dispatcher typo.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "The Highlands Current, 'Beacon Chief: Flock Report Wrong'", "source_url": "https://highlandscurrent.org/2026/08/26/beacon-chief-flock-report-wrong/", "source_date": "2026-08-26", "quote": "In 21 percent of them, the officers gave no reason or entered unspecified numbers.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 579, "jurisdiction": "Buffalo PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock search records obtained by Investigative Post", "period": "17 months to mid-2026", "metric": "Searches by two Buffalo officers", "value": "more than 3,800", "note": "Buffalo says its Genetec cameras (114 listed) are not on the broader Flock network.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Investigative Post, 'License plate readers are everywhere in WNY'", "source_url": "https://investigativepost.org/2026/07/17/license-plate-readers-are-everywhere-in-wny/", "source_date": "2026-07-17", "quote": "more than 3,800 searches over the past 17 months", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 580, "jurisdiction": "Cheektowaga NY PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 5, 2026 (17 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "39,762 records", "note": "Case number: 2,896 (7.3%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Cheektowaga NY PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (August 5, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cheektowaga-ny-jan-jun2026", "source_date": "August 5, 2026", "quote": "Records: 39,762", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 581, "jurisdiction": "Cheektowaga NY PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2025 – Jun 5, 2026 (17 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "14,127,161 records; 5,199 organisations", "note": "Case number: 3,652,150 (25.9%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Cheektowaga NY PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (August 5, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cheektowaga-ny-jan-jun2026", "source_date": "August 5, 2026", "quote": "Records: 14,127,161; Organizations: 5,199", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 582, "jurisdiction": "Cheektowaga PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2025 to 5 Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number / network searches with a case number / Houston PD share of network searches", "value": "7.3% / 25.9% / 6.9%", "note": "14,127,161 network records from 5,199 agencies; 39,762 own searches; single-character reasons such as '.', 's', 'd'", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Cheektowaga NY PD (Jan 2025 – Jun 2026) (2026-08-05)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cheektowaga-ny-jan-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-08-05", "quote": "Only 7.3% of Cheektowaga officers’ own searches include a case number (2,896 of 39,762).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 583, "jurisdiction": "Cheektowaga PD / Amherst PD / Kenmore PD / Buffalo State PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock sharing settings reported", "period": "2026-07", "metric": "Sharing partners / networks accessible", "value": "Cheektowaga shares with 170 agencies, accesses 600+ networks; Amherst shares with 114 NY depts; Kenmore accesses 603 jurisdictions; Buffalo State 982", "note": "Erie County had 291 cameras per DeFlock; reporters verified 226.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Investigative Post, 'License plate readers are everywhere in WNY'", "source_url": "https://investigativepost.org/2026/07/17/license-plate-readers-are-everywhere-in-wny/", "source_date": "2026-07-17", "quote": "Cheektowaga: shares with 170 agencies and has access to more than 600 networks", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 584, "jurisdiction": "Cheektowaga, Tonawanda, Amherst, Hamburg and one other town (five WNY towns)", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock transparency portal / records (one month)", "period": "one month, mid-2026", "metric": "Plates captured per town / collective searches", "value": "300,000 to 500,000 plates captured each; 1,500 searches collectively", "note": "Five towns with Flock; camera counts Cheektowaga 31, Tonawanda 13, Amherst 17, Hamburg 4.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Investigative Post, 'License plate readers are everywhere in WNY'", "source_url": "https://investigativepost.org/2026/07/17/license-plate-readers-are-everywhere-in-wny/", "source_date": "2026-07-17", "quote": "300,000 to 500,000 plates captured", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 585, "jurisdiction": "Dutchess County (Real Time Crime Center)", "state": "NY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Flock transparency portal (one month)", "period": "month to 2026-08-26", "metric": "Vehicles recorded / hits / RTCC searches", "value": "712,878 / 82,199 / 246", "note": "65 Flock-tied LPRs plus 348 other cameras; Dutchess in Flock transparency program.", "source_type": "agency dashboard (via press)", "source": "The Highlands Current, 'Beacon Chief: Flock Report Wrong'", "source_url": "https://highlandscurrent.org/2026/08/26/beacon-chief-flock-report-wrong/", "source_date": "2026-08-26", "quote": "the cameras recorded 712,878 vehicles and produced 82,199 hits", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 586, "jurisdiction": "East Hampton Village PD / Suffolk County SO", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Police statements on Flock program", "period": "2025-04 to 2025-12", "metric": "Arrests aided by village Flock cameras / Suffolk County cameras / retention", "value": "70 arrests (mostly unlicensed drivers); Suffolk 25-camera pilot expanded to 60+; 30-day retention", "note": "East Hampton Village has 14 cameras (10 foundation-funded, 4 county).", "source_type": "press report", "source": "East Hampton Star, 'They Know When You've Been Bad or Good'", "source_url": "https://www.easthamptonstar.com/police-courts/20251225/they-know-when-youve-been-bad-or-good", "source_date": "2025-12-25", "quote": "they've aided in 70 arrests, mostly for drivers who are unlicensed", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 587, "jurisdiction": "New York City PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs compiled by HaveIBeenFlocked (STOP/LatinoJustice analysis)", "period": "2023-03 to 2025-12", "metric": "NYPD accesses of Flock database despite no Flock contract", "value": "1,710", "note": "Many search purposes unspecified; data via HaveIBeenFlocked public-records compilation.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Washington Examiner, 'NYPD officers accessed Flock data in over 1,000 searches despite not having a contract'", "source_url": "https://washingtonexaminer.com/news/4744825/nypd-accessed-flock-data-despite-no-contract", "source_date": "2026-09-28", "quote": "accessed Flock's database 1,710 times", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 588, "jurisdiction": "New York City PD", "state": "NY", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "POST Act impact-and-use policy (statutory disclosure)", "period": "as of 2026-02-04", "metric": "LPR data retention period", "value": "5 years", "note": "Policy gives no counts of cameras, reads, searches or hits; only retention and process terms.", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "NYPD, License Plate Readers Impact and Use Policy (POST Act), updated 2026-02-04", "source_url": "https://www.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/public_information/post-final/License-Plate-Readers-NYPD-Impact-and-Use-Policy-2.4.26-FINAL.pdf", "source_date": "2026-02-04", "quote": "Data collected through NYPD's LPRs is retained for five (5) years.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 589, "jurisdiction": "Putnam County SO", "state": "NY", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Sheriff's statement on non-Flock LPRs", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-08-11", "metric": "Alerts generated / vehicles / retention", "value": "808 alerts on 250 vehicles; 21 readers; 2-year retention", "note": "Readers not connected to Flock.", "source_type": "agency statement (via press)", "source": "The Highlands Current, 'Beacon Chief: Flock Report Wrong'", "source_url": "https://highlandscurrent.org/2026/08/26/beacon-chief-flock-report-wrong/", "source_date": "2026-08-26", "quote": "they generated 808 alerts on 250 vehicles", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 590, "jurisdiction": "Syracuse PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Police statements on Flock network audit figures (Surveillance Technology Working Group context)", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-06", "metric": "Outside-agency searches that included Syracuse Flock data", "value": "4,400,000", "note": "'nearly 4.4 million'; fewer than 500 searched only Syracuse's database; 2,097 labeled immigration-related; SPD officers searched network ~15,000 times; figures from SPD spokesperson, audit not published", "source_type": "press (quoting police figures)", "source": "Central Current", "source_url": "https://centralcurrent.org/syracuse-police-exposed-driver-data-to-thousands-of-cops-around-the-country", "source_date": "2025-07-04", "quote": "Police officers across the country have searched Syracuse's data nearly 4.4 million times since June 2024.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 591, "jurisdiction": "Syracuse PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Police statements on Flock network audit - immigration", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-06", "metric": "Outside-agency searches labeled immigration-related", "value": "2,097", "note": "Of ~4.4M network searches", "source_type": "press (quoting police figures)", "source": "Central Current", "source_url": "https://centralcurrent.org/syracuse-police-exposed-driver-data-to-thousands-of-cops-around-the-country", "source_date": "2025-07-04", "quote": "Of the 4.4 million searches, 2,097 were labeled immigration-related.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 592, "jurisdiction": "Tonawanda NY", "state": "NY", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 2025 – Feb 2026 (14 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "6,465 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Tonawanda NY (Mar 2026) (March 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/tonawanda-ny-mar2026", "source_date": "March 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 6,465", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 593, "jurisdiction": "Tonawanda NY", "state": "NY", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 2025 – Feb 2026 (14 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "4,814,225 records", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Tonawanda NY (Mar 2026) (March 20, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/tonawanda-ny-mar2026", "source_date": "March 20, 2026", "quote": "Records: 4,814,225", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 594, "jurisdiction": "Tonawanda PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2025 to Feb 2026", "metric": "Records matching immigration terms / Florida Highway Patrol / 'ERO' mentions / test-reason records / weekly network volume before and after Nov 2025", "value": "about 2,329 / 472 / 242 / 17,883 / about 96,000 to under 3,000", "note": "Lowndes County GA SO 424, Jacksonville FL SO 166", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Tonawanda NY (Mar 2026) (2026-03-20)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/tonawanda-ny-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-20", "quote": "Network search volume dropped from ~96K/week in mid-November 2025 to under 3K/week by December.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 595, "jurisdiction": "Troy PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Police 60-day Flock audit released to City Council", "period": "60-day audit period (spring-summer 2026)", "metric": "Flock searches by Troy PD", "value": "826", "note": "Tied to 81 cases; 30 cases led to arrest/investigation/recovery; 26 cameras ($78,000/yr); 30-day retention", "source_type": "press (quoting police audit)", "source": "WAMC, 'Rollout of Troy Flock camera audit leads to arguments'", "source_url": "https://www.wamc.org/news/2026-07-31/troy-flock-camera-audit-released", "source_date": "2026-07-31", "quote": "Everyone agrees the data shows police queried Flock data 826 times in connection with 81 cases.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 596, "jurisdiction": "West Seneca PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jul 2024 to Jul 2026", "metric": "Own searches / network searches / organisations / own case-number share / network case-number share", "value": "17,767 / 15,849,795 / 5,395 / 20.5% / 24.3%", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: West Seneca NY PD (Jul 2024 – Jul 2026) (2026-08-23)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/west-seneca-ny-jul2024-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-08-23", "quote": "Network audit records: 15,849,795 (passive camera reads across 5,395 organizations)", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 597, "jurisdiction": "Westchester County PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Umemoto v. Westchester - county ALPR database (complaint allegations)", "period": "2023 to 2026", "metric": "Vehicle reads in WCPD database / reads collected in 2024 / cameras / outside agencies with access / retention", "value": "approx. 1.6 billion / 264,303,687 / roughly 575 / at least 55 (incl. ICE, FBI, DEA) / at least two years", "note": "NYCLU release: more than 99% of 2024 recordings unrelated to any suspected crime; plaintiff Lora Nelson's vehicle captured 2,400+ times, another plaintiff 1,134 times (Insurance Journal/AP).", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Policing Project (NYU) / NYCLU / Knight Institute - Umemoto v. Westchester County (class action complaint filed 2026-06-09)", "source_url": "https://www.policingproject.org/umemoto-v-westchester", "source_date": "2026-06-09", "quote": "264,303,687 vehicle reads in 2024 alone", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 598, "jurisdiction": "Westchester County PD", "state": "NY", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Umemoto v. Westchester - plaintiffs' captures", "period": "2023 to 2026", "metric": "Times plaintiffs' vehicles captured", "value": "Lora Nelson more than 2,400; another plaintiff 1,134", "note": "", "source_type": "litigation (press)", "source": "Insurance Journal (AP) - Motorists Sue NY County Over 1.6 Billion License Plate Scans", "source_url": "https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/east/2026/06/12/873419.htm", "source_date": "2026-06-12", "quote": "One plaintiff's vehicle was captured 1,134 times between 2023 and 2026", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 599, "jurisdiction": "Western New York (20 Erie/Niagara agencies)", "state": "NY", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock search records obtained by Investigative Post", "period": "2025-01 to 2026-06", "metric": "Flock network searches by 20 WNY departments", "value": "more than 218,000", "note": "Series on WNY readers; 20 agencies in Erie and Niagara counties have readers or search Flock.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Investigative Post, 'License plate readers are everywhere in WNY'", "source_url": "https://investigativepost.org/2026/07/17/license-plate-readers-are-everywhere-in-wny/", "source_date": "2026-07-17", "quote": "more than 218,000 searches of the Flock network", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 600, "jurisdiction": "Cleveland Heights OH PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Aug 17, 2021 – Sep 2, 2026 (56 monthly files; 6 months missing)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "83,863 records", "note": "Case number: 1,091 (1.3%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Cleveland Heights OH PD (Aug 2021 – Sep 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/cleveland-heights-oh-aug2021-sep2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 83,863", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 601, "jurisdiction": "Cleveland Heights PD / City of Cleveland", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Newly released Flock audit logs (cleveland.com analysis)", "period": "one year to mid-2026", "metric": "immigration-related searches across Cleveland Heights' 20 cameras", "value": "1783 (≈300 from Grant County WA)", "note": "Cleveland city logs: nearly 250 outside searches citing ICE/Border Patrol/Homeland Security (Houston PD, Dallas PD, CHP); 160+ immigration searches in a 30-day window after safeguards; numbers read via a Gadget Review summary of the cleveland.com report", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "cleveland.com, 'Newly released records show nearly 2,000 immigration and ICE searches on Cleveland's Flock cameras' (via Gadget Review 2026-07-08)", "source_url": "https://www.cleveland.com/news/2026/07/newly-released-records-show-nearly-2000-immigration-and-ice-searches-on-clevelands-flock-cameras.html", "source_date": "2026-07", "quote": "1,783 immigration-related searches across 20 Cleveland Heights cameras, over one year", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 602, "jurisdiction": "Cleveland Metropolitan School District", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "District Flock audit (dated Sep 30, 2026) of 201 readers at 62 schools", "period": "to 2026-07-07 (cut-off of outside access); 2026-07", "metric": "Outside-agency searches of district data (not closely examined) / from out of state / outside agencies that searched / approved by a named administrator / July police searches vs district staff", "value": "130,184 / 70,000+ / 500+ / 341 / 8,984 vs 44", "note": "$603,000/yr contract (~$5.57 per search); district ended contract Oct 26, 2026", "source_type": "Press report on agency audit", "source": "Signal Cleveland, 'CMSD Flock searches largely unexamined, audit shows' (Oct 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://signalcleveland.org/cmsd-flock-audit-shows-130000-outside-law-enforcement-searches-largely-unexamined/", "source_date": "2026-10-26", "quote": "outside agencies conducted over 130,000 searches of district data, including more than 70,000 from out of state.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 603, "jurisdiction": "Columbus Division of Police", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City-commissioned audit of all searches run through CPD Flock network (local, state, federal)", "period": "2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "total searches examined", "value": "19,664,308", "note": "'nearly 19.7 million' searches by local, state and federal agencies Article is internally inconsistent on one figure (15,577 appears once as an ICE count); ICE ran zero searches per the audit.", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "WSYX ABC6, 'Audit finds ICE ran zero searches on CPD Flock camera network over 2.5 years'", "source_url": "https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/audit-finds-ice-immigration-customs-enforcement-ran-zero-searches-cpd-columbus-police-flock-camera-network-25-years-ohio-traffic-searches-license-plate-reader", "source_date": "2026-07-14", "quote": "examined 19,664,308 searches made through the Flock network between Nov. 1, 2023, and June 30, 2026", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 604, "jurisdiction": "Columbus Division of Police", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of CPD Flock network searches", "period": "2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "searches by ICE", "value": "0", "note": "ICE did not directly access Columbus cameras", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "WSYX ABC6", "source_url": "https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/audit-finds-ice-immigration-customs-enforcement-ran-zero-searches-cpd-columbus-police-flock-camera-network-25-years-ohio-traffic-searches-license-plate-reader", "source_date": "2026-07-14", "quote": "ICE conducted zero searches on the Columbus Police Flock network during the audit period.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 605, "jurisdiction": "Columbus Division of Police", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of CPD Flock network searches", "period": "2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "searches by U.S. Border Patrol and HSI", "value": "3,962", "note": "of which 657 had a possible immigration-related reason", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "WSYX ABC6", "source_url": "https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/audit-finds-ice-immigration-customs-enforcement-ran-zero-searches-cpd-columbus-police-flock-camera-network-25-years-ohio-traffic-searches-license-plate-reader", "source_date": "2026-07-14", "quote": "U.S. Border Patrol and Homeland Security Investigations: 3,962 searches, including 657 with a possible immigration-related reason", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 606, "jurisdiction": "Columbus Division of Police", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of CPD Flock network searches", "period": "2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "searches by other federal agencies", "value": "79,236", "note": "various investigative purposes", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "WSYX ABC6", "source_url": "https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/audit-finds-ice-immigration-customs-enforcement-ran-zero-searches-cpd-columbus-police-flock-camera-network-25-years-ohio-traffic-searches-license-plate-reader", "source_date": "2026-07-14", "quote": "Other federal agencies: 79,236 searches for various investigative purposes", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 607, "jurisdiction": "Columbus Division of Police", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of CPD Flock network searches", "period": "2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "searches with possible immigration-related reason", "value": "15,577", "note": "<0.1% of total; keyword match on ICE, Border Patrol, Homeland Security, removals, detention, immigration statutes; only 20 originated from Columbus police", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "WSYX ABC6; Ideastream/WOSU 2026-07-11", "source_url": "https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/audit-finds-ice-immigration-customs-enforcement-ran-zero-searches-cpd-columbus-police-flock-camera-network-25-years-ohio-traffic-searches-license-plate-reader", "source_date": "2026-07-14", "quote": "searched for possible immigration related reasons up to 15,577 times", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 608, "jurisdiction": "Columbus Division of Police", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of CPD Flock network searches", "period": "2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "possible immigration-related searches originating from Columbus police", "value": "20", "note": "", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "Ideastream/WOSU, 'Ginther orders Columbus police to stop statewide sharing of Flock cameras after audit release'", "source_url": "https://www.ideastream.org/2026-07-11/ginther-orders-columbus-police-to-stop-statewide-sharing-of-flock-cameras-after-audit-release", "source_date": "2026-07-11", "quote": "20 of the searches that may be immigration-related originated from Columbus police", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 609, "jurisdiction": "Columbus Division of Police", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of CPD Flock network searches (as summarized by Matter News)", "period": "2023-11-01 to 2026-06-30", "metric": "possibly immigration-related searches by 287(g) agencies", "value": "608", "note": "of CPD's 20 own immigration-related searches, all but 6 were general assistance to HSI; transparency portal: 346 one-to-one sharing departments, 77 give-only, 138 receive-only", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "Matter News, 'Local Politics: A rundown of what the Flock is going on'", "source_url": "https://matternews.org/community/politics/local-politics-a-rundown-of-what-the-flock-is-going-on/", "source_date": "2026-07-30", "quote": "287(g) agencies: 608 possibly immigration-related searches", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 610, "jurisdiction": "Columbus Division of Police", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal misuse investigations of officers' Flock searches", "period": "2023-2024 (Tellis); 2026 second case", "metric": "officers investigated for Flock misuse", "value": "2", "note": "Officer Melvin Tellis allegedly searched one plate hundreds of times over 12 months; second officer (32-yr veteran) relieved of duty Sept 2026", "source_type": "press", "source": "NBC4 WCMH, 'Columbus police investigate another officer over alleged Flock camera misuse'", "source_url": "https://nbc4i.com/news/local-news/columbus/columbus-police-investigate-another-officer-over-alleged-flock-camera-misuse/amp", "source_date": "2026-09-25", "quote": "hundreds of times over a 12-month period between 2023 and 2024", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 611, "jurisdiction": "Dayton PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs released by city after public records dispute (Dayton Daily News analysis)", "period": "2023-07 to 2026-06", "metric": "outside-agency immigration-related accesses of Dayton camera data", "value": "7150 (2023: 22; 2024: 1,024; 2025: 6,104)", "note": "143 agencies; July 2025 alone 1,530; ~70% of 2025 searches June-Aug; 72 fixed cameras; city's 2024 surveillance report had claimed internal audit 'found no violations'", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Dayton Daily News (tncms asset)", "source_url": "https://www.daytondailynews.com/tncms/asset/editorial/fa86a69c-4aaf-5b48-9647-c77b1178c598", "source_date": "2026-06-26", "quote": "7,150: Total times outside agencies accessed Dayton's camera data for immigration-related searches", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 612, "jurisdiction": "Dayton PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit logs released by city (Dayton Daily News analysis)", "period": "2023-07 to 2026-06", "metric": "searches with reason 'ICE' only / U.S. Border Patrol access requests", "value": "1776 'ICE'; 443 other immigration terms; 3,703 Border Patrol", "note": "Border Patrol more than half of immigration-related accesses; Montgomery County SO 4, Butler County SO 6, Franklin County 9", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Dayton Daily News", "source_url": "https://www.daytondailynews.com/tncms/asset/editorial/fa86a69c-4aaf-5b48-9647-c77b1178c598", "source_date": "2026-06-26", "quote": "1,776: Searches using only 'ICE' as the reason since 2023 ... 3,703: U.S. Border Patrol access requests since 2023", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 613, "jurisdiction": "Dayton PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records (via Montgomery County SO records request)", "period": "2026-07 and 2026-08", "metric": "Dayton officers' searches of outside agencies' Flock networks (while city program suspended)", "value": "July ~1,400; August 2,100+", "note": "", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit records", "source": "Dayton Daily News, 'Dayton cops still search outside Flock networks as city program suspended' (Oct 26, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/dayton-cops-still-search-outside-flock-networks-as-city-program-suspended/article_0fd776bf-ad0d-51b9-a760-e93cc38438c7.html", "source_date": "2026-10-26", "quote": "Dayton police officers conducted more than 2,100 searches of outside agencies' Flock networks in August", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 614, "jurisdiction": "Delhi Township PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - school residency checks", "period": "spring 2025 (three months)", "metric": "Delhi Township PD searches tied to students at five schools", "value": "35", "note": "", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "EFF - More License Plate Reader Mission Creep", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2026/05/more-license-plate-reader-mission-creep-school-residency-verification-background", "source_date": "2026-05-26", "quote": "35 searches tied to students at five schools", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 615, "jurisdiction": "Franklin County SO", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Discipline after Flock camera audit", "period": "2026-10", "metric": "Suspension", "value": "30 days unpaid, removed from patrol", "note": "", "source_type": "Press report", "source": "Country Herald, 'Franklin County, OH: Deputy Suspended 30 Days After Flock Camera Audit' (Oct 30, 2026)", "source_url": "https://countryherald.com/article/franklin-county-oh-deputy-suspended-30-days-after-flock-camera-audit", "source_date": "2026-10-30", "quote": "the Sheriff's Office announced that Tischler would receive a 30 day unpaid suspension.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 616, "jurisdiction": "Highland Heights PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Highland Heights PD internal investigation / HaveIBeenFlocked records", "period": "2024-10-24 to 2025-11-22", "metric": "Searches by one part-time dispatcher / most-searched single plate / second most active user", "value": "20,292 / 5,369 / 930 (17 months)", "note": "Dispatcher resigned; prosecutor reviewing; all users now face mandatory monthly audit.", "source_type": "press", "source": "KY3 - Dispatcher resigns over Flock camera misuse as data shows single user made more than 20,000 searches", "source_url": "https://www.ky3.com/2026/08/21/dispatcher-resigns-over-flock-camera-misuse-data-shows-single-user-made-more-than-20000-searches/", "source_date": "2026-08-21", "quote": "20,292 (per HaveIBeenFlocked public-records data)", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 617, "jurisdiction": "Highland Heights PD / Joplin PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Washington Post review of audit logs", "period": "Joplin: 13 months", "metric": "Highland Heights officer: plates searched >1,000 times each / Joplin officer: plates searched >900 times", "value": "5 plates / 2 plates", "note": "PUBLISHED 2026-08-19; both departments said they did not regularly audit", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Washington Post (via Spokesman-Review), Aug 19, 2026", "source_url": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2026/aug/19/police-departments-werent-looking-for-officers-abu/", "source_date": "2026-08-19", "quote": "searched the locations of five license plates more than 1,000 times each", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 618, "jurisdiction": "Lucas County (Toledo area) Flock network", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "County commissioner's Flock audit (one month)", "period": "2026-06 to 2026-07", "metric": "Outside-agency searches of local data / agencies / searches from Texas", "value": "more than 900,000 / about 3,200 / more than 90,000", "note": "Houston PD 71,000+; Texas DPS 13,000+; Harris County SO 10,000+ (per KTRK).", "source_type": "press report of agency audit", "source": "WTVG 13abc, 'Lucas County Flock data searches likely tied to national database option, Texas sheriff's office says'", "source_url": "https://www.13abc.com/2026/08/22/lucas-county-flock-data-searches-likely-tied-national-database-option-texas-sheriffs-office-says/", "source_date": "2026-08-21", "quote": "more than 900,000 searches of local data in one month", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 619, "jurisdiction": "Reynoldsburg PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Officer resignations over possible Flock misuse", "period": "2026", "metric": "officers resigned", "value": "2", "note": "", "source_type": "press", "source": "NBC4 WCMH, 'How central Ohio law enforcement shares Flock camera data'", "source_url": "https://www.nbc4i.com/news/local-news/columbus/how-central-ohio-law-enforcement-shares-flock-camera-data/amp/", "source_date": "2026-08-05", "quote": "Two Reynoldsburg officers resigned over possible misuse of Flock data", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 620, "jurisdiction": "Shaker Heights PD", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City review of Flock network audit (searches of Shaker Heights data by outside jurisdictions)", "period": "2026-01, 2026-03, 2026-04", "metric": "searches with 'immigration' typed / total searches reviewed", "value": "273 of 694,589 (~0.04%)", "note": "all 273 by outside jurisdictions; city opted into Flock feature prohibiting 'immigration' searches; cleveland.com reported 'immigration' 282 / 'I.C.E.' 32 and 693,573 outside vs 1,016 local searches", "source_type": "primary (city release)", "source": "City of Shaker Heights news release", "source_url": "https://shakerheightsoh.gov/m/newsflash/home/detail/778", "source_date": "2026-05-08", "quote": "Total Flock searches flagged: 273 ... Total Flock searches reviewed: 694,589", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 621, "jurisdiction": "Sharonville PD (Lt. Walter Cordes)", "state": "OH", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Indictment following June 2026 department audit", "period": "2024-12-19 to 2026-04-20", "metric": "Searches charged / counts", "value": "29 / 1 fifth-degree felony (indicted Oct 13, 2026)", "note": "Secondary source; ~1.8 searches/month", "source_type": "Press report", "source": "The Auto Wire, 'An Ohio Lieutenant Got Indicted Over 29 Flock Searches' (Oct 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://theautowire.com/2026/10/18/flock-camera-misuse-sharonville-little-rock-coweta-lawsuit/", "source_date": "2026-10-18", "quote": "searched his department's Flock license plate camera system 29 times between Dec. 19, 2024, and April 20, 2026", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 622, "jurisdiction": "Ardmore OK PD", "state": "OK", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1, 2025 – Jun 10, 2026 (about 12 months)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "7,794 records", "note": "Case number: 942 (12.1%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Ardmore OK PD (Jun 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/ardmore-ok-jun2025-jun2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 7,794", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 623, "jurisdiction": "Ardmore OK PD", "state": "OK", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 30, 2025 – Jun 10, 2026, with gaps (see below)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "71,327 records; 80 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 22,850 records; blank on the rest", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Ardmore OK PD (Jun 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/ardmore-ok-jun2025-jun2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 71,327; Organizations: 80", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 624, "jurisdiction": "Ardmore PD", "state": "OK", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jun 2025 to Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches as share of network searches / outside agencies / immigration-related network records", "value": "4.5% (3,182) / 79 / 37", "note": "Tulsa OK PD entered 23 of the immigration records ('PER HSI'); Tulsa ran 16 searches citing a protest on 18 Aug 2025", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Ardmore OK PD (Jun 2025 – Jun 2026) (2026-10-03)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/ardmore-ok-jun2025-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-10-03", "quote": "Ardmore’s own searches account for 3,182 network audit records (4.5%).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 625, "jurisdiction": "Oklahoma City PD", "state": "OK", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "City Flock usage page / council renewal", "period": "2023 to 2026-08-18", "metric": "Flock readers owned / law-enforcement partners with access / retention / stolen vehicles recovered", "value": "90 / 109 / 7 days / 1,280", "note": "Also cites 402 aggravated assaults, 259 robberies, 210 missing persons, 60 murders solved with LPR role; $270,000 renewal to June 2027.", "source_type": "agency report", "source": "City of Oklahoma City, 'Flock Safety license plate reader (LPR) usage in Oklahoma City'", "source_url": "https://okc.gov/Services/Public-Safety/Police/Flock-Safety-license-plate-reader-LPR-usage-in-Oklahoma-City", "source_date": "2026-08", "quote": "As of August 18, 2026, 109 law enforcement partners have access for law enforcement purposes", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 626, "jurisdiction": "Oklahoma City PD", "state": "OK", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal investigation", "period": "2024-12 to 2025-04", "metric": "Officer misuse instances / discipline", "value": "2 instances; Sgt. Heskett: 3-day suspension, Class Three reprimand, 1-year probation", "note": "Of five agencies asked, only Jenks provided audit logs; OKC did not.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "FOX 25 (KOKH), 'Misuse cases spur new questions over audit trails for Flock plate cameras in Oklahoma'", "source_url": "https://okcfox.com/news/local/fox-25-probes-oklahoma-police-oversight-transparency-of-flock-license-plate-cameras", "source_date": "2026-10-14", "quote": "used the database for personal reasons between December 2024 and April 2025", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 627, "jurisdiction": "Pryor Creek PD", "state": "OK", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Audit log obtained by a local publisher", "period": "Jan–Aug 2026", "metric": "Searches", "value": "2,283", "note": "83% without a case number; 83 nationwide searches, 29 labelled traffic infraction; not independently verified", "source_type": "FOIA log via press", "source": "The Sooner Sentinel (30 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://soonersentinel.substack.com/p/pryor-creek-said-no-to-a-flock-renewal", "source_date": "2026-10-30", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 628, "jurisdiction": "Tulsa County SO / Flock national network (U.S. v. Kyle, N.D. Okla.)", "state": "OK", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Federal court suppression ruling (Judge Sara Hill); audit logs viewed by 404 Media", "period": "2026 (one month of records)", "metric": "Records of defendant's vehicle returned by one search / warrantless searches of Flock system per month (audit logs)", "value": "more than 50 / more than 100,000", "note": "Ruling Oct 1-2, 2026 found search unconstitutional 'indiscriminate mass surveillance'", "source_type": "Court ruling + press review of audit logs", "source": "404 Media, 'Federal Judge Rules a Flock Search Was Indiscriminate Mass Surveillance' (Oct 2, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.404media.co/federal-judge-rules-a-flock-search-was-indiscriminate-mass-surveillance-and-unconstitutional/", "source_date": "2026-10-02", "quote": "more than 50 individual records of Kyle's whereabouts across the country for an entire month.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 629, "jurisdiction": "Bend PD", "state": "OR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records (~170,000 records) obtained by Oregon Law Center via public records; pilot with National Lookup on", "period": "2025-06-04 to 2025-06-25 (first three weeks)", "metric": "queries by federal immigration officials / on behalf of ICE-CBP-HSI", "value": "279 (118 CBP direct; 161 out-of-state agencies on behalf of ICE/CBP/HSI)", "note": "4 cameras; National Lookup turned off June 25, 2025; cameras shut off Jan 7, 2026", "source_type": "press (OLC analysis of released audit)", "source": "The Source Weekly (Bend), 'Federal Immigration Officials Made 279 Queries into Bend's Flock Safety Data in its First Three Weeks'", "source_url": "https://www.bendsource.com/news/localnews/federal-immigration-officials-made-279-queries-into-bends-flock-safety-data-in-its-first-three-weeks/", "source_date": "2026-05-06", "quote": "accessed Bend PD's Flock database 279 times in June 2025 ... 118 by CBP ... 161 by out-of-state agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 630, "jurisdiction": "Eugene PD", "state": "OR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released Flock audit logs analyzed by Register-Guard", "period": "2025-05 to 2025-06", "metric": "nationwide searches by U.S. Border Patrol / Homeland Security including Eugene", "value": "19 (May); 197 (June)", "note": "Eugene opted out of national lookup July 1, 2025; Johnson County TX SO May 9 search cited woman who 'had an abortion'; last out-of-state searches June 26 from Jacksonville FL SO", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "The Register-Guard (via AOL), 'Medford PD searched Eugene's Flock data. The reason? hehehe'", "source_url": "https://www.aol.com/articles/medford-pd-searched-eugenes-flock-120347510.html", "source_date": "2025-12", "quote": "19 nationwide searches by U.S. Border Patrol or Homeland Security in May, and 197 in June", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 631, "jurisdiction": "Marion County SO", "state": "OR", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Monthly ALPR public report under SB 1516", "period": "2026-07", "metric": "Plates captured / alerts / searches (Rekor)", "value": "2,939,765 plates; 4,684 alerts; 1,201 searches; Axon 0 searches", "note": "", "source_type": "statutory agency report", "source": "MCSO ALPR Monthly Report July 2026", "source_url": "https://www.co.marion.or.us/SO/Enforcement/Documents/ALPR%20Reports/July%202026%20ALPR%20Report.pdf", "source_date": "2026-08", "quote": "Total plates captured: 2,939,765 ... Total alerts generated: 4,684 ... Total number of searches: 1,201", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 632, "jurisdiction": "Marion County SO", "state": "OR", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Monthly ALPR public report required under Oregon SB 1516 (2026)", "period": "2026-08", "metric": "Plates captured / alerts / searches (Rekor)", "value": "3,067,076 plates; 4,998 alerts; 1,099 searches; 11 cameras; 87 authorized users; Axon: 7 cameras, 12 users, 17 searches", "note": "4 Oregon agencies with access to Rekor data (Keizer, Monmouth, Newberg-Dundee, Salem PD); Axon none", "source_type": "statutory agency report", "source": "MCSO ALPR Monthly Report August 2026", "source_url": "https://www.co.marion.or.us/SO/Enforcement/Documents/ALPR%20Reports/August%202026%20ALPR%20Final%20Report.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09", "quote": "Total plates captured: 3,067,076 ... Total alerts generated: 4,998 ... Total number of searches: 1,099", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 633, "jurisdiction": "Roseburg PD / Klamath Falls PD / Josephine County SO / Albany PD (Oregon Law Center table)", "state": "OR", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Oregon Law Center legislative testimony tabulating federal-immigration searches in Oregon agencies' Flock audits", "period": "2025-06 and 2025-11/12", "metric": "June 2025 Border Patrol searches (Roseburg) / ICE searches (Klamath Falls)", "value": "Roseburg 630 BP; Klamath Falls 261 ICE; Eugene 197 BP", "note": "Bend 118 BP/82 ICE/22 CBP/57 HSI; Nov-Dec 2025 USMS searches: Klamath Falls 285, Josephine 161, Albany 120, Roseburg 103; secondary table, treat with care", "source_type": "primary (legislative testimony)", "source": "Oregon Law Center testimony, SB 1516 (2026 session)", "source_url": "https://olis.oregonlegislature.gov/liz/2026R1/Downloads/PublicTestimonyDocument/246985", "source_date": "2026-02", "quote": "Searches on behalf of immigration enforcement by local departments around the country", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 634, "jurisdiction": "searched by Medford PD", "state": "OR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released Flock audit logs, reason-field quality", "period": "2025-09", "metric": "searches with reason 'Hehehe' (Medford PD) / 'investigation'", "value": "20 'Hehehe'; 111 'investigation'", "note": "", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "The Register-Guard (via AOL)", "source_url": "https://www.aol.com/articles/medford-pd-searched-eugenes-flock-120347510.html", "source_date": "2025-12", "quote": "111 searches listed 'investigation' as the reason. 20 searches from Medford police listed 'Hehehe.'", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 635, "jurisdiction": "Winston PD", "state": "OR", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Monthly ALPR report (Oregon SB 1516)", "period": "2026-07", "metric": "Unique vehicles captured / searches of captured data / alerts / authorized users / cameras / devices accessed", "value": "81,941 / 26,042 / 3 / 22 / 5 stationary / 420", "note": "25 agencies listed with access.", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "City of Winston Police Department, ALPR monthly report July 2026", "source_url": "https://winstoncity.org/departments/winston-pd/automated-license-plate-recognition-alpr/2026-2/july-2026/", "source_date": "2026-07", "quote": "Searches of Captured License Plate Data: 26,042", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 636, "jurisdiction": "Woodburn PD", "state": "OR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of Flock network audit logs", "period": "2025-01 to 2025-11", "metric": "total searches touching Woodburn network / agencies", "value": "3.3M+ searches by 4,734 agencies", "note": "99.99% not targeting Woodburn exclusively; 306 searches uniquely targeted Woodburn cameras (Woodburn, Eugene, Springfield PDs); 24 cameras", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "Woodburn Independent, 'Border Patrol, DHS accessed Woodburn Flock camera data, city audit shows'", "source_url": "https://woodburnindependent.com/2026/02/26/border-patrol-dhs-accessed-woodburn-flock-camera-data-city-audit-shows/", "source_date": "2026-02-26", "quote": "More than 3.3 million searches across Woodburn's network from January to November 2025 ... 4,734 law enforcement agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 637, "jurisdiction": "Woodburn PD", "state": "OR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of Flock network audit logs", "period": "2025-01-23 to 2025-07-09", "metric": "out-of-state immigration-related searches including Woodburn data", "value": "261", "note": "by city police/sheriffs as far as Florida, Wisconsin, Michigan", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "Woodburn Independent", "source_url": "https://woodburnindependent.com/2026/02/26/border-patrol-dhs-accessed-woodburn-flock-camera-data-city-audit-shows/", "source_date": "2026-02-26", "quote": "261 searches by city police and county sheriff's offices, from as far away as Florida, Wisconsin, and Michigan", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 638, "jurisdiction": "Woodburn PD", "state": "OR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of Flock network audit logs", "period": "2025-03-10 to 2025-06-23", "metric": "searches by DHS and U.S. Border Patrol", "value": "384 (DHS 175; USBP 209)", "note": "0.18% of all searches by federal agencies; each federal search spanned ~6,000 networks / ~80,000 cameras; pilot ended ~June 24, 2025", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "Woodburn Independent", "source_url": "https://woodburnindependent.com/2026/02/26/border-patrol-dhs-accessed-woodburn-flock-camera-data-city-audit-shows/", "source_date": "2026-02-26", "quote": "384 total searches by DHS and U.S. Border Patrol, March 10 to June 23, 2025", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 639, "jurisdiction": "Woodburn PD", "state": "OR", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City audit of Flock use effectiveness", "period": "8-month operating period 2025", "metric": "investigations using Flock / outcomes", "value": "354 of 1,910 investigations; 16 arrests; 9 stolen vehicles recovered", "note": "fewer than half had documented outcomes; of those, data 'contributed' ~70%", "source_type": "press (city audit)", "source": "Woodburn Independent", "source_url": "https://woodburnindependent.com/2026/02/26/border-patrol-dhs-accessed-woodburn-flock-camera-data-city-audit-shows/", "source_date": "2026-02-26", "quote": "Flock was used in 354 of 1,910 investigations ... directly led to 16 arrests and the recovery of nine stolen vehicles", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 640, "jurisdiction": "New Castle PD", "state": "PA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released Flock event log (Right-to-Know; files on MuckRock)", "period": "2023-06-28 to 2026-04-27", "metric": "Plate entries added to 7 officers' private hotlists", "value": "99", "note": "95 with no case number; 28 set never to expire; 4 with case number", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Footnote4a: New Castle, PA put Flock in its only Majority-Minority Neighborhood", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/new-castle-pa-flock-audit", "source_date": "2026-05-18", "quote": "99 plate entries were added to those seven private lists ... 95 entries have no case number ... 28 entries are set never to expire.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 641, "jurisdiction": "New Castle PD", "state": "PA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released Flock event log", "period": "2023-06-28 to 2026-04-27", "metric": "Network shares of NCPD camera data logged", "value": "300+", "note": "100+ named PA/OH agencies received feed or hotlist access", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Footnote4a: New Castle, PA put Flock in its only Majority-Minority Neighborhood", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/new-castle-pa-flock-audit", "source_date": "2026-05-18", "quote": "300+ network shares of NCPD camera data, per the log.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 642, "jurisdiction": "New Castle PD", "state": "PA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released live-view access log", "period": "2023-06-28 to 2026-04-27", "metric": "Recorded accesses to park PTZ camera", "value": "77", "note": "All early-morning accesses by two officers", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Footnote4a: New Castle, PA put Flock in its only Majority-Minority Neighborhood", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/new-castle-pa-flock-audit", "source_date": "2026-05-18", "quote": "77 recorded accesses to the park PTZ camera.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 643, "jurisdiction": "New Castle PD", "state": "PA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "to May 2026", "metric": "Houston PD share of 9.6 million searches on New Castle's cameras / immigration-reason searches", "value": "14.4% / 7,851", "note": "Texas agencies together nearly 18%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Boonsboro MD PD and New Castle PA PD (May 2026) (2026-05-09)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/boonsboro-md-new-castle-pa-may2026", "source_date": "2026-05-09", "quote": "Houston TX PD alone accounts for 14.4% of all 9.6 million searches run through New Castle’s cameras — from roughly 1,500 miles away.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 644, "jurisdiction": "New Castle PD (network audit)", "state": "PA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit records (36 months)", "period": "2024-01 to 2026-06", "metric": "Search records in audit / NCPD users' own searches", "value": "more than 11 million / just over 10,000", "note": "More than four in five searches listed no case number; nearly one in five used vague reasons ('sus','atl','cj'); about 36,000 labeled 'test'.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Sharon Herald / CNHI, 'Pa. lawmakers propose guardrails on automatic license plate cameras as backlash grows'", "source_url": "https://www.sharonherald.com/news/local_news/pa-lawmakers-propose-guardrails-on-automatic-license-plate-cameras-as-backlash-grows/article_0dd41e6b-2d5b-4b93-a690-cc09397e7595.html", "source_date": "2026-08-17", "quote": "more than 11 million records", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 645, "jurisdiction": "New Castle PD (network audit)", "state": "PA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit records (36 months)", "period": "2024-01 to 2026-06", "metric": "Searches labeled 'test' / share without case number / share with vague reasons", "value": "about 36,000 / more than 4 in 5 / nearly 1 in 5", "note": "Same 11M-record audit.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Sharon Herald / CNHI, 'Pa. lawmakers propose guardrails...'", "source_url": "https://www.sharonherald.com/news/local_news/pa-lawmakers-propose-guardrails-on-automatic-license-plate-cameras-as-backlash-grows/article_0dd41e6b-2d5b-4b93-a690-cc09397e7595.html", "source_date": "2026-08-17", "quote": "36,000 searches labeled 'test'", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 646, "jurisdiction": "Philadelphia PD", "state": "PA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Department disclosure to press", "period": "fall 2024 to 2026-01", "metric": "Plates scanned by ~100 fixed ALPRs / retention / readers added", "value": "about 25 million scanned by January 2026; 1-year retention; 600+ vehicle readers added 2026 (700+ total, $5M grants)", "note": "PPD says no validated department-wide statistics on hits/arrests ready for release; says no third-party data feeds.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "Philadelphia Tribune, 'Special Report: Philadelphia scanned 25 million license plates...'", "source_url": "https://www.phillytrib.com/news/local_news/special-report-philadelphia-scanned-25-million-license-plates-but-can-t-say-whether-the-investigative/article_13b279b2-f813-42cb-b6e8-47977fa814d7.html", "source_date": "2026-08-02", "quote": "That's the number of license plates scanned so far.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 647, "jurisdiction": "Pittsburgh (Office of Public Safety Technology)", "state": "PA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "City statements on non-Flock ALPRs", "period": "2026-09", "metric": "Retention / misuse on record / ICE footage", "value": "10 days; 0 misuses on record; no footage to ICE in last 18 months", "note": "Pittsburgh uses Axis, Hanwha, Bosch ALPRs since 2006; no Flock contract.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "PublicSource, 'Pittsburgh doesn't use Flock cameras, but license plate readers are already here'", "source_url": "https://www.publicsource.org/pittsburgh-flock-cameras-license-plate-readers/", "source_date": "2026-09-23", "quote": "Camera footage and data are generally retained for 10 days", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 648, "jurisdiction": "Providence PD", "state": "RI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock report to City Council", "period": "2023-03-01 to 2023-03-30", "metric": "Plates/partial plates searched / hits generated / cases investigated or assisted", "value": "6 / 290 / 5", "note": "Earlier Dec-Feb report was four sentences long.", "source_type": "agency report (via press)", "source": "WPRI, 'Police sending monthly Flock camera reports to Providence city councilors'", "source_url": "https://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/providence/police-sending-monthly-flock-camera-reports-to-providence-city-councilors/amp/", "source_date": "2023-06-01", "quote": "A total of 6 plates or partial plates were searched.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 649, "jurisdiction": "Providence PD", "state": "RI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock report to City Council", "period": "2023-03-31 to 2023-04-29", "metric": "Plates/partial plates searched / hits generated / cases investigated or assisted", "value": "464 / 240 / 79", "note": "No arrest data in reports.", "source_type": "agency report (via press)", "source": "WPRI, 'Police sending monthly Flock camera reports to Providence city councilors'", "source_url": "https://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/providence/police-sending-monthly-flock-camera-reports-to-providence-city-councilors/amp/", "source_date": "2023-06-01", "quote": "the department investigated or assisted in 79 cases from March 31 to April 29", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 650, "jurisdiction": "Providence PD", "state": "RI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Police statements to Boston Globe", "period": "2026-10", "metric": "Users with access / monthly random spot-check sample / outside departments with access / retention", "value": "46 (~10% of force) / 10 searches per month / 9 / 30 days", "note": "No misuse reported; contract ends May 2027; council advancing ban.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "Boston Globe, 'Providence police chief defends Flock cameras as council moves toward ban'", "source_url": "https://www.bostonglobe.com/2026/10/27/metro/providence-ri-flock-cameras-police-morales/", "source_date": "2026-10-30", "quote": "the department also randomly selects 10 searches a month to spot-check for suspicious behavior", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 651, "jurisdiction": "Providence PD", "state": "RI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Department ALPR page", "period": "as of 2026", "metric": "Flock cameras / authorized users / MOU partner agencies", "value": "60 / 45 / 9 (all in RI)", "note": "Homicide clearance 66% (2012-21) vs 83% (2022-26); dept says Flock alone did not cause increase.", "source_type": "agency report", "source": "Providence Police Department, 'Automated License Plate Readers'", "source_url": "https://ppd.providenceri.gov/?p=1763", "source_date": "2026", "quote": "There are currently 45 authorized FLOCK users within the Department.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 652, "jurisdiction": "Bluffton PD", "state": "SC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log", "period": "2024-12 to 2025-11 (12 months)", "metric": "Organisation audit records", "value": "4,966", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: South Carolina, January 2026", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/south-carolina-jan2026", "source_date": "2026-01-10", "quote": "Bluffton PD ... organization audit covering 12 months, with 4,966 records.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 653, "jurisdiction": "Colleton County SO", "state": "SC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal audit of Flock use; second lieutenant fired", "period": "2026 (not stated)", "metric": "unauthorized searches by Lt. Kevin Smalls", "value": "62", "note": "terminated Aug 31, 2026; SLED asked to investigate; separate from the 2,700-search lieutenant", "source_type": "press", "source": "WRDW, 'Another S.C. lieutenant fired over Flock camera misuse'", "source_url": "https://www.wrdw.com/2026/08/31/another-sc-lieutenant-fired-over-flock-camera-misuse/", "source_date": "2026-08-31", "quote": "62 unauthorized searches ... included vehicles registered to the lieutenant's spouse", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 654, "jurisdiction": "Colleton County SO", "state": "SC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal audit", "period": "one year to Aug 2026", "metric": "Unauthorised searches by one lieutenant", "value": "2,700+", "note": "On 14 people including himself, colleagues and former associates; fired, SLED investigating; deputies' direct access removed", "source_type": "Department audit via press", "source": "Live 5 News (20 Aug 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.live5news.com/2026/08/20/lowcountry-lieutenant-made-more-than-2700-unauthorized-flock-searches-audit-shows/", "source_date": "2026-08-20", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 655, "jurisdiction": "Florence PD", "state": "SC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log", "period": "2025-10 to 2025-11", "metric": "Network audit records", "value": "952,902", "note": "Partial logs (columns removed)", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: South Carolina, January 2026", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/south-carolina-jan2026", "source_date": "2026-01-10", "quote": "Florence PD ... Type: Network audit ... 952,902 records ... Partial logs (columns removed).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 656, "jurisdiction": "Florence PD", "state": "SC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log", "period": "2025-10 to 2025-11", "metric": "Organisation audit records", "value": "1,188", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: South Carolina, January 2026", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/south-carolina-jan2026", "source_date": "2026-01-10", "quote": "Florence PD ... Organization audit ... 1,188 records.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 657, "jurisdiction": "Greer PD, Greenville County SO, Mauldin PD, Sumter PD, Colleton County SO", "state": "SC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "SLED investigations into Flock misuse following agency audits", "period": "2026-07 to 2026-08", "metric": "officers/employees terminated for Flock misuse (named)", "value": "5", "note": "Lynch & Echeverry (Greer), Mann & Wilkinson (GCSO), Hammond (Mauldin); 5 agencies requested SLED probes", "source_type": "press", "source": "FOX Carolina, 'TIMELINE: SLED investigates allegations of FLOCK misuse against Upstate officers'", "source_url": "https://www.foxcarolina.com/2026/08/21/timeline-sled-investigates-allegations-flock-misuse-against-upstate-officers/", "source_date": "2026-08-21", "quote": "Officers named: 5, all terminated", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 658, "jurisdiction": "Mauldin PD", "state": "SC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Agency review of officer's Flock searches; SLED investigation", "period": "2026-03 to 2026-07", "metric": "Flock searches by one officer to track ex-partner's vehicle", "value": "166", "note": "Officer Ellie Hammond terminated Aug 3, 2026; no charges as of Aug 14", "source_type": "press", "source": "FOX Carolina, 'Mauldin officer accused of using FLOCK cameras over 160 times to track ex'", "source_url": "https://www.foxcarolina.com/2026/08/14/mauldin-officer-accused-using-flock-cameras-over-160-times-track-ex/", "source_date": "2026-08-14", "quote": "used the FLOCK camera system 166 times between March and July", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 659, "jurisdiction": "SC Department of Public Safety", "state": "SC", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-11 (18 months)", "metric": "Organisation audit records", "value": "6,853", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: South Carolina, January 2026", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/south-carolina-jan2026", "source_date": "2026-01-10", "quote": "SC Department of Public Safety ... organization audit covering 18 months, with 6,853 records.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 660, "jurisdiction": "Bradley County SO / Cleveland PD / Dayton PD / McMinn County SO (Tennessee)", "state": "TN", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Agency audits/records produced to Local 3 News (Motorola ALPR systems)", "period": "2025-09 to 2026-09", "metric": "Searches / top reason shares", "value": "Bradley Co SO 14,379 (38% uncategorized, 22% theft, 14% warrants; 11 cameras at 7 sites); Cleveland PD 873 (31% theft); Dayton PD 721 (25% wanted persons, 11% stalking); McMinn Co SO 88 (52% narcotics; 8 readers)", "note": "Collegedale PD: 34 positive cases Sep 2025-Sep 2026 (13 theft)", "source_type": "Press analysis of agency audit records", "source": "Local 3 News, 'How local law enforcement are using Flock, ALPR technology' (Oct 27, 2026)", "source_url": "https://local3news.com/local-news/local-3-investigates-how-local-law-enforcement-are-using-flock-alpr-technology/article_7641063e-e3fc-4601-897f-9751be63fb90.html", "source_date": "2026-10-27", "quote": "From September 2025 through August 2026, the sheriff's office searched its system 14,379 times, according to an audit.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 661, "jurisdiction": "Chattanooga PD / Hamilton County SO", "state": "TN", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Council briefing", "period": "2026-09", "metric": "CPD Motorola readers / retention change / HCSO readers paused", "value": "41 / 90 to 30 days / 70 Flock and Motorola readers", "note": "CPD says none of its cameras connect to Flock.", "source_type": "press report", "source": "NewsChannel 9, 'Chief tells Chattanooga council CPD uses Motorola plate readers with safeguards, not Flock'", "source_url": "https://newschannel9.com/news/local/story/chief-tells-chattanooga-council-cpd-uses-motorola-plate-readers-with-safeguards-not-flock", "source_date": "2026-09-16", "quote": "none of the department's 41 cameras around the city are connected to Flock", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 662, "jurisdiction": "Metro Nashville PD (LPR pilot)", "state": "TN", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Six-month LPR pilot data (MNPD dashboard / council analyses)", "period": "2023-01 to 2023-07-22", "metric": "Plates scanned / verified hits / verified hits with no arrest / arrests", "value": "71 million+ / 1,316 / 1,253 (>95%) / 63 per MNPD dashboard (112 claimed by councilmember)", "note": "About 6% of verified hits enabled a vehicle recovery; unhoused people 8.57% of arrests (~40x population share); 16 stops and 7 searches without arrest.", "source_type": "press analysis of agency data", "source": "Nashville Scene, 'Council Hears Competing Analyses of Police Surveillance Program'", "source_url": "https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pithinthewind/council-hears-competing-analyses-of-police-surveillance-program/article_77994948-316e-11ee-9985-736e001d0060.html", "source_date": "2023-08", "quote": "More than 71 million license plates scanned produced just 1,316 verified hits for police", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 663, "jurisdiction": "Shelby County SO", "state": "TN", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Flock transparency portal", "period": "30 days to 2026-08-19", "metric": "Plates read / LPR and other cameras / retention", "value": "905,225 / 178 / 30 days", "note": "Memphis PD says it keeps no count of Flock cameras in the city; DeFlock maps 600+.", "source_type": "agency dashboard (via press)", "source": "Memphis Flyer, 'What the Flock?'", "source_url": "https://www.memphisflyer.com/what-the-flock/", "source_date": "2026-08-19", "quote": "within the past 30 days, 905,225 plates have been read", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 664, "jurisdiction": "Whitson v. Flock plaintiff (Wartburg TN)", "state": "TN", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Whitson v. Flock complaint - plaintiff's own Flock exposure", "period": "2026", "metric": "Networks in which plaintiff's plate was queried", "value": "5,675", "note": "", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Whitson v. Flock Group Inc., N.D. Ga. putative class action complaint", "source_url": "https://www.classaction.org/media/whitson-v-flock-group-inc.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-11", "quote": "5,675", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 665, "jurisdiction": "Alvin ISD (school district cameras)", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit logs from six Texas school districts obtained by The 74", "period": "2025-12 to 2026-01 (one month)", "metric": "searches of district cameras / agencies", "value": "733,000+ searches by 3,100+ agencies", "note": "8 cameras; 620 immigration-related searches by 30 agencies, 3 of top-10 in 287(g); civil immigration searches >2x criminal", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "The 74 / The Guardian, 'Local police aid ICE by tapping school cameras amid Trump's immigration crackdown'", "source_url": "https://www.rsn.org/001/local-police-aid-ice-by-tapping-school-cameras-amid-trumps-immigration-crackdown.html", "source_date": "2026-02-10", "quote": "More than 733,000 searches by more than 3,100 police agencies ... 620 searches, cited by 30 law enforcement agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 666, "jurisdiction": "as cited by Houston PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Houston PD council committee presentation on Vigilant investigative data platform", "period": "2020-09", "metric": "Records in Vigilant/DRN commercial database / five-year contract cost", "value": "approximately 6.5 billion; $1,125,000 (FY21 $225,000)", "note": "Figure footnoted to drndata.com and vigilantsolutions.com; EFF cited same 6.5 billion figure in Jan 2018", "source_type": "Agency presentation (vendor figure)", "source": "Houston PD, 'HPD Investigative Data Platform', TTI Committee (Sep 3, 2020)", "source_url": "https://311.houstontx.gov/council/committees/tti/20200903/HPD-Investigative-Data-Platform.pdf", "source_date": "2020-09-03", "quote": "Approximately 6.5 Billion Records*", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 667, "jurisdiction": "Austin PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "City internal audit of ALPR pilot (Flock + Axon)", "period": "Mar–Dec 2024", "metric": "Plate scans (estimated)", "value": "75,100,000", "note": "Sum of three quarterly estimates; Flock share could not be verified by the city auditor", "source_type": "City auditor report", "source": "Austin Office of the City Auditor, APD LPR audit (May 2025)", "source_url": "https://services.austintexas.gov/edims/document.cfm?id=451731", "source_date": "2025-05", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 668, "jurisdiction": "Austin PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "City internal audit of ALPR pilot", "period": "Mar–Dec 2024", "metric": "Hot-list hits", "value": "13,122", "note": "3,099 + 4,685 + 5,338 by quarter; 193 from custom hot lists", "source_type": "City auditor report", "source": "Austin Office of the City Auditor (May 2025)", "source_url": "https://services.austintexas.gov/edims/document.cfm?id=451731", "source_date": "2025-05", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 669, "jurisdiction": "Austin PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "City internal audit of ALPR pilot", "period": "Mar–Dec 2024", "metric": "Hit stops reviewed", "value": "286", "note": "Zero found incorrect or unjustified; retention 7 days, shortest of six peers", "source_type": "City auditor report", "source": "Austin Office of the City Auditor (May 2025)", "source_url": "https://services.austintexas.gov/edims/document.cfm?id=451731", "source_date": "2025-05", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 670, "jurisdiction": "Bexar County SO", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "30-day audit log reviewed by local TV", "period": "2 Aug–1 Sep 2026", "metric": "Searches", "value": "1,800", "note": "72% reached 1,000+ networks; 33 cameras; more than a dozen placeholder case numbers such as 12345; sheriff will not seek renewal after early 2027", "source_type": "FOIA log via press", "source": "News 4 San Antonio (12 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://foxsanantonio.com/newsletter-daily/audit-log-raises-questions-about-bexar-county-flock-searches-future-funding-in-question", "source_date": "2026-10-12", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 671, "jurisdiction": "Bryan PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2024 to Apr 2026", "metric": "Network searches / organisations / Houston PD share / Dallas PD share / USPIS searches", "value": "14,786,394 / 5,292 / 10.5% / 7.4% / 49,397", "note": "Cobb County GA PD 193,019 searches from 1,100 miles away; Bryan's own 30,839", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Bryan TX PD (Jul 2026) (2026-07-06)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/bryan-tx-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-07-06", "quote": "Houston TX PD accounts for 1,555,718 of the 14,786,394 searches — 10.5% of all queries run through Bryan’s camera network.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 672, "jurisdiction": "Bryan TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1, 2024 – Apr 30, 2026 (28 months)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "14,786,394 records; 5,292 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Bryan TX PD (Jul 2026) (July 6, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/bryan-tx-jul2026", "source_date": "July 6, 2026", "quote": "Records: 14,786,394; Organizations: 5,292", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 673, "jurisdiction": "Colleyville PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Open-records audit logs vs Flock transparency page", "period": "2026", "metric": "Searches per month in audit logs (average)", "value": "700,000+", "note": "Transparency page showed 44 searches in 30 days; chief called the logs unreliable", "source_type": "FOIA log vs portal", "source": "Current Revolt (22 Oct 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.currentrevolt.com/p/colleyvilles-flock-page-says-44-searches", "source_date": "2026-10-22", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 674, "jurisdiction": "Dallas PD (911 director)", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "GBI arrest for ALPR misuse (Georgia charges)", "period": "2024-2025", "metric": "charges", "value": "2 misdemeanor counts misuse of LPR system", "note": "Heidi Taylor, former DPD 911 director; search count not disclosed", "source_type": "press", "source": "FOX 5 Atlanta, 'Former Dallas police 911 director accused of Flock camera misuse'", "source_url": "https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-dallas-911-director-accused-flock-camera-misuse", "source_date": "2026-08-12", "quote": "two misdemeanor counts of misuse of the license plate reader system", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 675, "jurisdiction": "Dallas PD (searches for ICE/ERO)", "state": "TX", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Flock audit logs (originally 404 Media reporting) cited in ACLU-MN testimony", "period": "2025", "metric": "networks/devices queried in Dallas PD ICE/ERO searches", "value": "6,674 networks; 77,771 devices", "note": "", "source_type": "advocacy testimony citing press analysis", "source": "ACLU of Minnesota testimony", "source_url": "https://www.lcc.mn.gov/lcdp/meetings/12112025/ACLU-MN-Data-Practices-Commission-Testimony.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12-11", "quote": "Dallas police searched 6,674 different individual Flock camera networks", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 676, "jurisdiction": "Frisco PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Frisco PD Q1/Q2 2025 Flock transparency report", "period": "2025-01 to 2025-06", "metric": "Searches / alerts / arrests / warrants / cleared by other means", "value": "14,154 (7,126 + 7,028) / 38,644 / 54 / 4 / 36", "note": "Audits found all searches complied with approved reasons; 30-day retention.", "source_type": "agency report", "source": "City of Frisco - Q1/Q2 2025 Flock Transparency Report", "source_url": "https://www.friscotexas.gov/DocumentCenter/View/37044/Q1_Q2_2025-Flock-Transparency-Report", "source_date": "2025-07-07", "quote": "The Q1 and Q2 audits showed all searches conducted complied with department approved reasons for database access.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 677, "jurisdiction": "Frisco PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2024 to Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches / case-number share", "value": "43,715 / 51.8%", "note": "No data provided for Nov–Dec 2024 or Nov–Dec 2025; plates redacted", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Frisco TX PD (Jan 2024 – Jun 2026) (2026-08-23)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/frisco-tx-jan2024-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-08-23", "quote": "Case # present: 22,643 (51.8%)", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 678, "jurisdiction": "Frisco TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 2, 2024 – Jun 30, 2026 (26 months, gaps in Nov–Dec 2024 and Nov–Dec 2025)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "43,715 records", "note": "Case number: 22,643 (51.8%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Frisco TX PD (Jan 2024 – Jun 2026) (August 23, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/frisco-tx-jan2024-jun2026", "source_date": "August 23, 2026", "quote": "Records: 43,715", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 679, "jurisdiction": "Harris County (agency unnamed)", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit log", "period": "2023-01-01 to 2026-01-01 (title says Apr 2023-Feb 2025)", "metric": "Searches logged", "value": "11,420,486", "note": "Only 11,745 unique plates visible because Flock altered existing network log files (redaction); weeks missing", "source_type": "analysis of released log", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Harris County TX April 2023-February 2025", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/harris-county-tx-jan2026", "source_date": "2026-02-02", "quote": "The total number of searches logged ... 11,420,486", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 680, "jurisdiction": "Harris County SO", "state": "TX", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Agency statement", "period": "2026-08", "metric": "Deputies under administrative review for Flock activity / cameras administered / networks", "value": "3 / 480 / 20", "note": "Networks mostly owned by MUDs, HOAs; renewal ~$868,975 through 2027-06-05.", "source_type": "agency statement (via press)", "source": "My Neighborhood News, 'Harris County Sheriff's Office adds new safeguards for Flock license plate readers as three deputies face review'", "source_url": "https://myneighborhoodnews.com/harris-county-sheriffs-office-adds-new-safeguards-for-flock-license-plate-readers-as-three-deputies-face-review", "source_date": "2026-08-14", "quote": "containing a combined 480 cameras", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 681, "jurisdiction": "Houston PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released audit log - single FreeForm search scope", "period": "2025-2026", "metric": "Devices / networks searched by one FreeForm query ('white car with black front bumper')", "value": "53,017 devices / 3,734 networks", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: Flock's FreeForm Free-For-All", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/freeform-freeforall", "source_date": "2026-03-09", "quote": "\"white car with black front bumper\" searched 53,017 devices across 3,734 networks.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 682, "jurisdiction": "Howe PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "21 Jun to 15 Jul 2026", "metric": "Own searches with a case number", "value": "0 of 26", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Howe TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (2026-07-29)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/howe-tx-jun-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-07-29", "quote": "Zero of 26 searches include a case number.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 683, "jurisdiction": "Howe TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 21 – Jul 15, 2026 (~25 days)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "26 records", "note": "Case number: 0 (0.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Howe TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (Jul 29, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/howe-tx-jun-jul2026", "source_date": "Jul 29, 2026", "quote": "Records: 26", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 684, "jurisdiction": "Johnson County SO", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Single search documented in audit logs", "period": "May 2025", "metric": "Cameras reached by one abortion-related search", "value": "83,345", "note": "Across 6,809 networks; reason 'had an abortion, search for female'", "source_type": "FOIA log via EFF", "source": "EFF 2025 in review (Dec 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/12/effs-investigations-expose-flock-safetys-surveillance-abuses-2025-review", "source_date": "2025-12", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 685, "jurisdiction": "Kyle PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "1 Jan to 19 Mar 2026", "metric": "Records matching immigration terms by month / test-reason records", "value": "120, 17, 4 (about 141) / 4,226", "note": "Sarasota County FL SO 560 test records, Robeson County NC SO 414", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Kyle TX (Jan–Mar 2026) (2026-03-24)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/kyle-tx-jan-mar2026", "source_date": "2026-03-24", "quote": "~141 records match immigration-related terms, dropping sharply month over month (120 → 17 → 4).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 686, "jurisdiction": "Kyle PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Kyle Flock audit logs analyzed by Texas Observer (immigration-related outside searches)", "period": "2026-01 to 2026-03", "metric": "immigration-related searches of Kyle data by other agencies", "value": "at least 117 by 18 agencies in 10 states", "note": "well over half flagged 'ICE'; DPS at least 10 'civil and/or administrative'; out-of-state (mostly FL) at least 17; Kyle PD own searches at least 2,891; Kyle 1.5M network total already covered", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Texas Observer, 'As License Plate Readers Expand in Texas, Privacy Advocates Are Fighting Back'", "source_url": "https://www.texasobserver.org/license-plate-readers-texas-privacy-advocates/", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "at least 117 searches of Kyle's Flock data ... 18 other agencies in 10 states", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 687, "jurisdiction": "Kyle PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Council statement from audit logs", "period": "to Sep 2026", "metric": "Searches on Kyle's system by outside agencies", "value": "1,500,000", "note": "Only 2,888 by Kyle PD itself; council later voted 4–3 to switch cameras off pending referendum", "source_type": "Audit log via council", "source": "FOX 7 Austin (13 Sep 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.fox7austin.com/news/kyle-voters-could-decide-future-flock-cameras", "source_date": "2026-09-13", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 688, "jurisdiction": "Laredo PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jan 2026", "metric": "Own searches in one month / case-number share / immigration reasons / human-trafficking reasons / freeform share", "value": "5,274 / 62.0% / 38 / 53 / 5.3%", "note": "27 'Immigration (criminal)', 11 'Immigration (civil/administrative)'; one operator 1,000 searches", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Laredo TX PD (Jan 2026) (2026-07-13)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/laredo-tx-jan2026", "source_date": "2026-07-13", "quote": "38 records carry explicit immigration reasons — 27 tagged “Immigration (criminal)” and 11 “Immigration (civil/administrative)”.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 689, "jurisdiction": "Laredo TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jan 1 – Jan 31, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "5,274 records", "note": "Case number: 3,268 (62.0%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Laredo TX PD (Jan 2026) (July 13, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/laredo-tx-jan2026", "source_date": "July 13, 2026", "quote": "Records: 5,274", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 690, "jurisdiction": "Lindale PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jun to Jul 2026", "metric": "Own searches in June vs network searches in July / organisations / FBI searches", "value": "229 vs 1,219,633 / 3,258 / 19,383", "note": "799 network records match immigration terms; case number on 50.6% of network records", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Lindale TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (2026-08-08)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/lindale-tx-jul2026", "source_date": "2026-08-08", "quote": "a department audit covering June 1–30, 2026 (229 records) and a network audit covering July 2–31, 2026 (1,219,633 records)", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 691, "jurisdiction": "Lindale TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 2 – Jul 31, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "1,219,633 records; 3,258 organisations", "note": "Case number: 617,014 (50.6%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Lindale TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/lindale-tx-jul2026", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 1,219,633; Organizations: 3,258", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 692, "jurisdiction": "Lindale TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jun 1 – Jun 30, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "229 records", "note": "Case number: 83 (36.2%)", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Lindale TX PD (Jun–Jul 2026) (August 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/lindale-tx-jul2026", "source_date": "August 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 229", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 693, "jurisdiction": "Lufkin PD (officer Zachary Klein)", "state": "TX", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "USA Today analysis; criminal case", "period": "to 2026", "metric": "Plates tracked / searches of one plate / felony counts / sentence", "value": "7 / more than 3,400 / 100 felony counts (abuse of official information) / 5 years", "note": "Tribune reports guilty plea to 100 counts and 5-year sentence", "source_type": "Press analysis of audit logs; court outcome", "source": "USA Today (Sep 4, 2026); Texas Tribune (Oct 5, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/10/05/texas-flock-cameras-two-million-public-records-information/", "source_date": "2026-10-05", "quote": "pleading guilty to 100 felony counts of abusing official information", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 694, "jurisdiction": "Pearland PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Jul 2025 to Jun 2026", "metric": "Network searches / organisations / share covering 1,000+ networks / own searches / Houston PD searches", "value": "11,635,727 / 4,756 / 82.1% / 27,934 / 808,693", "note": "144 records from 22 agencies contain 'immigration'; operator names redacted on every record", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Pearland TX PD (Jul 2025 – Jun 2026) (2026-10-08)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/pearland-tx-jul2025-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-10-08", "quote": "9,552,593 searches (82.1%) covered 1,000 networks or more", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 695, "jurisdiction": "Pearland TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Jul 1, 2025 – Jun 30, 2026 (365 days)", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "11,635,727 records; 4,756 organisations", "note": "Case number: redacted on 4,154,701 records; blank on 7,481,026", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Pearland TX PD (Jul 2025 – Jun 2026) (October 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/pearland-tx-jul2025-jun2026", "source_date": "October 8, 2026", "quote": "Records: 11,635,727; Organizations: 4,756", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 696, "jurisdiction": "Pflugerville PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Records request on Flock data access", "period": "2026", "metric": "Agencies with access to city's data per records / approved vendors list", "value": "459 / 83", "note": "Per Mayor Doug Weiss", "source_type": "Press report of records request", "source": "KUT (Sep 16, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.kut.org/crime-justice/2026-09-16/austin-tx-texas-flock-deflock-movement-license-plate-readers", "source_date": "2026-09-16", "quote": "The records request showed that 459 agencies across the country had access to the city's data", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 697, "jurisdiction": "Prosper TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock organisation audit (agency's own searches) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Aug 1 – Aug 29, 2026 (1 month)", "metric": "Released organisation audit (agency's own searches): records", "value": "518 records", "note": "Case number: filled on 518 records (100%); 73 hold free text or another agency’s case number", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Prosper TX PD (Aug 2026) (October 3, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/prosper-tx-aug2026", "source_date": "October 3, 2026", "quote": "Records: 518", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 698, "jurisdiction": "retail Flock cameras shared with Johnson County SO", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Johnson County TX Sheriff's Office Flock sharing records obtained by 404 Media", "period": "2025-08", "metric": "Lowe's locations whose Flock cameras the sheriff's office could search / Home Depot stores", "value": "173 Lowe's locations nationwide; 'dozens' of Home Depot stores in Texas", "note": "Hundreds of retailer-funded ALPR cameras; Home Depot sharing also included gunshot-detection microphones", "source_type": "Press analysis of released records", "source": "404 Media, 'Home Depot and Lowe's Share Data From Hundreds of AI Cameras With Cops' (Aug 6, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.404media.co/home-depot-and-lowes-share-data-from-hundreds-of-ai-cameras-with-cops/", "source_date": "2025-08-06", "quote": "tap into Flock license plate reading cameras at 173 different Lowe's locations around the U.S.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 699, "jurisdiction": "Texarkana TX PD", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock transparency-portal search log (30 days)", "period": "2026-07-06 to 2026-08-04", "metric": "Searches / searches sent to national network / typical and maximum agencies reached", "value": "305 / 209 / 1,089 typical, 1,345 max", "note": "Reasons: larceny/theft 85; warrants 47; stolen vehicles 29; drugs 20; traffic infraction 7 (4 reached 1,000+ agencies); 25 distinct reason codes.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Texarkana Today, 'Texarkana, Texas police ran 305 license plate reader searches during a recent 30-day stretch...'", "source_url": "https://txktoday.com/news/texarkana-texas-police-ran-305-license-plate-reader-searches-during-a-recent-30-day-stretch-two-thirds-of-them-reached-beyond-texarkana-to-more-than-1000-law-enforcement-agencies-across-the-country/", "source_date": "2026-08-06", "quote": "Of the 305 searches, 209 went out to Flock's national network.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 700, "jurisdiction": "Texas (statewide)", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Texas Tribune survey of Flock transparency portals", "period": "2026-10", "metric": "Texas agencies using transparency portals / sharing search records", "value": "60 agencies; 16 share search records", "note": "portals cover 2,600+ of ~13,000 TX cameras", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "Texas Tribune, 'Texas Flock records are harder to get and more expensive'", "source_url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/10/05/texas-flock-cameras-two-million-public-records-information/", "source_date": "2026-10-05", "quote": "only 60 make use of the transparency portals ... Of those, only 16 share their search records", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 701, "jurisdiction": "Texas (statewide)", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Texas Tribune survey of transparency portals and records fees", "period": "2026-10", "metric": "Cameras covered by 60 agencies' transparency portals (of ~13,000 statewide) / DPS-operated cameras / North Richland Hills records fee estimate / Irving fee / KPRC quoted fee", "value": "2,600+ / 900+ / $2.3 million / $70,000 / $121,000", "note": "Complements covered 60-portal/16-share row", "source_type": "Press survey", "source": "Texas Tribune, 'Texas Flock records are harder to get and more expensive' (Oct 5, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/10/05/texas-flock-cameras-two-million-public-records-information/", "source_date": "2026-10-05", "quote": "more than 2,600 of the estimated 13,000 cameras operating in the state", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 702, "jurisdiction": "Texas agencies incl. Texas DPS (immigration-related Flock lookups)", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Danville IL Flock audit log analysis (404 Media data) of Texas agencies' nationwide lookups", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-05", "metric": "Texas DPS immigration-related searches in 2025 / Texas agencies' total 2025 lookups with immigration reasons / immigration-related searches since June 2024", "value": "DPS 50; 216 lookups in 2025, over 83% immigration-related; 307 since June 2024", "note": "2025 per-agency: Houston PD 109, Dallas PD 17, DPS 50, Midland 2, Montgomery County SO 2; 2024: 91 searches, nearly 70% HSI-related", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "The Barbed Wire, 'Texas Police Are Running Constitutionally Questionable AI License Plate Searches for ICE' (May 30, 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.thebarbedwire.com/texas-cops-ice-license-plate-searches/", "source_date": "2025-05-30", "quote": "Out of 216 total lookups Texas law enforcement agencies made in 2025", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 703, "jurisdiction": "Texas Department of Public Safety", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA Today investigation of Flock query logs", "period": "2023-06 to 2026", "metric": "Flock queries by Texas DPS", "value": "at least 388,000", "note": "KUT citing USA Today", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs (secondary)", "source": "KUT, 'These groups are driving the DeFlock movement in Austin' (Sep 16, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.kut.org/crime-justice/2026-09-16/austin-tx-texas-flock-deflock-movement-license-plate-readers", "source_date": "2026-09-16", "quote": "Since June 2023, there have been at least 388,000 queries by the department", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 704, "jurisdiction": "Texas Department of Public Safety Flock network", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Texas Tribune review of one month of DPS Flock network audit data", "period": "2026-06", "metric": "total searches of DPS network", "value": "~615000", "note": "once every four seconds on average; Houston PD 13%, DPS officers just under 9%", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "Texas Tribune, 'DPS will continue its vast Flock camera network in Texas'", "source_url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/09/04/texas-flock-cameras-dps-network-search-abbott/", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "Roughly 615,000 in June ... once every four seconds", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 705, "jurisdiction": "Texas Department of Public Safety Flock network", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Texas Tribune review of DPS audit data", "period": "2026-06", "metric": "agencies searching DPS network", "value": "3075 (396 TX, 2679 out of state)", "note": "48% of queries from outside Texas; Coweta County SO (GA) 6,700 searches, most of any out-of-state dept", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "Texas Tribune", "source_url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/09/04/texas-flock-cameras-dps-network-search-abbott/", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "3,075 in total, with 396 in Texas and 2,679 out of state ... 48% of queries came from outside Texas", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 706, "jurisdiction": "Texas Department of Public Safety Flock network", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Texas Tribune review of DPS audit data", "period": "2026-06", "metric": "searches listing HSI/CBP/immigration-related reasons", "value": "111", "note": "incl. 'ICE deportation warrant'; 58,000+ searches listed as 'traffic infractions'", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "Texas Tribune", "source_url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/09/04/texas-flock-cameras-dps-network-search-abbott/", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "111 searches listed Homeland Security Investigations, Customs and Border Protection, or other immigration-related reasons", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 707, "jurisdiction": "Texas Department of Public Safety Flock network", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Texas Tribune review of DPS audit data / agreements", "period": "as of 2026-07", "metric": "agencies that searched DPS network without signed agreements", "value": "2800+", "note": "206 Texas departments had signed agreements as of July", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "Texas Tribune", "source_url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2026/09/04/texas-flock-cameras-dps-network-search-abbott/", "source_date": "2026-09-04", "quote": "More than 2,800 agencies had searched the network without agreements", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 708, "jurisdiction": "Texas law enforcement agencies (statewide)", "state": "TX", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "404 Media analysis of Flock audit logs (cited by Texas Observer)", "period": "2025-01 to 2025-05", "metric": "immigration-related ALPR searches by Texas agencies", "value": "at least 180", "note": "", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "Texas Observer citing 404 Media", "source_url": "https://www.texasobserver.org/license-plate-readers-texas-privacy-advocates/", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "Texas law enforcement agencies conducted at least 180 immigration-related searches of ALPR data from January to May 2025", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 709, "jurisdiction": "Metropolitan Police Service (London) - UK", "state": "UK", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "MPS Freedom of Information disclosure 01.FOI.24.038806", "period": "2023-08 to 2024-06", "metric": "Number-plate captures by MPS ANPR cameras / TfL cameras / cameras MPS can access", "value": "1,935,800,318 (MPS); 163,198,330 (TfL); 555 MPS cameras and 68 TfL cameras", "note": "UK; response notes data contains duplicated reads", "source_type": "FOI disclosure", "source": "Metropolitan Police FOI disclosure, 'Number plate scans August 2023-June 2024 ANPR cameras' (Aug 2024)", "source_url": "https://www.met.police.uk/foi-ai/metropolitan-police/disclosure-2024/august-2024/number-plate-scans-august2023-june2024-anpr-cameras/", "source_date": "2024-08", "quote": "August 2023 - June 2024 Met Captures 1,935,800,318", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 710, "jurisdiction": "United Kingdom (National ANPR Service) - UK", "state": "UK", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "Home Office / NPCC National ANPR Service Data Protection Impact Assessment v4", "period": "2025-01", "metric": "ANPR cameras / mobile ANPR cameras / reads submitted to national systems daily / retention", "value": "12,076 camera sets; 1,878 mobile; over 100 million per day (elsewhere 'exceed 90 million'); 12 months (deleted at 367 days)", "note": "UK national system; document internally inconsistent on daily reads (80m/90m/100m); most staff may access data up to 90 days old, some up to a year", "source_type": "Government DPIA", "source": "GOV.UK, National ANPR Service: data protection impact assessment, Version 4 (Jan 2025; page updated Jul 29, 2026)", "source_url": "https://gov.uk/government/publications/national-anpr-service-data-protection-impact-assessment/national-anpr-service-data-protection-impact-assessment-accessible", "source_date": "2025-01", "quote": "12,076 camera sets and 1,878 mobile ANPR cameras nationally", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 711, "jurisdiction": "United Kingdom (National ANPR) - UK", "state": "UK", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner letter to Secretary of State for Transport", "period": "2023-10", "metric": "Traffic lanes covered by ANPR cameras / daily reads / inaccurate reads per day at 97% accuracy", "value": "approximately 15,400; 75-80 million per day; up to 2.4 million", "note": "UK; letter projected 100m reads/day by end of 2024; estimate that 1 in 15 drivers may use anti-ANPR technology", "source_type": "Regulator letter", "source": "Prof. Fraser Sampson, Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner, letter on risks to the ANPR system (Oct 5, 2023)", "source_url": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/letter-to-the-secretary-of-state-for-transport/letter-to-the-secretary-of-state-for-transport-risks-to-the-anpr-system-accessible-version", "source_date": "2023-10-05", "quote": "submit between 75 and 80 million reads daily on a regular basis", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 712, "jurisdiction": "West Yorkshire Police - UK", "state": "UK", "category": "Government document or disclosure", "scope": "FOI response 3069402/26 (refusal on cost grounds, with workload estimate)", "period": "2026-07", "metric": "ANPR 'hits' per day (as stated in FOI response) / retention", "value": "approximately 450,000 per day; 12 months", "note": "UK; the response uses 'hits' in estimating review workload, likely meaning reads; camera count withheld under s.24/s.31", "source_type": "FOI disclosure", "source": "West Yorkshire Police FOI 3069402/26 (Jul 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.westyorkshire.police.uk/node/202468", "source_date": "2026-07", "quote": "On average there are approximately 450,000 hits per day.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 713, "jurisdiction": "Springville PD", "state": "UT", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Department Flock program page filed with Utah public notice", "period": "2026 year-to-date", "metric": "Searches / cameras / top category", "value": "1,812 / 3 / Motor Vehicle Theft 281 (15.5%)", "note": "Internal audit found documentation 'fell short of the state requirements'; 30-day deletion. Exact posting date not on document.", "source_type": "agency document", "source": "Springville Police Department, Flock ALPR program page (Utah Public Notice Website file 1493423)", "source_url": "https://www.utah.gov/pmn/files/1493423.pdf", "source_date": "2026", "quote": "A recent internal audit revealed that our documentation practices fell short of the state requirements.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 714, "jurisdiction": "Weber County (10 Flock cameras)", "state": "UT", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records obtained by Utah News Dispatch", "period": "2022-02 to 2026-07", "metric": "Searches touching Weber County cameras / out-of-state share / agencies searching / top searcher", "value": "5.1 million / almost 97% / 3,343 agencies / Houston PD over one-third", "note": "Utah has 944 cameras logged by lprmaps.com (No. 28 nationally).", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Utah News Dispatch, 'Most of this Utah county's license plate camera data is searched by out-of-state law enforcement'", "source_url": "https://utahnewsdispatch.com/2026/08/14/weber-county-license-plate-camera-data-searched-by-out-of-state-law-enforcement/", "source_date": "2026-08-14", "quote": "were searched 5.1 million times between February 2022 and July 2026", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 715, "jurisdiction": "Alexandria PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "City LPR dashboard / responses to City Council", "period": "2025-08-01 to 2026-08-31", "metric": "LPR queries by APD officers", "value": "20,914", "note": "Sept 2026: 1,557 searches (446 vehicle theft); 61 fixed cameras; 35 of 161 stolen vehicles recovered via LPR; 72 felony + 65 misdemeanor charges; 4 firearms; 3 missing persons; 21-day retention; audits every 30 days", "source_type": "city dashboard", "source": "City of Alexandria License Plate Reader Dashboard and Response to City Council Questions", "source_url": "https://www.alexandriava.gov/police-department/license-plate-reader-dashboard-and-response-to-city-council-questions-on-flock", "source_date": "2026-10-30", "quote": "During this period, APD officers conducted 20,914 LPR queries.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 716, "jurisdiction": "Alexandria PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "City LPR dashboard - audit results", "period": "~2023 to 2026 (three years)", "metric": "Searches flagged for additional review in audits", "value": "56", "note": "0 instances of misuse found; most common issues missing/mistyped case numbers; access restricted for 12 Virginia 287(g) agencies that are Flock customers", "source_type": "city dashboard", "source": "City of Alexandria LPR Dashboard FAQ", "source_url": "https://www.alexandriava.gov/police-department/license-plate-reader-dashboard-and-response-to-city-council-questions-on-flock", "source_date": "2026-10-30", "quote": "APD found no instance in which the ALPR system was misused", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 717, "jurisdiction": "Bridgewater PD network", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Network audit obtained by VCIJ", "period": "one year to mid-2025", "metric": "Accesses of a five-camera network in a town of about 6,600", "value": "~7,000,000", "note": "By more than 4,600 agencies nationwide; the town ran no immigration-related search itself", "source_type": "FOIA log via press/advocates", "source": "Ban the Cams on VCIJ data (18 Sep 2025); HIBF VCIJ data drop", "source_url": "https://banthecams.org/posts/2025/09/18/va-flock-data-shared-millions-of-times", "source_date": "2025-09-18", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 718, "jurisdiction": "Chesterfield County Police", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Internal audit of employee's searches; criminal charges for ALPR misuse", "period": "2026 (reported Aug 27, 2026)", "metric": "charges for improper ALPR use", "value": "2 counts improper ALPR use + 2 counts computer invasion of privacy", "note": "civilian intelligence investigator Rebekkah Robinson; audit 'uncovered suspicious transactions'; Class 1 misdemeanors", "source_type": "press", "source": "VPM, 'Chesterfield police employee charged with misuse of Flock cameras'", "source_url": "https://www.vpm.org/news/2026-10-02/chesterfield-police-flock-safety-cameras-alprs-carpenter-jones-sturtevant-schmidt/", "source_date": "2026-10-02", "quote": "Two counts of improper use of an ALPR system by law enforcement", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 719, "jurisdiction": "Fairfax County PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "EFF analysis of Flock audit logs - Roma-term searches", "period": "2024-12 to 2025-04", "metric": "Searches with Roma/'gypsy' terms by Fairfax County PD", "value": "more than 150", "note": "", "source_type": "advocacy", "source": "EFF - Romani people article", "source_url": "https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/11/license-plate-surveillance-logs-reveal-racist-policing-against-romani-people", "source_date": "2025-11-03", "quote": "Fairfax County Police Department, VA: More than 150 searches", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 720, "jurisdiction": "Fairfax, Chesterfield, Isle of Wight, Loudoun, Stafford counties", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "VCIJ analysis of Danville IL Flock audit logs for Virginia agencies' immigration-related searches", "period": "2024-06 to 2025-04", "metric": "immigration-related searches by five Virginia counties", "value": "~50 (Fairfax >half; Chesterfield 6; Isle of Wight 5; Stafford 4; Loudoun 1)", "note": "two searches reached 76,000+ (Mar 11, 2025) and 81,000 cameras (Apr 29); Fairfax shares with 13 agencies", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "VCIJ via VPM, 'The feds' hidden immigration weapon: Virginia's surveillance network'", "source_url": "https://www.vpm.org/news/2025-07-07/vcij-immigration-enforcement-flock-safety-license-plate-readers-poggenklass/", "source_date": "2025-07-07", "quote": "About 50 in five counties ... Chesterfield: six searches (three conducted at immigration authorities' request)", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 721, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery - misuse found", "period": "2023 to 2025", "metric": "Instances of misuse NPD discovered through its oversight", "value": "2", "note": "Opening brief p.14. Norfolk admitted no one verifies case/call numbers are real.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norfolk-Opening-Brief.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "NPD's minimal oversight means that it has discovered just two instances of misuse", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 722, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - cameras", "period": "2023 to 2025", "metric": "Norfolk-owned Flock cameras / additional third-party cameras NPD can access", "value": "175 (172 + 3 active new) / 43", "note": "Opening brief pp.1,7-8; ruling and WHRO cite 176. Grew from 20 to 172. Cost $2,500 per camera per year ($437,500).", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norfolk-Opening-Brief.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "NPD has access to data from 43 additional ALPRs in Norfolk alone.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 723, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery - audit practice", "period": "2023 to 2025-05", "metric": "Date NPD first reviewed its Flock audit files", "value": "May 2025 (files first downloaded Feb 2025)", "note": "Opening brief p.13; ACLU/EFF amicus p.10 says audit files not downloaded until Feb 2025 and not reviewed until May 2025 (after suit filed Oct 2024).", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norfolk-Opening-Brief.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "[N]o NPD official looked at the audit files until May 2025", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 724, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery (NPD Flock audit logs)", "period": "2023-05 to 2025-05", "metric": "Searches with top three generic reasons ('cj', 'stolen', 'inv')", "value": "nearly 75,000 (about one-third of 230,000)", "note": "Opening brief p.13: 'The top three reasons officers entered were cj, stolen, and inv, accounting for nearly 75,000 searches.' Other logged reasons included 'protestor identification' and 'la la la la'.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk, 4th Cir. No. 26-1227", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norfolk-Opening-Brief.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "The top three reasons officers entered were 'cj,' 'stolen,' and 'inv,' accounting for nearly 75,000 searches.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 725, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery (NPD Flock audit logs)", "period": "2023-05 to mid-2025", "metric": "Total searches of NPD Flock system", "value": "more than 230,000", "note": "Testimony p.4; also opening brief p.13 (searches up to May 2025 when audit review began).", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Institute for Justice (Alasdair Whitney) written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Counterterrorism hearing 'Always Watching'", "source_url": "https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/09/23/2026/2026-09-23-pm_testimony_whitneypdf", "source_date": "2026-09-23", "quote": "More than 230,000 searches between May 2023 and mid-2025", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 726, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery - hotlist alert share", "period": "2025", "metric": "Share of detections triggering any alert", "value": "fewer than 2%", "note": "Testimony p.2.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Institute for Justice (Alasdair Whitney) written testimony, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime and Counterterrorism hearing 'Always Watching'", "source_url": "https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/download/09/23/2026/2026-09-23-pm_testimony_whitneypdf", "source_date": "2026-09-23", "quote": "fewer than two percent of detections trigger any alert at all.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 727, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - retention", "period": "2025", "metric": "Retention period", "value": "30 days, reduced to 21 days (July 1, 2025 Virginia law)", "note": "Opening brief p.12; Norfolk says limit does not apply to downloaded data.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norfolk-Opening-Brief.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "from 30 days to 21 days", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 728, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - search frequency (deposition)", "period": "2025", "metric": "NPD Flock searches per week", "value": "thousands", "note": "Plaintiffs' MSJ opposition p.11 citing deposition PX4; audits 'just make sure all the boxes are checked'.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendants' MSJ, ECF 179-3, Schmidt v. Norfolk (E.D. Va.)", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/ECF-179-3-Pltfs-Opp-to-Defts-MSJ.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12", "quote": "there are thousands of searches done per week", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 729, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - plaintiffs' expert route simulation", "period": "2025", "metric": "Simulated routes passing at least one Flock camera", "value": "about 78% of 15,000+ simulated routes; 25% of routes at least 70% reconstructible", "note": "Plaintiffs' MSJ opposition p.19 (PX24).", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "Plaintiffs' Opposition to Defendants' MSJ, ECF 179-3", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/ECF-179-3-Pltfs-Opp-to-Defts-MSJ.pdf", "source_date": "2025-12", "quote": "about 78 percent of trips passed at least one camera", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 730, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - plaintiffs' captures (discovery)", "period": "2025-02-19 to 2025-07-03", "metric": "Times plaintiffs' vehicles captured by Norfolk cameras / regional Flock cameras", "value": "Lee Schmidt 475 / 526; Crystal Arrington 324 / 849", "note": "Opening brief pp.15-16; Cato amicus p.12 (526 and 849); district ruling (WHRO) cites 475 and 325.", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norfolk-Opening-Brief.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "Norfolk's Flock Cameras tracked Lee at least 475 times from February 19 to July 2", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 731, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk discovery - capture volume", "period": "2025-03-30 to 2025-04-27", "metric": "Total vehicle volume captured by Norfolk Flock cameras in a 29-day period", "value": "41,148,215", "note": "Opening brief p.9; testimony p.2 ('175 cameras logged more than 41 million captures in a 29-day period').", "source_type": "litigation", "source": "IJ Opening Brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk", "source_url": "https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Norfolk-Opening-Brief.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "Norfolk: 175 cameras logged more than 41 million captures in a 29-day period", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 732, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Schmidt v. City of Norfolk - district court ruling", "period": "2026-01-27", "metric": "Ruling facts: cameras / retention / plaintiff captures", "value": "176 cameras; 21 days; Schmidt 475, Arrington 325 in 4.5 months", "note": "Judge Mark S. Davis, E.D. Va., 51-page opinion granting summary judgment to Norfolk (819 F.Supp.3d 492); on appeal 4th Cir. No. 26-1227.", "source_type": "litigation (press report of ruling)", "source": "WHRO - A federal judge ruled Norfolk's Flock surveillance cameras don't invade people's privacy - yet", "source_url": "https://whro.org/business-growth/2026-02-11/a-federal-judge-ruled-norfolks-flock-surveillance-cameras-dont-invade-peoples-privacy-yet", "source_date": "2026-02-11", "quote": "at least in Norfolk, Virginia, the answer is: not today", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 733, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Vendor statement", "scope": "Norfolk PD Flock Transparency Portal (cited in amicus)", "period": "2026-03", "metric": "Vehicles detected / hotlist match share", "value": "over 1 million / less than 1%", "note": "Amicus p.6 citing Norfolk VA PD Flock Transparency Portal (Mar 31, 2026). Vendor portal statistic.", "source_type": "litigation (amicus citing vendor portal)", "source": "ACLU/EFF amicus brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk, 4th Cir. No. 26-1227", "source_url": "https://assets.aclu.org/live/uploads/2026/04/Schmidt-v.-Norfolk-file-stamped-amicus.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "NPD's cameras detected over 1 million vehicles.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 734, "jurisdiction": "Norfolk PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "VCIJ analysis of Flock search logs", "period": "after 2025-07-01", "metric": "searches of one vehicle's plate", "value": "~900", "note": "after a July 1, 2025 incident; most searches covered prior 30 days", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "VCIJ at WHRO", "source_url": "https://www.whro.org/virginia-center-for-investigative-journalism/2026-04-02/virginia-police-often-search-alpr-surveillance-data-for-vague-reasons", "source_date": "2026-04-02", "quote": "Nearly 900 Flock searches for one vehicle's plate after a July 1, 2025 incident", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 735, "jurisdiction": "Northampton County SO", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "VCIJ analysis of Flock search logs", "period": "2025-07 to 2025-10", "metric": "searches by one deputy for 'suspicious activity/vehicle'", "value": "500+", "note": "covering more than 100 plates; 4 of 5 statewide 'suspicious activity' searches came from this office", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "VCIJ at WHRO", "source_url": "https://www.whro.org/virginia-center-for-investigative-journalism/2026-04-02/virginia-police-often-search-alpr-surveillance-data-for-vague-reasons", "source_date": "2026-04-02", "quote": "More than 500 searches from July to October 2025 for 'suspicious activity' and 'suspicious vehicle,' covering more than 100 plates", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 736, "jurisdiction": "Richmond PD", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Police review of Flock use", "period": "review reported 2026-04", "metric": "Policy violations found", "value": "1", "note": "Sergeant shared vehicle image from one Flock camera with FBI agent (DC homicide); lost ALPR access; not prosecuted; ~100 cameras", "source_type": "press (quoting police)", "source": "WTVR CBS 6", "source_url": "https://www.wtvr.com/news/local-news/richmond/richmond-police-flock-violation-april-30-2026", "source_date": "2026-04-30", "quote": "Richmond police said the sergeant's policy violation was the only violation the review uncovered.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 737, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (c.150 agencies)", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "VCIJ analysis of Flock search logs, reason-field quality", "period": "2025-07 to 2025-10", "metric": "searches using vague reasons ('suspicious', 'suspect')", "value": "1800+", "note": "", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "VCIJ at WHRO", "source_url": "https://www.whro.org/virginia-center-for-investigative-journalism/2026-04-02/virginia-police-often-search-alpr-surveillance-data-for-vague-reasons", "source_date": "2026-04-02", "quote": "More than 1,800 searches from July to October used vague reasons such as 'suspicious' or 'suspect'", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 738, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (c.150 agencies)", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "VCIJ analysis of Flock search logs (reason-field quality) obtained via records requests", "period": "2025-07-01 to 2025-10", "metric": "search logs analyzed", "value": "200,000", "note": "nearly 150 Virginia agencies; post-HB 2724 law effective July 1, 2025", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "VCIJ at WHRO, 'Virginia police search vehicle surveillance data 24/7. Why? isn't always clear.'", "source_url": "https://www.whro.org/virginia-center-for-investigative-journalism/2026-04-02/virginia-police-often-search-alpr-surveillance-data-for-vague-reasons", "source_date": "2026-04-02", "quote": "About 200,000 search logs from Flock Safety data ... Nearly 150 Virginia law enforcement agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 739, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "Litigation record", "scope": "Analysis of Virginia Flock network audit logs (VPM News, cited in amicus)", "period": "12 months to 2025", "metric": "Searches of Virginia agencies' ALPR data for immigration enforcement", "value": "nearly 3,000", "note": "Amicus p.21 citing VPM News (Oct 9, 2025); Read in the amicus brief.", "source_type": "litigation (amicus citing press analysis)", "source": "ACLU/EFF amicus brief, Schmidt v. City of Norfolk, 4th Cir. No. 26-1227", "source_url": "https://assets.aclu.org/live/uploads/2026/04/Schmidt-v.-Norfolk-file-stamped-amicus.pdf", "source_date": "2026-04", "quote": "accessed for immigration enforcement purposes nearly 3,000 times over a 12-month period", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 740, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC 2024 ALPR study; DCJS 2024 procurement survey", "period": "2024", "metric": "Agencies that procured ALPR, by size", "value": "Large 14 of 17 (82%); medium 71 of 96 (74%); small 56 of 160 (35%); 275 respondents", "note": "Staff found no stories of ALPR errors/misuse in Virginia as of Nov 14, 2024; VSP retention 24 hours at time", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC 2024 Annual Report - Law Enforcement Use of ALPR", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/Annual%20Reports/2024%20VSCC%20Annual%20Report%20-Law%20Enforcement%20Use%20of%20ALPR.pdf", "source_date": "2025", "quote": "74% (71 of 96) of responding medium departments reported they had procured ALPR.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 741, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC ALPR update; VDOT right-of-way permits and DGS approvals", "period": "2025", "metric": "VDOT retroactive land-use permits for ALPR devices", "value": "215 (18 to VSP, 197 to localities)", "note": "DGS had approved 8 ALPR systems as of report", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026 (also VSCC 2025 Annual Report p.39)", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "VDOT retroactively issued 215 land use permits for such ALPR devices, including 18 permits to VSP and 197 permits to localities.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 742, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "DCJS surveillance technology survey (summarized in VSCC report)", "period": "2025-09", "metric": "DCJS survey ALPR use", "value": "272 of 335 responded (81%); 48% reported ALPR use, 7% ALPR access", "note": "85 respondents (31%) used/accessed/procured a third-party service", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "DCJS surveyed 335 law enforcement agencies in September 2025 and received an 81% response rate (272 responses).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 743, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Virginia State Crime Commission ALPR update (statutory study under HB 2724 / Va. Code 2.2-5517), Nov 2025 survey of all LE agencies", "period": "2025-11", "metric": "Survey response", "value": "251 of 361 agencies (70%)", "note": "Survey disseminated to all 361 Virginia LE agencies in Nov 2025", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC, Law Enforcement Use of ALPR Update, Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "The survey had a response rate of 70% (251 of 361).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 744, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC ALPR update survey", "period": "2025-11", "metric": "Agencies using ALPR", "value": "159 of 251 responding (63%)", "note": "", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "Of the responding agencies, 63% (159 of 251) indicated that their agency is using ALPR.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 745, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC ALPR update survey", "period": "2025-11", "metric": "Flock Safety vendor share", "value": "137 of 159 (86%)", "note": "30% (47 of 159) reported two or more ALPR vendors", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "The large majority of responding agencies, 86% (137 of 159), reported Flock Safety as their ALPR vendor.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 746, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC ALPR update survey", "period": "2025-11", "metric": "Fixed cameras per agency (range)", "value": "1 to 176; 143 of 159 agencies use fixed cameras", "note": "Mobile cameras ranged 1 to 1,066 (50 agencies); portable 1 to 15 (37 agencies)", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "90% (143 of 159) of agencies reported fixed ALPR camera use. Number of fixed cameras ranged from 1 to 176.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 747, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC ALPR update survey", "period": "2025-11", "metric": "Agencies retaining data beyond statutory 21 days", "value": "33 of 159 (21%)", "note": "Fixed: 106 of 143 at <=21 days; mobile 47 of 50; portable 31 of 37. Over-limit ranges: fixed 22-60 days, mobile 30-180 days", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "21% (33 of 159) of responding agencies reported a data retention period over 21 days.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 748, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC ALPR update survey", "period": "2025-11", "metric": "Agencies giving out-of-state LE continuous access", "value": "20 of 159 (13%)", "note": "Federal agencies continuous access: 9 of 159 (6%); other VA local agencies 123 of 159 (77%); VA state agencies 94 of 159 (59%)", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "13% (20 of 159) of agencies reported that law enforcement agencies in other states have continuous access;", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 749, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC ALPR update survey", "period": "2025-11", "metric": "Agencies with a written ALPR policy", "value": "112 of 159 (70%); 26 (16%) no policy; 14 (9%) in progress", "note": "107 of 112 provided a copy; 55 of 159 (35%) took no public-awareness measures", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "70% (112 of 159) reported having a policy; 16% (26 of 159) reported not having a policy;", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 750, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (statewide)", "state": "VA", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "VSCC ALPR update survey", "period": "2025-11", "metric": "Agencies receiving FOIA requests for ALPR data", "value": "35 of 159 (22%); 121 (76%) none; 33 (21%) denied a request", "note": "", "source_type": "state commission report", "source": "VSCC ALPR Update Jan 2026", "source_url": "https://vscc.virginia.gov/2026/VSCC%20ALPR%20Report%20January%202026%20FINAL%20REVISED%20Jan%2021%202026.pdf", "source_date": "2026-01-21", "quote": "76% (121 of 159) had not received any FOIA requests; 22% (35 of 159) received at least one FOIA request;", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 751, "jurisdiction": "Virginia (VCIJ, two agencies)", "state": "VA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Audit logs from Bridgewater PD and Mecklenburg County SO", "period": "1 Jun 2024–21 Jun 2025", "metric": "Searches in the two logs", "value": "12,713,808", "note": "More than 4,000 agencies queried Virginia data; about 3,000 immigration-related searches statewide per VCIJ", "source_type": "FOIA log via press", "source": "WHRO / VCIJ (24 Sep 2025); HIBF data drop", "source_url": "https://www.whro.org/virginia-center-for-investigative-journalism/2025-09-24/flock-surveillance-camera-search-database", "source_date": "2025-09-24", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 752, "jurisdiction": "Vermont (statewide)", "state": "VT", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "DPS annual ALPR report under 23 V.S.A. 1607", "period": "2015-07 to 2016-12", "metric": "Cumulative reads / units / requests", "value": "8,818,811 cumulative statewide reads; 69 units; 242 requests to VIC; 52 in-state releases; 7 out-of-state/federal releases", "note": "Alerts/enforcement not tracked electronically", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Vermont DPS 2016 ALPR Annual Report", "source_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/VT-2016-ALPR-Annual-Report.pdf", "source_date": "2017-01", "quote": "Total Cumulative Statewide Reads – 8,818,811.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 753, "jurisdiction": "Vermont (statewide)", "state": "VT", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "DPS annual ALPR report under 23 V.S.A. 1607", "period": "CY2018", "metric": "Reads / units / requests", "value": "682,151 reads (down 74% from 2017); 1,471,746 on 18-month database (down 83% since 2016); 13 units at start, 4 at end of 2018; in-state 105 requests, 8 released; out-of-state 59 requests, 4 released", "note": "VSP server cost $15,200", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Vermont DPS 2018 ALPR Annual Report (Jan 2019)", "source_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2020/WorkGroups/Senate%20Transportation/VTrans%20Testimony/VTrans%20General%20Testimony/W~Shawn%20Loan~2018%20Automated%20License%20Plate%20Recognition%20Systems%20Report~1-16-2019.pdf", "source_date": "2019-01-16", "quote": "By the conclusion of 2018, only four units remained in service.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 754, "jurisdiction": "Vermont (statewide)", "state": "VT", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "DPS annual ALPR report under 23 V.S.A. 1607", "period": "CY2019", "metric": "Reads / units / alerts", "value": "136,983 reads submitted; 406,787 on 18-month database; 22 units (17 DMV, 5 LE); 3,196 alerts; 8 alerts led to enforcement action", "note": "0 stationary units; 18-month retention; total cost $30,608", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Vermont DPS 2019 ALPR Annual Report", "source_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/2019-ALPR-Report.pdf", "source_date": "2020-01", "quote": "The number of ALPR readings submitted to the ALPR database: 136,983", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 755, "jurisdiction": "Vermont (statewide)", "state": "VT", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "DPS annual ALPR report under 23 V.S.A. 1607", "period": "CY2019", "metric": "Historical data requests", "value": "In-state 50 requests, 1 released (avg age 49 days); out-of-state 38 requests, 0 released (avg age 57 days)", "note": "0 historical releases contributed to investigation", "source_type": "statutory report", "source": "Vermont DPS 2019 ALPR Annual Report", "source_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/assets/Legislative-Reports/2019-ALPR-Report.pdf", "source_date": "2020-01", "quote": "Total number of OOS requests received 2019 38 ... Information Released 0", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 756, "jurisdiction": "Vermont (statewide)", "state": "VT", "category": "State statutory report or audit", "scope": "Statutory annual report, 23 V.S.A. §1607", "period": "CY2021", "metric": "Plate reads submitted to state database", "value": "2,959", "note": "One mobile unit (Essex County SD) was the only contributor; 16 alerts, 0 enforcement actions, 0 data requests", "source_type": "State statutory report", "source": "Vermont DPS annual ALPR report for 2021", "source_url": "https://legislature.vermont.gov/Documents/2022/WorkGroups/House%20Judiciary/Reports%20and%20Resources/W~Department%20of%20Public%20Safety~2021%20Annual%20Report-23%20V.S.A%20%C2%A7%201607%20Automated%20Licence%20Place%20Recognition%20Systems~3-11-2022.pdf", "source_date": "2022-03-11", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 757, "jurisdiction": "VSP, Berlin, Brattleboro, Colchester, Hartford, Barre, Rutland, Franklin County SO", "state": "VT", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "VTDigger analysis of public records of NESPIN Flock searches run for Vermont officers", "period": "2023 to 2026-06", "metric": "Flock searches via NESPIN for Vermont police", "value": "100+ (VSP ~30; local 57; unnamed 16) of ~5,000 NESPIN searches", "note": "Berlin 15, Brattleboro 12, Colchester 10, Hartford 8, Rutland 5, Barre 4, Franklin SO 3; Manchester VT cameras searched 'in the millions' nationwide since 2023", "source_type": "press analysis", "source": "VTDigger, 'Vermont lawmakers tried to curb license plate surveillance. Police found a way around it.'", "source_url": "https://vtdigger.org/2026/06/28/vermont-lawmakers-tried-to-curb-license-plate-surveillance-police-found-a-way-around-it/", "source_date": "2026-06-28", "quote": "over 100 license plate searches since 2023 ... a record of 5,000 searches on Flock's network since 2023", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 758, "jurisdiction": "Adams County SO", "state": "WA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "1 Jan to 12 Jun 2026", "metric": "Own searches as share of searches on own network / organisations", "value": "0.08% (1,671 of 2,113,427) / 3,474", "note": "County of about 19,000; none of the top 15 searchers is a Washington agency; case number on 35.8%", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Adams County WA SO (June 2026) (2026-06-22)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/adams-county-wa-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-22", "quote": "Adams County SO’s own searches total just 1,671 records — 0.08% of all activity in its own network audit.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 759, "jurisdiction": "Adams County WA SO", "state": "WA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "January 1 – June 12, 2026", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "2,113,427 records; 3,474 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Adams County WA SO (June 2026) (Jun 22, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/adams-county-wa-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 22, 2026", "quote": "Records: 2,113,427; Organizations: 3,474", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 760, "jurisdiction": "Chehalis PD network", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Monthly network and organisation audits released via MuckRock", "period": "Dec 2024–Mar 2025", "metric": "Network-audit rows per month on a city of about 7,500 people", "value": "282,161–396,013", "note": "The organisation audit for Dec 2024–Jan 2025 holds 258 rows; the network rows came from about 3,000 other organisations", "source_type": "FOIA log (MuckRock) catalogued by HIBF", "source": "Have I Been Flocked sources catalogue (read 2 Nov 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/sources", "source_date": "2026-11-02", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 761, "jurisdiction": "Everett PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Everett PD statements on Flock audit after nationwide lookup disabled", "period": "2025-07 to 2026-02", "metric": "out-of-state or federal inquiries since July 2025", "value": "0", "note": "250+ arrests credited; AI-assisted audit added; federal access to thousands of networks Apr-Jun 2025", "source_type": "press", "source": "Everett Herald, 'Everett temporarily pauses Flock camera network'", "source_url": "https://www.heraldnet.com/?p=865064", "source_date": "2026-02-25", "quote": "Since July, there have been no inquiries from out-of-state or federal agencies", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 762, "jurisdiction": "Everett PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock report to council (legislative reporting requirement)", "period": "2026-04", "metric": "ALPR system reads", "value": "8,541,460", "note": "Cameras not in use Feb 25-Apr 1, 2026; 2,600 total searches; 2,290 system alerts; 5 arrests; 1 vehicle recovered", "source_type": "agency monthly report", "source": "Everett Police Department, Flock Report April 2026", "source_url": "https://www.everettwa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/54264/Flock-Report-Apr-2026", "source_date": "2026-05", "quote": "ALPR System Reads: 8,541,460", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 763, "jurisdiction": "Everett PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Monthly Flock report - outside agency searches", "period": "2026-04", "metric": "Outside-agency searches of Everett system", "value": "2,092", "note": "All Washington agencies; top: Yakima PD 433, Tulalip Tribal PD 417, SeaTac PD 310, Marysville PD 266, Snohomish County SO 135", "source_type": "agency monthly report", "source": "Everett PD Flock Report April 2026", "source_url": "https://www.everettwa.gov/DocumentCenter/View/54264/Flock-Report-Apr-2026", "source_date": "2026-05", "quote": "Yakima WA PD: 433", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 764, "jurisdiction": "Lynnwood PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released organisation audit log", "period": "2025", "metric": "Share of lookups using standard timeframes", "value": "98.8%", "note": "Santa Cruz: 96-98% before July 2025, ~75% from July 7", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: AMBER Alert: Santa Cruz Logs", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/august-2025-drop", "source_date": "2025-12-09", "quote": "Lynnwood, WA: 98.8% of lookups use standard timeframes.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 765, "jurisdiction": "Lynnwood PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Lynnwood Flock network records (Everett Herald)", "period": "2025-06-29 to ~2025-07-08 (nine days)", "metric": "immigration-related out-of-state searches / reason-field quality", "value": "at least 16 from two agencies; 6% of Lynnwood searches lacked sufficient info vs 33% statewide", "note": "25 cameras; 10 stolen vehicles recovered in four months; contract terminated", "source_type": "press", "source": "Everett Herald, 'Lynnwood reconsiders Flock, discusses immigration resolution'", "source_url": "https://www.heraldnet.com/?p=863220", "source_date": "2026-02-18", "quote": "'at least 16' were directly related to immigration enforcement, from two agencies ... 6% ... compared with 33% statewide", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 766, "jurisdiction": "Lynnwood PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records obtained by Everett Herald", "period": "2025-06-29 to ~2025-07-09 (11 days, nationwide lookup on)", "metric": "searches by out-of-state agencies", "value": "100000+", "note": "Jacksonville FL SO ~800 searches incl. 7 'immigration', 99 'investigation'; Franklin County PA 9 searches for immigration operations; no direct federal searches", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Everett Herald, 'Records: Feds accessed Flock camera info thousands of times in Snohomish County'", "source_url": "https://heraldnet.com/news/records-feds-accessed-flock-camera-info-thousands-of-times-in-snohomish-county", "source_date": "2025-11-01", "quote": "out-of-state agencies made more than 100,000 searches in 11 days", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 767, "jurisdiction": "Puyallup PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Transparency portal sharing list", "period": "2025-06", "metric": "Data-sharing partner agencies listed", "value": "nearly 300 (in 35 other states)", "note": "Includes US Border Patrol, HSI (inactive), USPIS", "source_type": "independent review", "source": "Mountlake Terrace Musings", "source_url": "https://buttondown.com/MLT/archive/flock-transparency-portals-inadequate-incomplete", "source_date": "2025-06-17", "quote": "Puyallup's portal lists \"nearly 300 other agencies\" ... in 35 other states", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 768, "jurisdiction": "Redmond PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Analysis note in a Have I Been Flocked data update of released Flock audit logs", "period": "Nov 2024 to Oct 2025", "metric": "Network searches / organisations (all Washington) / own share", "value": "60,250 / 110 / 7.5%", "note": "'Daytime search for best result' 724 times; 'Gruener' 503 times as a reason", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked: Data update: Redmond WA PD (June 2026) (2026-06-18)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/redmond-wa-jun2026", "source_date": "2026-06-18", "quote": "All 110 agencies in the dataset are Washington state agencies. Redmond WA PD’s own searches account for 4,522 records (7.5%).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 769, "jurisdiction": "Redmond WA PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Released-log analysis (Have I Been Flocked)", "scope": "Flock network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras) released under public-records law, catalogued by Have I Been Flocked", "period": "Nov 12, 2024 – Oct 21, 2025", "metric": "Released network audit (all searches touching the agency's cameras): records", "value": "60,250 records; 110 organisations", "note": "", "source_type": "analysis of released log (HIBF data update)", "source": "Have I Been Flocked data update: Redmond WA PD (June 2026) (Jun 18, 2026)", "source_url": "https://haveibeenflocked.com/news/redmond-wa-jun2026", "source_date": "Jun 18, 2026", "quote": "Records: 60,250; Organizations: 110", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "5" }, { "id": 770, "jurisdiction": "Renton PD / Yakima PD / Richland PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Flock organization and network audits (UWCHR)", "period": "2025-05 to 2025-06", "metric": "Renton sharing partners / Renton search reach / Yakima County ICE-reason search reach / Richland search reach", "value": "91 organizations / up to 6,511 networks / 89 networks (appearing in 10+ other agencies' audits) / 82 networks", "note": "Yakima PD sharing list included 92 Lowe's stores incl. out of state.", "source_type": "academic report on released records", "source": "UW Center for Human Rights, 'Leaving the Door Wide Open'", "source_url": "https://jsis.washington.edu/humanrights/2025/10/21/leaving-the-door-wide-open/", "source_date": "2025-10-21", "quote": "Renton Police Department's Network Sharing report lists 91 other organizations", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 771, "jurisdiction": "Seattle (SPD Parking Enforcement)", "state": "WA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "OIG Consolidated Surveillance Usage Review (surveillance ordinance)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Parking Enforcement ALPR deployments", "value": "2,026", "note": "3 data-sharing requests reported; $73,873.37 annual cost; reads deleted after 24h, hits after 90 days; PE ALPR use suspended March 2026 pending SB 6002 compliance", "source_type": "inspector general report", "source": "Seattle OIG, Consolidated Risk Surveillance Usage Review 2025", "source_url": "https://www.seattle.gov/documents/Departments/OIG/Audits/Annual%20Consolidated%20Surveillance%20Review%202025.pdf", "source_date": "2026-09-30", "quote": "Parking Enforcement reported ALPR was deployed around 2,026 tmes in 2025.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 772, "jurisdiction": "Seattle Parking Enforcement (Genetec AutoVu ALPR)", "state": "WA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "Seattle Office of Inspector General surveillance usage review, ALPR Parking Enforcement 2021-2022", "period": "2021 to 2022", "metric": "ALPR-equipped parking vehicles / internal audits / data-sharing records / hit retention / 2021 maintenance cost", "value": "8; 0; 0; 90 days (non-hit reads deleted end of shift); $18,510", "note": "OIG could not report usage because all data within scope had been purged; 'Needs Work' on usage/frequency, data management and civil-liberties provisions", "source_type": "Inspector-general review", "source": "Seattle OIG, Surveillance Technology Usage Review: Parking Enforcement ALPR Systems (2021 and 2022) (Sep 29, 2023)", "source_url": "https://seattle.gov/documents/departments/oig/audits/surveillancetechnologyusagereview-parkingenforcementalprsystems(2021and2022).pdf", "source_date": "2023-09-29", "quote": "Parking Enforcement had eight ALPR-equipped vehicles during this review period (2021 through 2022).", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 773, "jurisdiction": "Seattle PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "City Office of Inspector General surveillance technology usage review, patrol ALPR", "period": "2021-2022", "metric": "Scans / hits", "value": "2021: 5,894,748 scans, 5,691 hits, 976 misreads; 2022: 4,595,145 scans, 4,683 hits, 948 misreads; 11 equipped vehicles", "note": "Unverified hits ~0.1% of valid reads; ~1 misread per 5 unverified hits", "source_type": "inspector general audit", "source": "Seattle OIG, Surveillance Technology Usage Review: ALPR - Patrol (2021 and 2022), Sep 29, 2023", "source_url": "https://www.seattle.gov/documents/departments/oig/audits/surveillancetechnologyusagereview-automatedlicenseplatereader-patrol(2021and2022).pdf", "source_date": "2023-09-29", "quote": "Unverified hits were about 0.1% of valid reads.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 774, "jurisdiction": "Seattle PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "City OIG surveillance technology usage review", "period": "2021-2022", "metric": "Case file review compliance", "value": "100 of 286 reports sampled (89 SPD); 89 conformed to purpose policy; 82 verified before action, 4 no evidence of verification; 2 erroneous high-risk stops; 0 OPA complaints", "note": "90-day retention; 1 public disclosure request produced 93,497 records that could be re-identified", "source_type": "inspector general audit", "source": "Seattle OIG ALPR Patrol review", "source_url": "https://www.seattle.gov/documents/departments/oig/audits/surveillancetechnologyusagereview-automatedlicenseplatereader-patrol(2021and2022).pdf", "source_date": "2023-09-29", "quote": "In all eighty-nine cases involving SPD ALPRs, SPD use of this technology conformed to their purpose of use policy.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 775, "jurisdiction": "Seattle PD (Parking Enforcement ALPR)", "state": "WA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "OIG surveillance usage review (CY2024)", "period": "CY2024", "metric": "Share of hits accepted / misread share / accepted hits hotlist vs parking / Capitol Hill hits", "value": "66% / about 25% / 8% hotlist, 92% parking / 9,458", "note": "15 ALPR vehicles (Jan 2025), 12 trained PEOs; reads retained 24 hours, hits 90 days.", "source_type": "inspector-general report", "source": "Seattle Office of Inspector General, 'Automatic License Plate Readers (ALPR) Patrol Report 2024'", "source_url": "https://www.seattle.gov/documents/Departments/OIG/Audits/OIG_ALPR%202024.pdf", "source_date": "2025-09-30", "quote": "Of all hits in 2024, 66% were accepted, and the remaining hits were rejected.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 776, "jurisdiction": "Seattle PD (Parking Enforcement ALPR)", "state": "WA", "category": "Auditor, IG or grand jury report", "scope": "OIG surveillance usage review (CY2024)", "period": "CY2024", "metric": "Data-sharing requests / federal immigration requests / maintenance and licensing cost", "value": "1 (from OIG) / 0 / $80,445.33", "note": "Two of four prior recommendations implemented.", "source_type": "inspector-general report", "source": "Seattle Office of Inspector General, 'ALPR Patrol Report 2024'", "source_url": "https://www.seattle.gov/documents/Departments/OIG/Audits/OIG_ALPR%202024.pdf", "source_date": "2025-09-30", "quote": "In 2024, the only data-sharing request was from OIG for oversight.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 777, "jurisdiction": "Shelton PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Shelton PD review of Flock network audit entries", "period": "2025-04 to 2026-07-28", "metric": "Network audit entries reviewed / outside-agency searches with strong immigration connection / entries referencing HSI or immigration agency (purpose unclear)", "value": "about 2.67 million / 943 / 1,952", "note": "All immigration-related entries fell between April and October 2025.", "source_type": "press (agency audit)", "source": "KIRO 7 - Shelton police audit finds hundreds of outside-agency searches tied to immigration", "source_url": "https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/shelton-police-audit-finds-hundreds-outside-agency-searches-tied-immigration/D6DLQEAXAZF3ZPP5QJB6W6WBDY/", "source_date": "2026-10-11", "quote": "reviewed about 2.67 million network audit entries covering April 2025 through July 28, 2026.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 778, "jurisdiction": "Shelton PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Shelton PD review of own 2026 searches", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-07-28", "metric": "Entries reviewed / testing-training-demo / vague or generic justification / blank reason / immigration-related", "value": "74,697 / 193 / 16 / 3 / 0", "note": "", "source_type": "press (agency audit)", "source": "KIRO 7 - Shelton police audit", "source_url": "https://www.kiro7.com/news/local/shelton-police-audit-finds-hundreds-outside-agency-searches-tied-immigration/D6DLQEAXAZF3ZPP5QJB6W6WBDY/", "source_date": "2026-10-11", "quote": "Entries with blank reason fields: 3", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 779, "jurisdiction": "Snohomish County cities (Lake Stevens, Marysville, Mill Creek, Mukilteo)", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock audit records obtained by Everett Herald", "period": "2025-01 to 2025-06", "metric": "federal agency searches (minimums)", "value": "USBP 200+ (May-Jun); DHS 175+ (Mar-May); USPIS 1,905+ (Apr-Jun)", "note": "Mukilteo alone >1,000 federal searches since Apr 30 go-live; Everett searches reached max 6,372 networks before July 11 nationwide lookup disable; Arlington 6,535 networks as of Sept 5", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Everett Herald", "source_url": "https://heraldnet.com/news/records-feds-accessed-flock-camera-info-thousands-of-times-in-snohomish-county", "source_date": "2025-11-01", "quote": "U.S. Border Patrol: at least 200 searches ... Department of Homeland Security: at least 175 searches ... U.S. Postal Inspection Service: at least 1,905 searches", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 780, "jurisdiction": "Spokane County SO", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit (public records, RANGE analysis)", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2025-06-23", "metric": "Immigration-related searches of county cameras / out-of-state agencies making them / Border Patrol searches / HSI searches / searches with reason 'ICE' only", "value": "more than 1,000 / at least 45 / 186 / 182 / more than 700", "note": "Adds to covered 2M+ total searches; county has 60+ Flock cameras.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "RANGE Media, 'Spokane County Flock cameras were searched for immigration enforcement'", "source_url": "https://www.rangemedia.co/spokane-county-flock-cameras-immigration/", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "quote": "used that access to search Spokane County cameras 186 times", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 781, "jurisdiction": "Spokane County SO / Spokane PD", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit (RANGE analysis)", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2025-06-23", "metric": "Searches with 'investigation' as sole reason and no case number / SCSO+SPD vague searches / searches for ATF, DEA, US Marshals", "value": "almost 70,000 / at least 81 (+20 with reason '1') / at least 167 (1 with case number)", "note": "Hundreds of thousands including variants.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "RANGE Media, 'Spokane County Flock cameras were searched for immigration enforcement'", "source_url": "https://www.rangemedia.co/spokane-county-flock-cameras-immigration/", "source_date": "2025-12-10", "quote": "At least 167 searches were made for the ATF, DEA, and US Marshals.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 782, "jurisdiction": "Spokane County SO network", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Network audit released by RANGE Media", "period": "1 Jan–23 Jun 2025", "metric": "Searches on Spokane County cameras", "value": "2,000,000+", "note": "Includes agencies nationwide and federal agencies; Border Patrol direct search on until July 2025; CSV published", "source_type": "FOIA log published", "source": "RANGE Media public Flock data", "source_url": "https://www.rangemedia.co/public-flock-data/", "source_date": "2025-12", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 783, "jurisdiction": "Washington (31 agencies)", "state": "WA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "University review of audit logs from records requests", "period": "Dec 2024–Aug 2025", "metric": "Agencies sharing networks directly with U.S. Border Patrol", "value": "8", "note": "Border Patrol ran thousands of searches 9 May–24 Aug 2025; 17 agencies searched in total, at least 10 without authorising it", "source_type": "Academic analysis of FOIA logs", "source": "UW Center for Human Rights (21 Oct 2025)", "source_url": "https://jsis.washington.edu/humanrights/2025/10/21/leaving-the-door-wide-open/", "source_date": "2025-10-21", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 784, "jurisdiction": "Washington (statewide portals)", "state": "WA", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Transparency-portal survey", "period": "2025-06", "metric": "Transparency portals found vs agencies reported to have Flock contracts", "value": "~13 of ~100", "note": "Only 5 portals offered downloadable audit logs", "source_type": "independent review", "source": "Mountlake Terrace Musings: Flock Transparency Portals: Inadequate, Incomplete - and Alarming", "source_url": "https://buttondown.com/MLT/archive/flock-transparency-portals-inadequate-incomplete", "source_date": "2025-06-17", "quote": "nearly 100 agencies in Washington State have contracts with Flock, I was only able to find about 13 transparency portals ... Just 5 of those provided downloadable audit logs.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 785, "jurisdiction": "Washington (UWCHR records study)", "state": "WA", "category": "Advocacy or academic analysis", "scope": "Public records from 31 agencies (Flock network/organization audits)", "period": "2025-01 to 2025-08", "metric": "Agencies whose data Border Patrol searched / agencies with apparent back-door BP access / records requests filed / jurisdictions responding", "value": "at least 17 / at least 10 / 48 / 35", "note": "Adds to covered '31 agencies / 8 sharing with USBP' rows; 7 requests pending incl. Spokane PD, Spokane County, King County SO.", "source_type": "academic report on released records", "source": "UW Center for Human Rights, 'Leaving the Door Wide Open'", "source_url": "https://jsis.washington.edu/humanrights/2025/10/21/leaving-the-door-wide-open/", "source_date": "2025-10-21", "quote": "the Border Patrol searched the ALPR data of at least 17 Washington agencies", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 786, "jurisdiction": "Green Bay PD", "state": "WI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual ALPR audit memo - sharing and reads", "period": "2025 / early 2026", "metric": "Agencies with shared camera access", "value": "299", "note": "No one-to-one sharing with federal agencies; 9,447,030 vehicle reads Jan 1-Feb 7, 2026", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Green Bay PD 2025 ALPR Annual Audit", "source_url": "https://www.greenbaywi.gov/DocumentCenter/View/18762/Green-Bay-PD-2025-Automated-License-Plate-Reader-ALPR-Annual-Audit", "source_date": "2026-05-08", "quote": "GBPD shares camera access with 299 agencies.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 787, "jurisdiction": "Green Bay PD", "state": "WI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Annual ALPR audit memo (Lexipol Policy 424)", "period": "CY2025", "metric": "Agency custom hotlist alerts", "value": "18,638", "note": "Plus 1,748 official hotlist alerts; 49 investigations used ALPR data; 31 stolen vehicles recovered; 42 fixed Flock cameras + 50 Axon Fleet 3 vehicles; no misuse reported", "source_type": "agency audit memo", "source": "Green Bay PD 2025 Automated License Plate Reader Annual Audit (memo May 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.greenbaywi.gov/DocumentCenter/View/18762/Green-Bay-PD-2025-Automated-License-Plate-Reader-ALPR-Annual-Audit", "source_date": "2026-05-08", "quote": "In 2025, 49 investigations used ALPR data.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 788, "jurisdiction": "Green Bay PD", "state": "WI", "category": "Agency audit report or statement", "scope": "Green Bay PD 2025 ALPR annual audit memo", "period": "CY2025 (reads Jan 1-Feb 7 2026)", "metric": "Flock cameras / Axon in-car ALPR vehicles / sharing agencies / reads / official hotlist alerts / custom hotlist alerts / investigations / recoveries / misuse", "value": "42 / 50 / 299 / 9,447,030 / 1,748 / 18,638 / 49 / 31 / 0", "note": "", "source_type": "agency audit", "source": "Green Bay PD - 2025 Automated License Plate Reader Annual Audit", "source_url": "https://www.greenbaywi.gov/DocumentCenter/View/18762/Green-Bay-PD-2025-Automated-License-Plate-Reader-ALPR-Annual-Audit", "source_date": "2026-05-08", "quote": "No misuse was reported in 2025, per the Professional Standards Division.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 789, "jurisdiction": "Marathon County SO", "state": "WI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "USA TODAY Flock records", "period": "2023 to 2026", "metric": "Searches in records / cameras / sharing agencies / one plate searched", "value": "23,435 / 10 / 1,455 agencies in 40 states / 133 times over 48 days (reason: drugs)", "note": "Eight MCSO searches among 5,000 highest-frequency plate searches nationally; office joined 287(g) Nov 2025.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Wausau Pilot & Review, 'Have you been Flocked?...'", "source_url": "https://wausaupilotandreview.com/2026/09/05/have-you-been-flocked-a-new-wausau-pilot-tool-lets-you-check-your-own-plate/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "shares with 1,455 agencies across 40 states", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 790, "jurisdiction": "Milwaukee PD", "state": "WI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Monthly department audit", "period": "Apr 2026", "metric": "Outlier uses flagged for review", "value": "24", "note": "Listed as possible red flags, not confirmed misuse; one former officer separately charged for tracking a partner", "source_type": "Department audit via press", "source": "FOX6 Milwaukee (28 May 2026)", "source_url": "https://www.fox6now.com/news/milwaukee-police-audit-shows-flock-camera-uses-possible-misuse", "source_date": "2026-05-28", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 791, "jurisdiction": "Milwaukee PD", "state": "WI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Fire and Police Commission letter citing misuse case", "period": "~2025 (one year)", "metric": "Searches of current/former dating partners' plates by one officer", "value": "175", "note": "Officer charged March 2026; second officer (Internal Affairs) charged July 2026; third under investigation Aug 2026", "source_type": "oversight body letter", "source": "Milwaukee Fire and Police Commission letter, Aug 25, 2026", "source_url": "https://wtmj.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/8.25.26-FPC-Letter-1.pdf", "source_date": "2026-08-25", "quote": "the officer searched the license plate of current and former dating partners 175 times over the course of a year.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 792, "jurisdiction": "Milwaukee PD Southeastern Threat Analysis Center (via Danville IL audit)", "state": "WI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Danville IL Flock network audit (404 Media dataset) showing Milwaukee STAC searches", "period": "2024-07-15 and 2024-10-21", "metric": "searches of Danville network by Milwaukee STAC for 'HSI investigation'", "value": "3", "note": "July 15 search reached 4,893 networks; two Oct 21 searches reached 5,425 networks/devices; reasons 'HSI investigation', 'HSI vehicle loader'", "source_type": "press analysis of released audit", "source": "Wisconsin Examiner (via Yahoo), 'Milwaukee PD accessed Illinois Flock cameras for classified investigation'", "source_url": "https://www.yahoo.com/news/milwaukee-pd-accessed-illinois-flock-094855614.html", "source_date": "2025-06", "quote": "STAC personnel ran three searches of Danville's Flock network ... Reached 4,893 Flock networks", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 793, "jurisdiction": "Multi-agency (Beaver Dam WI Amber Alert)", "state": "WI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Released network audit logs - searches for two Amber Alert plates", "period": "2025-02-03 to 2025-03-27", "metric": "Searches for plates BBR 20L and KGW 5186", "value": "3,466", "note": "Agencies in 23 states; >2,000 searches for the wrong (first-listed) plate; suspect found via truck-stop tip", "source_type": "analysis of released logs", "source": "Footnote4a: 3,466 Searches, Zero Hits: How Flock Failed an Amber Alert", "source_url": "https://footnote4a.org/news/amber-reasons", "source_date": "2025-12-28", "quote": "3,466: Total searches for BBR 20L and KGW 5186 between February 3 and March 27.", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "3" }, { "id": 794, "jurisdiction": "Wausau PD", "state": "WI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock transparency portal / USA TODAY records", "period": "30 days to 2026-09; 2023-2026", "metric": "Searches (30 days) / searches in USA TODAY records / cameras / sharing agencies", "value": "231 / 20,020 / 20 / 205 WI agencies", "note": "Opted out of nationwide network in May 2026.", "source_type": "press analysis of released records", "source": "Wausau Pilot & Review, 'Have you been Flocked? A new Wausau Pilot tool lets you check your own plate'", "source_url": "https://wausaupilotandreview.com/2026/09/05/have-you-been-flocked-a-new-wausau-pilot-tool-lets-you-check-your-own-plate/", "source_date": "2026-09-07", "quote": "The Wausau Police Department runs 20 cameras and shares data with 205 Wisconsin agencies.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 795, "jurisdiction": "Wisconsin (221 agencies)", "state": "WI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Audit data from Wauwatosa PD records request, analysed statewide", "period": "1 Jan–31 May 2025", "metric": "Agencies using Flock", "value": "221", "note": "Milwaukee PD about 40,000 searches; 'investigation' the most common reason statewide; 11 of 13 287(g) sheriffs appear", "source_type": "FOIA log via press", "source": "Wisconsin Examiner (6 Aug 2025)", "source_url": "https://wisconsinexaminer.com/2025/08/06/analysis-of-flock-use-by-wisconsin-cops-reveals-trends-raises-questions/", "source_date": "2025-08-06", "quote": "", "confidence": "high", "sweep": "1-2" }, { "id": 796, "jurisdiction": "Wisconsin (per-agency, via Wauwatosa network audit)", "state": "WI", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Wisconsin Examiner analysis of Flock audit data", "period": "2025-01-01 to 2025-05-31", "metric": "Searches by agency", "value": "Milwaukee PD ~40,000; Brown County SO 13,000+ (to May 28); West Allis PD ~12,000 (1,200+ with reason '.'); Fond du Lac County SO ~12,000; Wauwatosa PD 10,372 (1,900+ 'investigation', 871 'stolen'); 11 of 13 287(g) sheriffs appear", "note": "PUBLISHED 2025-08 (outside window); covered set has only 221-agency total from this source", "source_type": "Press analysis of released audit logs", "source": "Wisconsin Examiner (via Yahoo), 'Analysis of Flock use by Wisconsin cops reveals trends' (Aug 2025)", "source_url": "https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/analysis-flock-wisconsin-cops-reveals-104513013.html", "source_date": "2025-08", "quote": "Nearly 40,000 searches originating from MPD alone appeared in network audit data from the Wauwatosa Police Department.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 797, "jurisdiction": "Monongalia County SO", "state": "WV", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Nine monthly Flock network audit CSV exports (FOIA received Oct 7, 2026)", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-09-30", "metric": "Searches touching Mon County cameras / distinct organisations / portal's advertised 30-day search count / organisations with no entry in sharing export (share of searches) / share of searches that are sweeps of 5,000+ networks", "value": "3,049,590 / 3,918 / 85 / 3,181 (~77%) / 99.8%", "note": "Sharing export lists 14 orgs Mon County shares with (12 WV, 2 PA); 838 orgs in export", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlock Monongalia, '3,918 agencies have searched our cameras 3,049,590 times' (Oct 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockmonongalia.org/foia", "source_date": "2026-10-08", "quote": "Over nine months, 3,918 distinct organizations ran 3,049,590 searches that touched Mon County's camera data.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 798, "jurisdiction": "Monongalia County SO network", "state": "WV", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit reason fields", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-09-30", "metric": "Share of searches with no case-specific content / 'Investigation' / 'Criminal Justice Purpose' / 'Traffic Infraction' / 'test' / 'tbd' / federal-tagged rows / AI moderation fired (blocked)", "value": "81.38% / 158,518 / 95,435 / 362,452 (11.9%) / 8,466 / 487 / 127 / 16 (1)", "note": "Top reasons: Drugs/Narcotics 176,333; Traffic Infraction 147,742; Wanted Person 141,996; MV theft 116,708. One 'Drugs/Narcotics - ICE' search (Midwest HIDTA, Jan 27, 2026) hit 4,933 networks", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlock Monongalia (Oct 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockmonongalia.org/foia", "source_date": "2026-10-08", "quote": "'Traffic Infraction' is the stated purpose on 362,452 searches, 11.9% of everything in the files.", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" }, { "id": 799, "jurisdiction": "Monongalia County SO network", "state": "WV", "category": "Press or public analysis of released records", "scope": "Flock network audit, top searching agencies", "period": "2026-01-01 to 2026-09-30", "metric": "Top searching agencies (searches)", "value": "Texas DPS 92,073; Houston PD 88,895; Dallas PD 49,043; Coweta Co GA SO 39,475; Fort Worth PD 37,274; Kansas Highway Patrol 34,966; Hillsborough Co FL SO 33,046; Lake Co IN SO 27,991; Bay Co FL SO 26,415; Atlanta PD 24,217", "note": "", "source_type": "Public analysis of released audit logs", "source": "DeFlock Monongalia (Oct 8, 2026)", "source_url": "https://deflockmonongalia.org/foia", "source_date": "2026-10-08", "quote": "Texas Department of Public Safety | 92,073", "confidence": "medium", "sweep": "4" } ] }